Oil Methyl Ester Research Articles

Experimental investigation on the effect of injection timing and injection duration of low reactive fuels on RCCI mode of combustion operated with plastic pyrolysis oil

The goal study is to investigate the effect of low reactive fuels (LRFs) injection timing and duration of injection on a reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine. The diesel, mixtures of Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME), plastic pyrolysis oil (PPO) and ethanol are used as LRFs. The examined LRFs have the injection timings (ITs) of 40°ATDC, 45°ATDC, and 50°ATDC. Additionally, the influence of different LRFs injection durations (IDs) of 3, 6, and 9 ms, on the RCCI mode of combustion is included in the present work. The entire experimental process is performed at 75% of the rated power. According to the findings, at IT of 45°ATDC and ID of 6 ms, the Diesel-Gasoline mixture has the highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of all the ITs and IDs examined. Nitric oxide (NOx) emissions are higher for all ITs and IDs but smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are lower for the Diesel-Gasoline mixture compared to other fuel mixtures. Diesel-Gasoline produces a greater peak pressure rise (PPR) compared to other test samples at all ITs and IDs.

Optimization of biodiesel yield from non-food karanja seed oil: Characterization and assessment of fuel properties

In the present research work, a non-conventional oil i.e., karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.) seed oil was selected to synthesize biodiesel through base catalyzed transesterification reaction. To minimize the FFA (free fatty acid) value of oil, esterification of oil using H2SO4 was carried out before the transesterification. The esterified oil was then subjected to transesterification with methanol in the presence of KOH, yielding karanja oil methyl esters (KOMEs) along with glycerol as a side-product. The transesterification was carried out under optimized reaction parameters such as alcohol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 60 °C, KOH concentration of 1.00%, reaction time of 120 min, stirring rate of 750 rpm and maximum KOMEs yield of 95.4% was achieved. Different functional groups in KOMEs were traced via FTIR whereas GC-MS profiling was investigated to characterize different fatty acids in KOMEs. Moreover, fuel characteristics of KOMEs were determined and matched with standards. The findings of this research work support the use of Pongamia pinnata seed oil as a viable non-conventional/non-food oil feedstock for production of good quality biodiesel with value-added perspectives.

Lubricity Performance of Ethylene Glycol Ester from Soybean Oil as a Lubricity Enhancer Bio-Additive for Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel

The present study aims to show the tribological properties of soybean oil's ethylene glycol ester (SOEGE) and its effect on low-sulfur diesel fuel lubrication. The SOEGE or 2-hydroxyethyl ester was synthesized by a transesterification reaction of soybean oil and ethylene glycol with a potassium carbonate catalyst. The product was characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Then, the lubricity of commercial diesel fuel (Pertadex) and SOEGE were tested alone using the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) machine. Its mixture form with various product doses in Pertadex (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1% v/v) was also tested with the same apparatus. This study showed that the product's coefficient of friction and Wear Scar Diameters (WSD) were 0.057 and 154.4 m, respectively. This value is lower than Pertadex and Fatty Acids Methyl Ester (FAME) of Soybean oil from the literature. Furthermore, adding products into Pertadex can reduce the coefficient of friction and WSD of Pertadex. The Pertadex coefficient of friction was reduced from 0.161 to 0.135 after the addition of 0.8% product. At a concentration of 1% product, WSD Pertadex was successfully reduced by 39.42%. These phenomena imply that ester ethylene glycol has an excellent lubricating effect on low-sulfur diesel. This work's findings open opportunities for other researchers to develop alternative lubricating bio-additives for low-sulfur diesel through the in-depth study of tribochemistry or tribosurface.

