Metropolitan City Research Articles

A Study of Apartment Remodeling Demand and Policy in Busan Metropolitan City

A Study of Apartment Remodeling Demand and Policy in Busan Metropolitan City

CNN 기반 위성 이미지를 활용한 북한의 도시 인구추정

North Korea does not officially disclose population data through formal procedures. However, information related to North Korea's population can be verified through KOSTAT or internet searches. Nevertheless, these data are based on population surveys conducted with the support of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in 1993 and 2008, and are known to be of questionable reliability. In this study, as an initial attempt to estimate the current population of North Korea, we utilized daytime satellite images from 2023 to estimate the populations of Pyongyang and Kaesong at the grid level. The research resulted in the development of a gridded population estimation model based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The model was trained on CNN using data from South Korea and aimed to be applied to North Korea. It employed the VGG16 model, a representative algorithm of CNN, for transfer learning. To account for seasonal differences in the images from daytime satellite data, a U-net was used for image adjustment. Furthermore, neighboring effects were incorporated to enhance the model's performance. The model fitting results indicated that the populations of the four major metropolitan cities in South Korea were estimated without significant differences from actual populations. The populations of Pyongyang and Kaesong in North Korea were also estimated to be similar to the 2008 census data, demonstrating satisfactory results.

휠체어 이용 장애인의 저상버스 이용 실태 및 경험에 관한 연구: 인천광역시를 중심으로

This study aims to provide policy implications based on the actual usage of low-floor buses operating in Incheon Metropolitan City and the experiences of people with disabilities who use them. For the purpose of this study, a combination of quantitative research using frequency analysis based on monitoring sites and qualitative research revealing the experiences of the researcher was conducted. For this purpose, four people with severe disabilities who use wheelchairs were recruited, and the objectivity of the research was ensured through training for the recruited people with disabilities. The results of the study were derived through frequency analysis and thematic analysis of the surveyed sites, and the results were as follows: first, 80.4% of the low-floor buses were accessible, but 19.6% were not. Second, 77.5% of the bus stops were accessible. Third, 24.5% of the platform lifts (ramps) were not operational for low-floor buses. Fourth, regarding the friendliness of low-floor bus drivers, 28.2% were found to be unfriendly. Fifth, the survey revealed various inconveniences related to the place of alighting. The results of this study led to policy recommendations on the need to eradicate discrimination, introduce universal design for low-floor buses, distribute low-floor bus manuals and driver training, and expand the number of low-floor buses in order to improve the mobility rights of people with disabilities using wheelchairs.

가족임파워먼트가 성인발달장애인의 자립생활에 미치는 영향: 장애인의 긍정적 기여에 대한 인식의 매개효과를 중심으로

This study analyzes the impact of the empowerment of disabled families on the independent lives of adults with developmental disabilities and verifies the mediating effect of the positive contributions of disabled people in these relationships. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 201 family members of people with developmental disabilities living in Daegu Metropolitan City and the results were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, family empowerment of disabled families was found to have a positive impact on the independent lives of adults with developmental disabilities. This shows that the degree of independent living of disabled children increases as family empowerment is obtained from the family system and community system. In addition, the positive contribution of disabled people was found to have a mediating effect in the relationship between family empowerment of disabled families and independent living of adults with developmental disabilities. These research results confirm that in order to improve the independent living of adults with developmental disabilities, it is necessary to increase the level of family empowerment along with supporting independent living for the disabled, and to strengthen awareness of the positive contribution to the disabled. Implications can be found.

Social Grounds of Pickpocket in Metropolitan City: Attitude and Aftermath Effect among the Sufferer

The study delves into the complex phenomenon of pickpocketing, a global affliction that persists across nations like India, posing a familiar threat to individuals in crowded spaces. Despite its historical roots as an opportunistic crime, pickpocketing has evolved into an organized enterprise, often involving economically disadvantaged individuals forming groups. While prevalent in major cities worldwide, pickpocketing lacks explicit legal recognition in India's Penal Code, falling under broader theft laws. Leveraging data from automated fare collection systems and trajectory analysis, this research refines anomaly-detection applications to identify suspicious behaviors, shedding light on the environmental factors shaping pickpocketing trends. The study focuses on the social considerations of pickpocketing in Kolkata, India, exploring victim experiences and perceptions. Findings reveal the broader social impacts of pickpocketing, beyond just financial loss, with victims enduring significant social and psychological distress. Despite lacking specific legal penalties, pickpocketing remains a prevalent issue, highlighting the need for collective efforts from governments, law enforcement, and the public to combat it effectively.

