Cottonseed Oil Methyl Ester Research Articles

Synthesis and evaluation of modified cottonseed oil methyl ester as a novel biofuels

Synthesis and evaluation of modified cottonseed oil methyl ester as a novel biofuels

STUDYING HOW DIESEL ENGINE ADDITIVES USING SILVER OXIDE (Ag2O) NANOPARTICLES AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT

Abstract: Biodiesel has been defined as an alternative fuel that has the potential to be used instead of diesel fuel for years. In case of complete combustion reaction in engines, the products released do not directly threaten human health. Compared to diesel fuel, biodiesel has worse combustion performance due to some fuel properties. Therefore, incomplete combustion products such as hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), smoke emission and complete combustion products such as CO2 are thrown into the atmosphere. In this study, the changes in exhaust emissions of 50 ppm and 75 ppm Ag2O NPs were experimentally examined to improve the adverse combustion performance and emission characteristics of cottonseed oil methyl ester. In experiments, nano additive improved the thermal conductivity, mass dissipation and heat transfer of the test fuels, and resulted in reducing of CO emissions as it provided a higher oxidation rate of hydrocarbon molecules. Due to the improvement in the combustion reaction, CO2 emission increased with product of complete combustion. The increase in CO2 emissions was 3.17% and 3.97% for CAg-50 and CAg-75 fuels, respectively, when compared to C0 fuel at 40 Nm load. The NPs additive increased the lower calorific value of the fuel and cylinder temperature. This situation caused increase of NOx emissions by 3.69% and 7.47% CAg-50 and CAg-75 fuels 40 Nm load. Adding of NPs in base fuel reduced to viscosity and density provided better atomization. So a reduction in smoke emission was obtained with NPs addition by 35.09% and 47.32% in CAg-50 and CAg-75 fuels, respectively, compared to C0 fuel at 10 Nm load, while 7.45% and 19.43% at 40 Nm load.

Optimizing the thermophysical properties and combustion performance of biodiesel by graphite and reduced graphene oxide nanoparticle fuel additive

In this study, 50 and 75 ppm reduced graphene oxide and graphite nanoparticle additives were added to cottonseed oil methyl ester which was obtained by the trasterification method. The effects of the related nanoparticle additives on fuel properties such as viscosity, lower heating value, density and cetane number were determined, and their effects on engine performance and exhaust emissions were experimentally investigated. The superior properties of reduced graphene oxide such as superior conductivity, high reactivity and large surface area to engine performance and emissions were experimentally investigated and presented the in this paper. The results indicated that, brake thermal efficiency increased in NPs additive added fuels by 6.92 % in CGt-50, 11.89 % in CGt-75, 14.35 % in CGn-50 and 17.97 % in CGn-75 fuels, respectively compared to C0 fuel at full load. Brake specific fuel consumptions decreased by 6.92 %, 11.25 %, 13.36 and 16.28 %, respectively. At 8 Nm load, the cylinder pressures of nanoparticle added fuels increased between 1.91 % and 5.16 % compared to base fuel. It was concluded that the heat release rate increased with the increase of the NPs additive ratio. Between the rate of 2 %-5.09 % reducing were obtained in ID, 0.84 %-5.85 % in CD for CGt-75 and CGn75 fuels according to C0 fuel. Compared to C0 fuel, CO emissions decreased by 9.48 %, 11.85 %, 14.23 % and 14.99 %, consecutively, in CGt-50, CGt-75, CGn-50 and CGn-75 fuels at full load. Thanks to the nanoparticle additive, the thermophysical properties and heat transfer rate of the fuels improved and the fuel mixture was stabilized, leading to an improvement of 8.98 %, 11.79 %, 14.04 % and 15.73 % in HC emissions, respectively. The NPs additive increased the cylinder temperature by 10.59 %-17.72 %, which enhanced NOx emissions. It was also observed that smoke emissions were reduced by 8.57 %-18.09 %.