Biodiesel Production from Sal Oil: A Mamdani-Type Fuzzy Inference System Using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Graphical User Interface (Gui) Tools

This paper describes the performance evaluation of fuzzy logic controller in Biodiesel Production system using MATLAB Simulink and MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. Biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters) is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with alcohol, has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel. Vegetable oils are produced from numerous oil seed crops and many of them are used for edible purpose. The oil obtained from Sal seeds (Shorea Robusta) even though used by local tribes in Indian forests for edible purpose, it is still classified as non-edible oil. Sal tree is abundantly available in forests of Indian subcontinent and this wood is used in building construction and manufacture of furniture because of its characteristic hardness. In this paper maximum output yield-Biodiesel Production has been done (SOME-Sal Oil Methyl Esters) by optimizing reaction parametersin relation to the Excess Methanol Quantity (EMQ, 150%),Reaction Temperature (RT, 65°C), Catalyst Quantity (CQ, NaOH - 0.25 W%) by Max-Min (MAMDANI) Method Fuzzy Inference System using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Graphical User Interface (GUI) Tools of MATLAB (Intelligent System).

B20 Fuel Compatibility with Steels in Case of Fuel Contamination

This study evaluated the compatibility with steels for three B20 fuel samples blended from fossil diesel and used cooking oil methyl ester. One sample was untreated and its concentration of copper was analyzed as <1 ppm. Another sample was doped by adding Cu at a concentration of ≤2 ppm and the third sample by adding Cu at a concentration of ≤4 ppm. Steel samples (carbon steel, stainless steel and a special alloy) were then put into the fuel blends and stored at 50 °C for 692 h. After storing, the metal concentrations of the fuel blends were again analyzed, and signs of corrosion were evaluated visually. The aim of this study was to find out if the fuel already contaminated by copper will affect the corrosion of the chosen steel qualities. Additionally, fuel properties were measured for all three blend samples before the immersion of steels. Visual evaluation of the steels indicated that signs of corrosion were seen in all studied samples, but Cu doping did not increase the signs of corrosion notably. The results also showed that the copper content from 1 to 2 and 4 ppm reduced the oxidation stability and increased the acid number of the fuel samples.

Investigation of process variable effects on palm kernelamidopropyl betaine production

Abstract Cocamidopropyl betaine is a coconut oil-based surfactant that is widely used in cosmetics and personal care products due to its milder and less irritating properties compared to conventional petroleum-based surfactants. Palm kernel oil can be used for the synthesis of betaine (palm kernel amidopropyl betaine), following the same route as for the synthesis with coconut oil via two reaction steps. However, there was little information on the optimal operating conditions for each process. The method for the production of betaine and its operating conditions were studied in order to obtain a compatible betaine product with better properties than those of the commercial product. The studied method and operating conditions allowed the production of low viscosity betaine with a higher surfactant content (31.55 wt%) than that of the commercial betaine products (25.10 wt%). In addition, other feedstocks such as coconut oil, split palm kernel oil and coconut oil-based fatty acid methyl ester were used in this study to produce betaine from low-cost production.

Experimental analysis of a diesel engine run on non-conventional fuel blend at different preheating temperatures

Due to urbanisation, the reuse of scrap tyres in the form of energy has gained attention for the disposal of waste tyres. Among the numerous methods, pyrolysis appears to be possible, appealing and viable for generating products such as pyrolysis oil, which can be combined with petroleum oils and used as a source of energy. In a prior study, a mixture of jatropha methyl ester (JME) and tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) was used as a diesel engine fuel, and it was discovered that the JMETPO20 (JME80% + TPO20%) blend gave better results among all the test blends but inferior than diesel operation. Also, it was reported that due to higher viscosity of the JMETPO20 blend, engine gave inferior performance than diesel operated engine. In this context, an attempt has been made to utilize the JMETPO20 blend at different preheating temperatures to substitute conventional diesel. The blend was preheated at three different temperatures, that is, 50, 60 and 70°C and experiments were carried out in a single-cylinder diesel engine with a rated output of 4.4 kW. The results of the investigations were analysed and compared with diesel and presented in this study.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties Composite Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil and Schleichera oleosa Oil

Waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel has some disadvantages, such as poor cold flow properties, low oxidation stability, and flash point during storage. These poor physicochemical properties can be improved by different ways, such as the addition of non-edible oil. The aim of this study to analyse physicochemical properties of the biodiesel made by between WCO and Schleichera oleosa (SO). The biodiesel produced with 70:30% of WCO and SO respectively as crude oil, further introducing of different KOH-based catalyst into this oil to obtained the methyl ester. The optimum yield transesterification process are 94% with 60 min. of the reaction time, 1 wt.% KOH, and 12:1 molar ratio the methanol to oil. On the other hand, the Schleichera oleosa blend shows oxidation stability at 6.8 h and 3.3 h for Waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCME). The reduction of cold flow and, on the contrary, the flash point increase were obtained with a 70:30% ratio of WCO and SO. The cold flow properties and flash point of the fuel. Thus, mixed WCO and Schleichera oleosa oil improve the physiochemical properties such as oxidation stability, flash point, and cold flow of biodiesel without the need for synthetic antioxidants.

Hydrogen influence on kapok methyl ester blended with DEE as an alternate fuel in CI engine

Kapok oil methyl ester (KOME) is used as a pilot fuel, while hydrogen and diethyl ether (DEE) are used as secondary fuels to improve the performance, emissions and combustion of a direct injection compression ignition engine. With a compression ignition engine, a slight modification to the system enables hydrogen gas through the intake manifold. A flow metre limits the quantity of energy the hydrogen may produce off, and two flame arresters prevent backfires in the fuel line. At full load and maximum hydrogen energy sharing, KOME + 20%DEE obtained a brake thermal efficiency of 30.31%, which is 14% higher than without hydrogen enrichment and about 8% higher than diesel's value (0% hydrogen energy share). The main problem with previous research is that hydrogen with a high heating value makes greater amounts of nitric oxide. Diethyl ether, on the other hand, has fixed this major problem, and the absence of carbon in hydrogen fuel lowers CO, HC and smoke emissions.

Effect of green fuel and green lubricant with metallic nanoparticles on emissions of HC, CO, NOx, and smoke for a compression ignition engine

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are imperative from the point of view of protecting the environment by employing sustainable options. Considerable research has been carried out in the transportation sector to meet this objective. Here, the influence is assessed of epoxidised gingelly oil methyl ester biolubricant with alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles on the performance and emissions of a single cylinder 0.66-L capacity direct injection compression ignition engine driven by gingelly B20 biodiesel. Engine tests are carried out with gingelly B20 biodiesel as a fuel, and gingelly methyl ester (B100), epoxidised gingelly methyl ester (B100E), and epoxidised gingelly methyl ester (B100E) mixed with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% w/w alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles as the lubricant combinations. The results are compared with baseline B20 biodiesel fuel-mineral lubricant operation. The findings indicate that brake thermal efficiency increases by 8.64% for epoxidised gingelly methyl ester (B100E) with 1.0% w/w alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticle biolubricant in comparison to baseline operation. Considerable reductions in emissions are detected; specifically, reductions of 52.4%, 22.0%, 20.0%, and 34.9%, respectively, are observed for CO, NOx, and HC concentrations and smoke opacity for the abovementioned combination as compared to baseline operation. The present work suggests that further research is merited on green fuel-green lubricant combinations. The findings of this study address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13.

Evaluation of CI Engine Performance, Emissions, and Combustion Characteristics Using Corn Biofuel Blend with Divergent Cr's and Exhaust Gas Recirculation