Study on the Distribution Status of Construction Aggregates in Incheon Metropolitan City and Nearby Areas

Study on the Distribution Status of Construction Aggregates in Incheon Metropolitan City and Nearby Areas

A Study on Factors Influencing Behavioral Intentions for Separating Recyclable Waste in Korea

This study delves into the intricate relationship between individuals’ environmental knowledge, awareness of the ban on disposable plastic cups, and intentions to separate recyclables. Grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior, the research design, data collection, and methodology encompassed the acquisition of 483 valid samples from 16 major metropolitan cities and provinces in South Korea. Environmental knowledge was assessed, focusing on two pivotal factors: environmental harmfulness and recycling. Path Analysis, executed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), allowed for evaluating path coefficients, specific indirect effects, and total effects of latent variables within the research model. The results illuminate the most influential pathways within the model. Individuals’ attitudes toward separating recyclables substantially impacted their intentions to engage in separation behavior (t = 9.420, R² = 0.380, p < 0.000). Furthermore, environmental knowledge significantly shaped individuals’ attitudes (t = 8.607, R² = 0.271, p < 0.000). Every hypothesis within the model was statistically significant, underscoring the robustness of the findings. An intriguing discovery was that the awareness of the ban on disposable plastic cups exerted a more pronounced influence on individuals’ practical understanding of precise recycling methods, as opposed to their general knowledge about the harmfulness of plastics. In conclusion, this study offers compelling evidence that residents’ environmental knowledge and attitudes toward recycling play pivotal roles in boosting their active participation in waste separation efforts. These findings have substantial implications for environmental policy and awareness campaigns, emphasizing the need to foster knowledge and positive attitudes to promote sustainable recycling practices.

Exploring Students’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of Student-Centered Learning in a Community College, England – United Kingdom

Purpose: Student-centered learning technique is no longer a new pedagogical approach to classroom teaching. Its use as a teaching technique is now a universal move in teaching and learning practices. This study explores students’ and teachers’ perception on the effectiveness of student-centered teaching/learning approach on the learning practices of students in a selected community college in a metropolitan city of England. Several literatures were also explored in order to get indepth knowledge into the conceptual and empirical framework of the subject matter. Methodology: This research was a case study, thereby the research method was a mixed method research. Questionnaire was used to collect the quantitative data, while interview was used to collect the qualitative data. The study found that a number of factors influence how positively student-centered learning approaches affect students' learning practices. Findings: The findings revealed cooperative approach, which consists of various types of group tasks, motivating factors like independence and opinion exchange, and teaching/learning instruments like debates, discussions, presentations, etc. Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: This study demonstrates that the development of cooperation and collaboration is one of the key outcomes of a student-centered learning method. Students are more able to view one another as complements rather than rivals. Student achievement in the classroom is supported by student-centered learning, which is another essential aspect. Through various exercises, students may increase their scores, which makes it simple for them to reach their desired grade.

Evaluation of landscape sustainability of protected areas and identification of its correlation factors: a case study of Beijing, China