Effect of long–term storage on the fatty-acid profile of biodiesel and its impact on key ultrasonic properties of biodiesels and blends

ABSTRACT Biodiesel is a good alternative to Petroleum Diesel (PD). The storage of fuel is unavoidable for its future use. The objective of the study was to investigate ultrasonic parameters: viscosity, relaxation time, ultrasonic absorption and Gibb’s free energy for 2-year long-term stored biodiesels and blends with PD. The two biodiesels were Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Esters (CSOME) and Palm Stearin Methyl Esters (PSME). Five biodiesel blends with PD in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 volume per cent were studied at the room temperature of 301 K. The fatty-acid profiles were also investigated using GC–MS chromatographic analytical tool and the viscosity was determined using an Ostwald viscometer. Ultrasonic velocity was measured with an ultrasonic interferometer of fixed frequency 2 MHz. The results show that CSOME biodiesel contains 13.47 and 86.53 weight per cent of low molecular weight nonpolar and high molecular weight polar compounds, respectively, and PSME biodiesel with 38.66% and 61.33%, respectively. The measured parameters increased for both the biodiesel blends due to storage. The increase in CSOME blends is more than that in PSME blends. For CSOME blends, highest and lowest changes are 64.28% and 4.48% for 10% volume blend of viscosity and pure CSOME biodiesel of Gibb’s free energy, respectively. In PSME blends, they are 31.25% for 10% volume blend of viscosity and zero for 50% volume blend of Gibb’s free energy. The highest difference occurred for 50% volume blends between old CSOME and PSME blends. From the overall results, it is concluded that variations of the measured parameters strongly depend on the fatty-acid profile of biodiesels due to storage.

An Experimental Study On The Performance And Exhaust Emission Characteristics Of A CI Engine Powered By Alcohol/Biodiesel/Diesel Fuel Blends Containing Different Types Of Alcohol (Isopropanol-C3, 1-Butanol-C4, And Isopentanol-C5)

Alcohols are significant alternative and renewable fuel candidates for the utilization in the internal combustion engines due to encouraging favorable environmental and economic outputs. Long-chain alcohols have various advantages over short-chain alcohols because of their larger energy content, elevated cetane number CN and preferable blending properties, etc. The objective of the present experimental research deal with the exploring and compare the influence of the ternary fuel mixtures of petroleum-based diesel fuel, cottonseed oil methyl ester COME and long-chain alcohols of isopropanol Pr , 1-butanol Bt , and isopentanol Pt on the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, naturally-aspirated, direct-injection compression-ignition CI engine. As the prepared tested fuel samples, four different blends were as follows on a volume basis: B20 20% COME + %80 diesel fuel , B20Pr20 20% COME + %20 isopropanol + %80 diesel fuel , B20Bt20 20% COME + %20 1-butanol + %80 diesel fuel , and B20Pt20 20% COME + %20 isopentanol + %80 diesel fuel . The engine trials were carried out at various loads 0-1250 W and under a constant speed 3000 rpm to observe the aforementioned behaviors. Based on the experimental outcomes, brake specific fuel consumption BSFC values of B20Pr20 exhibited higher than those of other ternary blends at all loads. Brake thermal efficiency BTE values for B20Pt20 were observed as larger than those of ternary blends. B20Pt20 had higher exhaust gas temperature EGT values than those of B20Bt20 and B20Pr20. The infusion of long-chain alcohols to COME/diesel blend caused to reduce NOX emissions meanwhile isopropanol, 1-butanol, and isopentanol were the most to least influential alcohol types, respectively. Besides, with the addition of alcohol, a substantial decrement was noticed in smoke opacity at entire loads owing to the excess amount of oxygen content and lesser ratio of C/H of the alcohols. However, CO and HC emissions rose by infusion of long-chain alcohols to the blends. Finally, it can be concluded that higher alcohols could be a possible fuel additive for the fractional replacement for petroleum-based diesel fuel and biodiesel in the blends for CI engine practices.

Long – term storage effect on molecular interactions of biodiesels and blends

ABSTRACT In this era of fuel crisis, biodiesel is the better alternative to Petroleum Diesel (PD). In general, biodiesel is composed of Fatty acid Methyl Esters (FAME). In the present investigation, change in molecular interactions of two year long-term stored biodiesels and blends were studied by measuring ultrasonic parameters. The results were analyzed with respect to fatty acid profile of biodiesels. The biodiesels collected were Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Esters (CSOME) and Palm Stearin Methyl Esters (PSME). The CSOME biodiesel was rich in unsaturated FAME and PSME in saturated FAME. Five different blends of both the biodiesels with Petroleum Diesel (PD) in the volume percent of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 were prepared. The blends were stored for two years in their as it was condition at room temperature without interaction of light. The measurements have been done using an ultrasonic interferometer of fixed frequency of 2 MHz. The measured parameters were density, ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance and intermolecular free length. Sediments were formed in CSOME biodiesel blends only which was rich in unsaturated FAME. No sediment was formed in PSME blends. The highest decrease was found in adiabatic compressibility for 10% volume blends by 5.96% and 5.65% for CSOME and PSME biodiesels, respectively. The lowest increase was found in density for 10% volume blend by 0.13% for both biodiesels. The difference between large and small values was found highest for 10% volume blend of PSME biodiesel by 5.17% for adiabatic compressibility. Poor stability was noticed in low-level blends than high-level blends. Pure biodiesels were found more stable than blends. Strong molecular interactions were observed in low-level blends. Systematic trend in the variation of percent change in parameters with respect to blend level was found in both biodiesel blends.