This thesis investigates the potential of corn oil biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel for diesel engines. An experimental study is conducted to enhance the engine characteristics of corn oil blended diesel through various approaches, including adjusting the compression ratio, employing different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates, and incorporating Nano additives into the fuel. Preliminary examinations of corn oil methyl ester (COME) blends at 10%, 20%, and 30% reveal that the COME20 blend outperforms the others, establishing it as the preferred blend for further investigation. Subsequently, the investigation proceeds with COME20 at different load and speed conditions. The experimental results demonstrate notable improvements in engine performance. Specifically, at a compression ratio of 20:1 (CR20:1) compared to 18:1 (CR18:1), brake thermal efficiency increases by 2.72%, and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases by 7.8%. Furthermore, significant reductions in exhaust emissions, including carbon monoxide (17.64%), unburnt hydrocarbons (13.8%), and smoke opacity (3.5%), are observed. However, there is an increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. In terms of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), the addition of 6% and 12% EGR to COME20-CR20 results in reduced NOx emissions compared to diesel. Notably, the 12% EGR exhibits a greater reduction in NOx emissions but compromises engine performance to a greater extent than the 6% EGR. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of optimizing engine design (compression ratio), control (EGR rate), and fuel reformulation (COME biodiesel blending) to facilitate the efficient utilization of COME biodiesel blended diesel fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines. The findings contribute to the advancement of renewable fuel technologies and offer insights for future developments in the field of sustainable transportation. KEYWORDS: Corn oil biodiesel, Renewable alternative fuel, BSFC (Brake-specific fuel consumption), Compression ratio, Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), Nano additives, COME20 blend

Synthesis, characterization and tribological investigation of vegetable oil methyl esters based bio-lubricants

The lubricating ability of vegetable oil-based lubricant additives with commercially used engine lubricant is investigated in this article. The methyl esters of Neem, Pongamia and Tamanu oils were formulated by transesterification process and blended with SAE20W40 oil in 10%, 20% and 30% of its volume. These biolubricant blends were tested for physiochemical properties and tribological behavior using LM13 Aluminium alloy as the pin material in accordance with ASTM standards. Experimental outcomes established that the biolubricant blends like N10, P10, P20, N20 are capable of reducing wear about 77%, 52%, 92%, 81% respectively and the frictional coefficients of N10, P20 and T30 were found to be appreciable. In the long run, they can be used as primary alternatives to conventional lubricants.

The Effect of Nanoparticle Additives on the Lubricity of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels

Fuel lubricity is an essential property that ensures the longevity end efficiency of diesel CI engines. Nanomaterials have been shown to have the potential to improve lubricity in many different lubricating substances, including fuels. Moreover, the combustion process has also been shown to improve with the introduction of nanomaterials. This study investigated a series of nanoparticles, including carbon nanoplates, carbon nanotubes, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, and cerium oxide, as lubricity-enhancing additives for selected fuels. Conventional diesel fuel and rapeseed oil methyl ester, referred to as biodiesel, were chosen as base fuels for modification. The lubricity was evaluated according to the standard test method ASTM 6079 using the HFRR tribometer. The leading lubricity indicators were the wear scar diameter, wear volume, and coefficient of friction. In addition, the worn surface analysis was performed to elucidate the lubrication mechanism. The results show that the addition of nanoparticles can improve the lubricity of both investigated fuels. However, the effect differed among nanoparticles and fuels. In summary, carbon nanotubes could be a rational choice for both fuels. In addition, zinc oxide improved the lubricity of diesel fuel, while carbon nanoplatelets and aluminum oxide nanoparticles showed improvements in the lubricity of biodiesel.

Effect of biogas flow rate on the combustion, emission and performance characteristics of dual fuel engine fuelled with ceiba pentandra biodiesel

The proposed research work fundamentally focus on the influence of biogas flow rate on the performance, combustion along with emission characteristics operated on modified dual-fuel diesel engine by-using Ceiba Pentandra oil methyl ester (CPNTOME) and diesel as the injected fuels along with raw and purified biogas as the inducted fuels respectively. As biogas flow rate increases there was reduction in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Peak pressure rise (PPR), Nitric oxide (NOx) and smoke emissions while Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Ignition delay (ID) were increased from dual fuel engine.