ContextProtected areas (PAs) serve as robust safeguards for the ecological safety of urban areas, and positively affect their socioeconomic development. However, limited research that integrates both ecological and socioeconomic aspects to evaluate the role of PAs.ObjectivesIn this study, we aimed to establish an evaluation framework for PAs that applies the concept of landscape sustainability and integrates ecological and socioeconomic functions to enhance understanding of the role of PAs. Additionally, we aimed to develop analytical framework for identifying the correlation elements of landscape sustainability of protected areas (PA-LS) and improving the understanding of the mechanisms underlying PAs.MethodsThis study focused on 38 PAs in Beijing, China. We established the PA-LS evaluation framework to evaluate the role of PAs by analyzing changes in their overall landscape services from 2000 to 2019, and in ecological and socioeconomic functions. Subsequently, an analytical framework was established to identify the correlation factors of PA-LS, focusing on four aspects: the fundamental characteristics of PAs, landscape patterns of PAs, impact of urban areas on PAs, and human well-being within a 5 km buffer of PAs.ResultsThe landscape sustainability evaluation of Beijings’ PAs revealed that 30 PAs (78.95% of the total) were strongly sustainable, eight (21.05%) were weakly sustainable, and none unsustainable. The results revealed that there was a positive correlation between several factors and PA-LS, including the density of the road network within a 1 km buffer of the PAs and the economic income and employment rate within a 5 km buffer of the PAs. Conversely, there was a negative correlation between one factor and PA-LS, its the distance between PAs and the urban center. Other factors, such as the category, area, classification of PAs, SHDI (ecological land), ED, LPI (forest) of PAs, and population density and residents’ health within a 5 km buffer of the PAs, were unrelated to PA-LS.ConclusionsThis study established a PA-LS evaluation framework and its correlation factor analytical framework, which significantly contributes to enhancing the value cognition of PAs and enriching landscape-sustainability evaluation methods. Furthermore, the study provides valuable support and serves as a reference for the conservation and management of PAs in Beijing and similar metropolitan cities.

Investigation of Metaverse Knowledge Attitude and Awareness Levels of Students Studying in the Faculty of Health Sciences of a University According to Variables

Purpose: This study was conducted as a descriptive study to investigation of metaverse knowledge, attitude and awareness levels of health sciences students according to variables. Methods: The research was completed with a total of 334 students who agreed to participate in the research between April and May 2023 at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a University in a metropolitan city in Turkey. Introductory Characteristics Form and Metaverse Scale were used for data collection. Results: Metaverse total score average of the students was 48.5±12.45, and the mean scores of sub-dimensions were respectively; Technology Dimension is 22.8±6.04, Digitization Dimension is 8.8±3.48, Life Dimension is 10.3±3.27, Social Dimension is 6.6±2.34. It was found that Metaverse knowledge, attitude and awareness levels of the students who were married, living in a dormitory, having a high income level, studying in the 4th grade, studying in the department of nursing and audiology, having heard the concept of metaverse before, experienced virtual reality, and defined their internet usage skills as high (p

Traffic Flow Optimization for Metropolitan Cities

This research paper presents the design and implementation of an adaptive traffic signal timer system that utilizes real-time traffic density calculation and an intelligent signal switching algorithm to optimize traffic flow at intersections. The proposed system leverages computer vision techniques like object detection to count and classify vehicles, and then dynamically adjusts the green signal durations based on the detected traffic density. A simulation module is also developed to visualize the system's performance and compare it to a static traffic signal implementation. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive approach in reducing vehicle waiting times and improving overall intersection throughput

Sociodemographic Trends in Planetary Health Diets among Nutrition Students in Türkiye: Bridging Classroom to Kitchen.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of sociodemographic parameters on healthy and sustainable nutrition in nutrition students. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 601 students. Researchers administered questionnaire forms to gather sociodemographic information such as age, gender, geographical region, residence area, accommodation, BMI, and income level. Participants' 24 h dietary records were used to evaluate Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-2020) and Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI). The mean PHDI scores of the Marmara (53.4 ± 14.9), Aegean (58.2 ± 18.3), Mediterranean (55.3 ± 15.5), and Black Sea (55.5 ± 15.7) regions, which are the coastal regions of Türkiye, were significantly higher than for the Central Anatolia region (46.7 ± 15.1). The PHDI and HEI-2020 score means of students living in metropolitan cities and rural areas were significantly higher than those living in urban areas (p < 0.05). Being in the 20-25 years age group increased the probability of being in a lower PHDI group (AOR 1.82; 95% CI 1.07:3.12; p = 0.028). While a similar result was found in the 20-25 years age group for HEI-2020, income level and gender did not have a statistically significant effect on these scores. Since students' ages, geographical regions, and residence areas affect PHDI and HEI-2020, it is considered important to take these sociodemographic variables into consideration in guidelines and studies.