Effect of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester on Fuel-Injector Wear Characteristics

This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) obtained from cotton-seed oil and palm oil on fuel-injector wear characteristics. The cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and palm oil methyl ester (POME) were produced in the laboratory using alkaline transesterification. Gas chromatography based on 'BS EN 14103:2011' standard was used to analyze the percentage of fatty acids in COME and POME. The physicochemical properties of the two methyl esters were measured based on ASTM and EN standards. Various unique blends using cottonseed–palm oil methyl ester (CPME) were tested. Thirteen (13) different types of fuel blends were prepared from COME, POME, and petroleum diesel fuel (DF100). The wear and lubricity characteristics were measured using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) based on ASTM D6079 standard. The worn surfaces of the specimen plates were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The COME100, POME100, and CPME100 showed excellent lubricity properties for the fuel injector in terms of lower COF and wear coefficient when compared with DF100. COME100, POME100 and CPME100 showed lower average COF compared to DF100 by 16.9%, 13.9% and 16.1%, respectively. This may be due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the methyl esters composition. Consequently, the fatty acid methyl esters can be used to reduce the friction and wear of the fuel injectors due to the improvement in the tribological properties of the fuel.

Production optimization and tribological characteristics of cottonseed oil methyl ester

This paper presented experimental results to evaluate the optimization of production parameters through response surface methodology. These parameters significantly affected the yield of cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME). The input variables for the production of methyl ester from cottonseed oil were methanol/oil molar ratio, concentration of catalyst, temperature, and stirring speed. The response or output variable was the yield of methyl ester. The fatty acid methyl ester composition of COME (biodiesel) was obtained using a gas chromatography (GC) analyzer. BS EN 14103:2011 was the standard used to analyze the fatty acid methyl ester. The derived mathematical model was statistically accurate to predict the optimum value of COME. The optimized values to obtain a 98.3% yield of methyl ester were as follows: methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst concentration of 0.97% (w/w), temperature of 63.8 °C, and speed of 797 rpm. The physicochemical properties of COME were measured in accordance with ASTM D6751. The friction and wear properties of COME and its blends with petroleum diesel were tested using a four-ball wear testing machine. The tribological characteristics of COME as a new biofuel were assessed. COME displayed good lubricity with a low coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter. The coefficient of friction of pure COME (COME100) was lower than that of pure petroleum diesel (DL100) and COME blends with petrol diesel (COME10, COME20, and COME50). The average coefficient of friction of COME 100 was lower than that of DL100, COME10, COME20, and COME50 by 28.06%, 19.49%, 7.49%, and 3.65%, respectively. The wear scar diameter of COME100 for the tested ball was lower than that of DL100, COME10, COME20, and COME50 by 47.6%, 33.3%, 32.1%, and 21.42%, respectively. The worn surfaces of the tested balls were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and the results were presented in this paper.

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with varying injection pressure and fueled with hydrogen and cottonseed oil methyl ester blends

The influence of injection opening pressure (IOP) for 20% blend (B20) of cottonseed oil methyl ester and 15 liters per minute (lpm) of hydrogen dual fuel mode was investigated based on performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder, four stroke, diesel engine with a rated power of 3.5 kW, rated compression ratio of 17.5 at a rated speed of 1500 rpm. The experiments were carried out at three different IOP of 200, 220 and 240 bar respectively. The results depict the maximum brake thermal efficiency, minimum brake specific fuel consumption, and lowest HC and CO and while the concentration of NOx slightly increased. It has been found that the combustion characteristics of cottonseed oil methyl ester and its diesel blends closely followed those of standard diesel. Present investigations revealed that IOP of 220 bars for 15 lpm hydrogen with B20 dual fuel mode is optimum compared to other blends of cottonseed biodiesel and hydrogen, but it causes higher levels of exhaust emissions.

Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel-Bio Diesel (CSOME) with Nano Additive Blends in CI Engine

Increasingly stringent emissions regulations and environmental concerns have caused interest in the development of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Recently biobutanol, bioethanol and biodiesel emerged as an alternative fuel due to their oxygenated nature. This paper investigates the physical stability of ethanol-diesel blends using Cottonseed oil methyl esters diesel emulsifier as additives, subsequently analysis of physio-chemical properties. Furthermore, experimental tests were carried out to study the performance (fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, power, exhaust gas temperature) and emissions (CO, NOx, HC and Smoke) of Direct Injection (DI) engine fuelled with the various blends compared with those fuelled by diesel. The blends used for this study were D50B50, D60B30E10, D60B20E15DEE5 And D40B40E10DEE10.

Ultrasonic absorption of biodiesels and blends

ABSTRACTBiodiesel is an environmental friendly alternative fuel for petroleum diesel (PD). It can also be used as blend component with PD. In the present study, the ultrasonic absorption of cotton seed oil methyl esters (CSOME) and palm stearin methyl esters (PSME) biodiesels and their blends with PD have been measured and analyzed as a function of fatty acid profiles of biodiesels. The CSOME that are rich in unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) have shown more absorption than PSME which are rich in saturated FAME as there is difference in the structures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The reason for the absorption may be due to the molecular relaxation phenomenon of methyl ester molecules. The ultrasonic absorption may be more in blends than in pure oils.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine using Biodiesel (Cotton Seed Oil) Blends with Titanium Oxide

In this work, experimental investigation was carried out to test the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine using diesel and cotton seed oil methyl ester blended fuel (COSME20) along with titanium oxide nano particles as an additive in biodiesel blends. The titanium oxide nanoparticles promote the combustion process that results in more oxidation of CO and reduces HC emission. The engine test was conducted with various blends of diesel and biodiesel with and without nanoparticles, namely B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel), BN20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel + 20ppm), BN40 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel + 40ppm) at different loads. The test results showed that the addition of titanium oxide nanoparticles in diesel and biodiesel blends improved combustion and reduced the exhaust gas emissions significantly.

Different Injection Strategies to Enhance the Performance of Diesel Engine Powered with Biodiesel Fuels

The compression ignition (CI) engines are most efficient and robust but they rely on depleting fossil fuel. Hence there is a speedy need to use alternative fuels that replaces diesel and at the same time engine should yield better performance. Accordingly, honge oil methyl ester (BHO) and cotton seed oil methyl ester (BCO) were selected as an alternative fuel to power CI engine in the study. In the first part, this paper aims to evaluate best fuel injection timing (IT) and injector opening pressure (IOP) for the biodiesel fuels (BDF). The combustion chamber (CC) used for the study is toriodal re-entrant (TRCC). The experimental tests showed that BHO and BCO yielded overall better performance at IT of 19° before top dead centre (bTDC) and IOP of 240 bar. In the second part, the effect of number of holes on the performance of BDF powered CI engine was studied keeping optimized IT and IOP. The six-hole injector with 0.2 mm injector orifice diameter yielded better performance compared to other injectors of different holes and size tested.

Performance evaluation of cottonseed oil methyl esters produced using CaO and prediction with an artificial neural network

ABSTRACTThis study deals with the analysis of performance evaluation of refined cottonseed biodiesel produced with calcium oxide and using an artificial neural network (ANN) technique to predict the performance. A two-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine fuelled with the standard diesel, biodiesel and their blends, operated at different engine speeds, was used. The experimental results revealed that blends of refined cottonseed oil methyl ester with diesel fuel gave better engine performance and improved emissions. Comparing the results with conventional diesel fuel, B20 gave similar brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency, and lower carbon (II) oxide and hydrocarbon, with the noticeable presence of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. The ANN model predicted the engine performance with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.97433, 0.99142 and 0.97889 for the engine brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency, respectively. The mean square error between the desired outputs as measured and simulated by the model was 0.0001. Therefore the biodiesel produced from refined cottonseed oil performed better when blended with a small quantity of petrol diesel, and ANN proved to be a desirable prediction method in the evaluation of engine parameters.