Energy and exergy analysis of VCR engine fueled with rubber-seed oil methyl ester using response surface methodology

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the thermodynamic performance of a variable compression ratio engine fueled with rubber-seed oil methyl ester blended with diesel. The objective is to evaluate the energy and exergy characteristics according to the first and second laws of thermodynamics for various compression ratios and supercharging pressures. A 3.5 kW engine with compression ratios values ranging from 18:1 to 22:1 and SC pressures of 0, 0.25, and 0.5 bar (g) at 80% load was considered. The inlet manifold pressure was controlled using a centrifugal-type blower (1.5 m3/min, 350 W, 240 V AC) with an adjustable valve. Key fuel energy parameters including shaft energy, cylinder pressure, brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency, heat release rate, absorbed energy by cooling water, exhaust gas temperature, exergy efficiency, exergy destruction, exhaust energy, and emissions were analyzed. Results showed significant improvements in shaft energy (35.51%), thermal efficiency (35.37%), and heat release rate (25.17 J/°CA) for compression ratios 20 and supercharging pressure of 0.25 bar, with a reduction in brake specific energy consumption of 2.912 kJ/s kW. The second law efficiency and irreversibility were observed to be 60.31% and 0.0118 kW/K, respectively. Experimental findings demonstrated a reduction in carbon monoxide (25.12%) and hydrocarbon (40%) under the aforementioned conditions. Response surface methodology was employed to predict optimal operating conditions, and the equations were validated using analysis of variance and p-test. The D-optimality test facilitated the determination of optimal operating parameters for different responses through multi-objective optimization techniques. Individual desirability values were combined to obtain a composite desirability of 0.9054. The study identified compression ratios 18 with a supercharging pressure of 1.78 bar as the optimum operating condition for 20% fuel blends in a low-speed agricultural diesel engine, resulting in a remarkable improvement of 41.24% in energy efficiency and 68.45% in exergy efficiency, with minimal emissions.

Investigations on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a dual-fuel diesel engine fueled with induced bamboo leaf gaseous fuel and injected mixed biodiesel-diesel blends

The present paper briefly elaborates upon the combination of waste palm and waste sunflower oil methyl ester as post-mixed biodiesel blends being injected into a four-stroke compression ignition engine, which is also fueled with inducted bamboo leaf generated producer gas (BLP.gas) that includes gaseous components of CO (carbon monoxide), H2 (hydrogen), CH4 (methane), and CxHy (hydrocarbons). The objective of the present research is to evaluate the overall performance, emission, and combustion behavior of a Kirloskar TAF1 modified dual-fuel diesel engine fueled with induced bamboo leaf-derived gaseous fuel at a fixed mass flow rate of 21.69 kg/h and injected mixed biodiesel-diesel blends. Initially, diesel fuel and post-mixed methyl ester were examined in dual-fuel mode with a fixed gas flow rate for different loads. It can be seen from the analysis that brake thermal efficiency got reduced by 4.66% and brake-specific fuel consumption increased by 5.26% for PMOME20 (20% post-mixed oil methyl ester + 80% diesel fuel) + BLP. gas with respect to diesel fuel at extreme loading conditions. Moreover, smoke opacity, carbon monoxide, and unburnt hydrocarbons were reduced by 11.22%, 20.44%, and 10.36%, respectively. On the other hand, oxides of nitrogen were reduced by 19.17% at maximum load for PMOME20 + BLP. gas in dual-fuel operation in contrast to that of petroleum diesel. In light of this, the current research concluded that the use of biodiesel and BLP. gas for dual-operative engines may be regarded as an appropriate option for reducing pollutant environment and petroleum fuel scarcity.

Palm oil formulation as 34 % mayonnaise and evaluation of its biological efficacy against citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri under laboratory and field conditions