Feelings of fraud among women in Turkey: Prevalence and demographic risk factors of the Impostor Phenomenon

The Impostor Phenomenon is defined as the inability of individuals to internalize their achievements, believing they are fraudulent. The first aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of the Impostor Phenomenon in women in Turkey. The second aim of the present study is to describe the demographic risk factors of the Impostor Phenomenon. A total of 677 women who work or are undergraduate / graduate students in one of Turkey's four metropolitan cities (Ankara, Bursa, Istanbul, and Izmir) participated in the research. The snowball sampling technique was used for data collection. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 65 years (Mage = 31.36, SD = 9.67). The Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale was used to measure the Impostor Phenomenon, and the Demographic Information Form was used to collect demographic characteristics. The findings showed that 65.73% of the participants had feelings of fraud at least at a moderate level. About 3% of them suffered from the Impostor Phenomenon intensely. In addition, it was found that the Impostor Phenomenon increased as age and duration of occupation decreased. When age was controlled for, it was revealed that low socio-economic status, postgraduate studentship, and postgraduate degree were associated with increased Impostor Phenomenon levels. These findings are discussed in light of the literature on the Impostor Phenomenon and mental health.

GNSS and Sentinel-1 InSAR Integrated Long-Term Subsidence Monitoring in Quetta and Mastung Districts, Balochistan, Pakistan

Land subsidence (LS) is a global phenomenon that has affected several urban centres around the world such as Jakarta (Indonesia), Mexico City (Mexico), Xi’an (China), and Iron County (US). It has mainly been attributed to anthropogenic activities such as groundwater exploitation, especially in unconsolidated aquifer systems rich in highly compressible clay and silt. The platy clay minerals rearrange into horizontal stacks after dewatering, leading to a volume change due to overburden. In this study, land subsidence is investigated in the Quetta and Mastung districts, Balochistan, Pakistan, by employing Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and groundwater level (GWL) variations. This study represents the first attempt in Pakistan to measure the long-term land subsidence by fusing GNSS and InSAR data for improved validity. InSAR data from the Sentinel-1 satellite in the Ascending (195 scenes) and Descending (183 scenes) tracks were used to analyse LS from December 2015 to December 2022. High-accuracy Trimble NetRS GNSS receivers were used in five locations from October 2006 to December 2022. An average subsidence ranging from 3.2 cm/y to 16 cm/y was recorded in the valley mainly due to the GWL decline and clay-rich sediments, which are prone to compaction due to dewatering. An accumulative LS of 2 m was recorded by the permanent GNSS station in central Quetta from October 2008 to January 2023 (14.2 years). An acceleration in the subsidence from 12 cm/y to 16.6 cm/y after 2016 was recorded by the continuous GNSS. Additionally, the InSAR and GNSS values were compared for validation, resulting in a good correlation between both techniques. A GWL decline ranging from 1.7 m to 6 m was recorded by the piezometers in Quetta during the period 1987–2022. Large- and small-scale fissures were observed in the study area during the surveys. These fissures are responsible for damage to the city’s infrastructure and aquifer contamination. The subsidence profile also agrees with the subsurface lithology. Our assessment concludes that Quetta may be the fastest-sinking metropolitan city in Pakistan. The overexploitation of groundwater and the population explosion may be the main contributing factors for the land subsidence.

Apportionment of NOx and NH3 emission sources in an urban coastal airshed: Insights from stable isotopes and a novel approach to intermittent sources

Inorganic nitrogen (IN) wet deposition flux and emission sources have been intensively investigated over the past two decades with a primary focus in rural areas and large metropolitan cities. Smaller coastal cities are often overlooked in these studies despite a substantial portion of the earth's population inhabiting these regions. Ammonia and NOx emission source apportionment estimations in these studies can be misleading without proper inspection of intermittent source (e.g., biomass burning and lightning) impacts on the airmass of rain events. This study measured the chemical composition (NH4+, NO3−, Cl−, SO42− and pH) and isotopic composition of ammonium and nitrate (δ15N–NH4+, δ15N–NO3-, and δ18O–NO3-) in rainwaters collected in a small coastal city (Corpus Christi, TX, USA) to aid in determining the emission source apportionments of NH3 and NOx. A novel approach coupling lightning and fire/smoke mapping products along with airmass back trajectories was developed to help determine the influence of biomass burning and lightning on individual rain events before applying to isotope source apportionment models. The annual IN wet deposition was 3.9 kg N·ha−1·yr−1, in which NH4+ and NO3− constituted 65% and 35%, respectively. Isotope mixing model results suggest vehicle emission contribution to NH3 can rival agriculture sources (i.e., fertilizer and livestock waste) in urban areas. Vehicles, biomass burning and lightning were significant NOx sources, while soil “biogenic” emissions increased substantially in certain rain events occurring in warmer months. This work qualified IN wet deposition flux and estimated IN emission source apportionments in a coastal small-sized city, which will inform regional N emission regulations and watershed restoration practices.