Performance and emission analysis of Cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine

Performance and emission analysis of Cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine

Experimental investigation of effects of addition of ethanol to bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics in CI engine

The study presents the experimental evaluations of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of blends containing non-edible cotton seed oil methyl ester and anhydrous ethanol in a diesel engine at various loads. Blends are made from bio-diesel from cotton seed oil by transesterification and anhydrous ethanol (200 proof) in various proportions ranging from 10% to 50%. The results of the investigation are compared with diesel as base fuel. It is observed from the results that the brake thermal efficiency of the blends is similar to that of diesel. There is a decrease of emissions of oxides of nitrogen and smoke, there is a decrease of emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon at higher loads and increase at lower loads. Also there is increase of maximum heat release rate and maximum pressure for the blends at higher loads. However, there is a decrease of maximum heat release rate and maximum pressure at lower load. This study gives a direction of renewable fuel blends to replace diesel for fueling diesel engine thereby reducing the dependency of fossil fuels.

Experimental investigation of evaporation rate and exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with cotton seed methyl ester and its blend with petro-diesel

An experimental study to measure the evaporation rates, engine performance and emission characteristics of cotton seed biodiesel (cotton seed oil methyl ester) and its blends in different volumetric proportions with diesel is presented. The thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends have been measured and presented. Evaporation rates of neat cotton seed biodiesel, neat diesel and their bends have been measured under slow convective environment of air flowing with a constant temperature. Evaporation constants have been determined by using the droplet regression rate data. The neat fuels and fuel blends have been utilized in a test engine with different load conditions to evaluate the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the fuels. The specific fuel consumption values of the two blends, viz. B25 and B75 are found to be same. At the highest load, B0 records the lowest CO volume followed by B100. From the observed evaporation, performance and emissions characteristics, it is suggested that a blend of B50 and B75 can be optimally used in standard diesel engine settings.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a dual fuel engine with Diesel–Ethanol – Cotton seed oil Methyl ester blends and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as fuel

Performance of engine and emission characteristics of modified dual fuel engine is highly influenced by its ignition and combustion behavior. In this study, an experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of diesel, ethanol, Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester (CSOME) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) on the performance, emissions and combustion of single cylinder, four stroke and water cooled modified dual fuel engine. The experiments were carried out using various fuel blends and Compressed Natural Gas in normal engine mode and dual fuel engine mode. The test fuels were blends of Diesel, Ethanol and Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester. The results indicated that, Nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions, Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions decreased at all loads for fuel blends and fuel blends with CNG. While, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions comparable higher at load for all fuel blends and fuel blends with CNG.

The effect of fatty acid profiles of biodiesel on key fuel properties of some biodiesels and blends

ABSTRACTIn the present investigation, some key fuel properties such as acid value (AV), iodine value (I), peroxide value (PV), water content (WC), and flash point (FP) of cottonseed oil methyl esters (CSOME) and palm stearin methyl esters (PSME) biodiesels, and their blends with petroleum diesel are estimated as per American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) and American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) methods. The variations of all the properties with blends have been analyzed as a function of fatty acid profile of biodiesels. The fatty acid profile of the biodiesels is determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC-MS) method. CSOME biodiesel is rich in unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and PSME in saturated FAME. Both the biodiesel blends have shown different types of variations for different properties.

Chemical Composition and Cold Flow Property of Cottonseed Oil Biodiesel Fuel

The Cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) was prepared using an alkali catalyzed trans esterification reaction, and its chemical composition and cold flow properties (CFP) were studied. Two approaches, viz. blending with petrodiesel and treating with cold flow improver (CFI) were used to improve the CFP of COME. The results showed that COME was mainly composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs): C14:0–C22:0, C16:1–C20:1, C18:2 and C18:3–C20:3. The mass fractions of saturated and unsaturated FAMEs were 27.69% and 71.65%, respectively. The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and kinematic viscosity (KV) at 40 °C of COME are -1 °C and 4.63 mm2/s respectively. Blending with -10 petrodiesel (-10PD) and 0 petrodiesel (0PD) can decrease the CFPP of COME/-10PD (B30-B40) and COME/0PD (B40-B50) -12 and -8 °C respectively. With the increase in petrodiesel content, the KV at 40 °C of blending oil decreased, and viscosity-temperature characteristics of blending oil were improved. When used Flow Fit (≤3vol.%), the CFPPs were reduce from COME/-10PD B5, B7, B10, B20, B50 and COME -8, -8, -9, -11, -11 and -1 °C to -28, -27, -26, -25, -16 and -5 °C respectively; COME/0PD -3, -3, -4, -5, -8 and -1 °C to -26, -25, -24, -24, -16 and -5 °C respectively.