The use of environmentally friendly pesticides using palm oil derivatives as palm oil methyl ester (PME) carrier solvents has been reported. PME-based glyphosate isopropylamine nanoemulsion in the water against weeds has been the subject of numerous studies as well as palm oil methyl ester molluscicidal against golden apple snails. This study's major goal was to formulate palm oil in an appropriate formulation form and assess its insecticidal effectiveness against citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri. Palm oil was formulated as 34% oil in water emulsion (O/W) (mayonnaise). The new mayonnaise formulation successfully passed all physical and chemical testing requirements set out by pesticide organizations for (O/W) emulsions. Under laboratory conditions, it was biologically evaluated against nymphs and adults of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, with serial concentrations. It had considerable insecticidal activity against all study stages, although the impact on nymphs was significantly greater than that on adults. This was evident from its LC50 values, which were 53.52 and 58.58 mg/ml for nymphs and adults, respectively. The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, in its adult, nymphs, and gravid stages, was tested using the new palm oil 34% mayonnaise formulation in the field. The highest mortality percentages were seen in the nymphs, followed by adults and then the gravid stage. After additional research, the newly developed palm oil formula might be employed to combat the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri.

Investigation of pollution from moringa oil methyl ester (MOME) with high ethanol mixes into internal combustion engines

Ethanol's significant cetane value plus total energy make it a good replacement fuel in conventional internal combustion engines. A thorough examination of ethanolas that of an additive into internal combustion engines is required. Throughout this experiment, pure moringa oil methyl esteris mixed with varying amounts of ethanolin a stationary diesel engine to examine overall pollution attributes. Traditional esterification has been employed to synthesize moringa oil methyl ester. The primary goal of this research would be to lower the different pollutants exempted from moringa biofuelby adding ethanol. By adding ethanolin various amounts, the above research demonstrates a substantial decrease throughout all pollutants correlated to moringa oil methyl ester.

Effect of the relaxation time of mineral oil and monoesters on the fractal dimension and mutual information of creeping discharges propagating along a pressboard

This paper presents a new method for analysing creeping discharges based on information theory as it applies to medical imaging. The analysis of information surface data is used to determine the impact of relaxation time on the characteristic parameters of creeping discharges. The same information is used to make a comparative study of the morphology of discharges propagating in palm kernel oil methyl ester (PKOME) and in mineral oil (MO). Other comparative methods based on fractal analysis and normality hypothesis tests associated with Anderson Darling (AD), Kolmogorov-Smirnoff (KS) and Shapiro-Wilk (SW) statistics are used. The results show that very short relaxation times increase the error on the measurement of the fractal dimension and the maximum extension of the discharges. A growth of the mutual information between 0 and 60% is observed for relaxation times varying between 60s and 420s respectively. For the same time interval, the P-value increases from 0.027 to 0.821 according to the AD statistic, from 0.01 to more than 0.150 according to KS and from 0.083 to more than 0.1 according to SW. This result indicates that the data are from a normal distribution. After 420s of relaxation, the error on the maximum extension measurement is reduced by 94% in PKOME and 92% in MO. Similarly, the error on the mean fractal dimension in MO is reduced by 86.7% for a relaxation time between 301s and 420s, and by 84.6% in PKOME for a time between 180s and 420s. These different results imply that the impact of the discharge can be predicted when it is in its initial phase during which the number of discharge occurrences is reduced. On the other hand, the physicochemical characteristics of the insulating liquid used dictate the relaxation time to be allowed for the laboratory measurements.

Effects on the performance and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fueled with ethanol, acid oil methyl ester biodiesel and diesel blends

The present investigation of utilizing biodiesel as an alternative additive for diesel and ethanol for diesel engines. Biodiesel blended with diesel or ethanol using 50 vol% biodiesel and by varying 04 vol%, 08 vol%, 12 vol% and 16 vol% ethanol with 46 vol%, 42 vol%, 38% vol and 34% vol diesel blend on 4-stroke 4-Cylinder, Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) Diesel engine. The experimental results showed that the fuel properties of the blend met the requirements of a diesel engine, although a trend towards more carbon residue was observed with increasing proportion of biodiesel. Studies have shown that with increasing alcohol content in the mixture, brake thermal efficiency decreases, BSFC increases, CO and HC emissions increase while NOx emissions decrease. As the engine speed increased from 1200 to 1800 rpm, BTE continued to increase, but CO and HC emissions decreased, while NOx emissions increased significantly.