The performance of Karasu Bridge following the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaras-Turkiye earthquake sequence

The evaluation liquefaction-induced excessive ground displacements of the approach embankments of the Karasu Bridge, as surveyed following the Pazarcik M7.8 and Ekinozu-Elbistan M7.6, Kahramanmaras-Turkiye earthquakes on February 6, 2023, is presented. The Karasu Bridge, located on the Karasu River, connects the metropolitan city of Hatay and the State Hospital. The approach embankments of the bridge are underlain by layers of low to high plasticity stiff clay and liquefaction susceptible clayey and silty medium dense sand units. Specifically, the non-plastic silty sands with fines contents ranging from 21% to 42%, were evaluated as the critical (liquefied) soil units during the Pazarcik earthquake. Liquefaction triggering assessments, following the procedure outlined by Cetin et al. (2018), estimated factor of safety against liquefaction <1.0, confirming the surface manifestations of liquefaction at the site. Empirical approaches suggested by Hamada et al. (1986) and Youd et al. (2002) predicted lateral ground displacements triggered by liquefaction, averaging 137 cm and 383 cm, respectively. These values are comparable with mapped lateral displacements, which exceeded 150 cm. Volumetric settlement assessments, utilizing the method outlined by Cetin et al. (2009), predicted 14 to 26 cm, approximately one third to half of the mapped settlement values ranging from 40 to 55 cm. The discrepancy is attributed to the three-dimensional nature of site behavior and induced deviatoric strains, contributing to additional settlements beyond the volumetric component.

Assessing the circularity status of waste management among manufacturing, waste management, and recycling companies in Kigali, Rwanda

A high quantity of waste is generated from industrial activities by manufacturers across metropolitan cities compared to smaller cities with fewer industrial activities. Adopting Circular Economy principles in waste management has the potential for sustainable waste management to reduce the quantity of waste at dumpsites and harmful emissions from wastes. The study was conducted to assess circularity status and challenges for attaining higher circularity by Kigali’s manufacturing, waste collection, and waste recycling companies using the 10-R framework. The study also sought to build estimates for industrial solid waste quantity and methane emissions for the next 10 years (2020–2030) in Rwanda. A mixed method approach was utilized where primary data was collected from manufacturing, waste collection, and waste recycling companies using a validated questionnaire and an in-depth interview guide. Thematic, descriptive analysis and First Order Decay methods were used to analyze the qualitative, quantitative, and secondary data. Results show that adopting the 10-R principles of circular economy was low and varies across manufacturing, waste collection and recycling companies. There were instances of high adoption of R3-Reuse and R8-Recycle with a mean score of 7.17 and 7.21 among manufacturing companies. R7-Repurpose (8.80) recorded a high adoption rate among waste collection companies and a medium level of adoption for R7-Repurpose (3.50) and R9-Recover (3.00) among recycling companies. The overall low adoption toward attaining circularity was attributed to various economic, institutional, infrastructural, operational, attitudinal, and technological challenges. In 2030, it is projected that 922 Gg of industrial waste will be deposited in solid waste disposal sites in Rwanda; with an estimated methane emission of 157 Gg Carbon dioxide equivalence. It was recommended among others, that human resource capacity development should be prioritized to drive the adoption of the 10-R principles across manufacturing, waste collection, and waste recycling companies in Kigali, which can reduce the quantity of wastes that ends at dumpsites and methane emissions that contribute significantly to global warming.

Regional Inequalities in Oral Frailty and Social Capital.

Oral frailty leads to poor nutritional status, which, in turn, leads to frailty. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine regional differences in the prevalence of oral frailty and to identify factors associated with oral frailty using 3-level multilevel models. This study comprised 165,164 participants aged ≥65 y without long-term care requirements in the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study. The dependent variable was oral frailty, which was calculated based on age, number of teeth, difficulty in eating tough foods, and choking. The individual-level independent variables included sociodemographics, present illness, social participation, frequency of meeting friends, and social capital. The local district-level independent variable was social capital (n = 1,008) derived from exploratory factor analyses. The municipality-level independent variable was population density (n = 62). Three-level multilevel Poisson regression analysis was performed to calculate the prevalence ratios (PRs). The prevalence of oral frailty in municipalities ranged from 39.9% to 77.6%. Regarding district-level factors, higher civic participation was significantly associated with a lower probability of oral frailty. At the municipality level, the PR of the rural-agricultural area was 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.23) (reference: metropolitan). These results highlight the usefulness of oral frailty prevention measures in encouraging social participation in rural areas. The results of the present study showed regional differences in oral frailty. In particular, rural-agricultural areas show higher prevalence rates of oral frailty than those in metropolitan cities. Promoting measures of social participation among older adults may help prevent oral frailty in rural areas.

Trends in Traumatic Brain Injuries During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Center Review of Patient Charts From Pakistan.

Introduction A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of injury-related deaths, making it a public health concern of extreme importance. In a developing country such as Pakistan, TBIs aresignificantly underreported, with the treatment frequently being delayed and inadequate, especially in rural healthcare setups all across the country. This concern is further magnified by insufficient epidemiological data on TBIs available in Pakistan. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic brought consequential changes to the healthcare system with the priority shifting towardCOVID-19 patients, resulting in considerable changes to the workflow and management of TBIs. The primary objective of this study is to offer valuable insights into the epidemiology of TBIs in Pakistan and its relationship with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A retrospective study was conductedat a tertiary care center in a metropolitan city in Pakistan. Patient charts were reviewed from January to August 2020, and data was extracted including demographics, clinical presentation, management, and outcomes for cases of TBI. Results The total number of patients is 2126, male 78% and female 21.4%. The mean age of the patients was 28.85. The state of admissions at the hospital is at 99.7% for EME admissions and 0.282% for OPD admissions. Participants presented with loss of consciousness (70.7%), nosebleeds, (53.2%), vomiting (69.0%), and seizures (11.5%). The majority (51.1%) were related to road traffic accidents, followed by falls (20.7%), and assaults (4%). While 1202 (58.5%) of these were managed conservatively, others underwent surgical treatment in the form of craniotomy (28.0%), Burr holes (3.20%), and fracture elevation and repair (10.5%). A decrease in the number of reported TBI cases was observed with lockdown implementation in Pakistan. Conclusion The transportation sector in Pakistan was severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a decline in road traffic injuriesand TBIs. Stringent mobility constraints and changes in societal and cultural norms have contributed to this reduction.

Spatio-temporal assessment of heat health risk in Chinese metropolitan cities based on the modified multi-indicators coupled risk framework

Extreme heat events are the leading cause of climate-related disease and death globally. Heat health risk assessment is an effective tool to understand and reduce heat-related morbidity and mortality. However, the indicators of previous studies made it difficult to characterize risk accurately, especially the most important hazard. Besides, studies prefer to focus on spatial variation and ignore the temporal variation. Based on these challenges, this study constructed a modified framework from three components including heat hazard, human exposure, and social vulnerability to propose an assessment of heat health risk in Chinese metropolitan cities from 2000 to 2020. The results indicated that (1) Compared to the traditional framework using a single indicator, the R² has been improved 0.16. (2) Spatially, in the large city, the city with a larger size has a higher risk index except supercity. And more open space has the ability to reduce the damage caused by heat. (3) Temporally, the average heat health risk index of cities increased gradually about 24.72 % from 2020 to 2000. This framework can help to improve the accuracy and flexibility of heat health risk assessment and provide support for sustainable urban development.