Cottonseed Oil Methyl Ester Research Articles

Transesterification of cotton seed oil using cosolvent in a tubular reactor

ABSTRACTMost commercial processes for making biodiesel use batch processes. Typical reaction time ranges from 20 minutes to more than an hour. However, batch reactors are generally not suitable in the production of large-capacity chemicals. Production of biodiesel using a cosolvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) requires a rather short reaction time. The result is a fast reaction, in the order of 5–10 minutes. In this work, the production of cotton seed oil methyl ester (CSOME) was carried out in a tubular reactor using THF as cosolvent, while potassium hydroxide (KOH) served as catalyst. The feed was pre-mixed in a feed tank and pumped into the reactor using fuel pump at various flow rates. The yield of CSOME increased from 93.3% for a residence time of six minutes to 99.5% for a residence time of 14 minutes. The reaction was carried out at room temperature with methanol/oil ratio of 6:1 and methanol/THF volume ratio 1:1. The variance of product flow rate, kinematic viscosity and specific gravity was determined to ensure biodiesel quality consistency. Fuel properties such as flash point, cetane number, and kinematic viscosity were determined and compared with ASTM standards.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a semi-adiabatic diesel engine using cotton seed and neem kernel oil methyl esters

The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine are investigated using two methyl esters: One obtained from cotton seed oil and other from neem kernel oil. These two oils are transesterified using methanol and alkaline catalyst to produce the cotton seed oil methyl ester (CSOME) and neem kernel oil methyl ester (NKOME) respectively. These biodiesels are used as alternative fuels in low heat rejection engine (LHR), in which the combustion chamber temperature is increased by thermal barrier coating on piston face. Experimental investigations are conducted with CSOME and NKOME in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection LHR engine. It is found that, at peak load the brake thermal efficiency is lower by 5.91% and 7.07% and BSFC is higher by 28.57% and 10.71% for CSOME and NKOME in LHR engine, respectively when compared with conventional diesel fuel used in normal engine. It is also seen that there is an increase in NOx emission in LHR engine along with slight increase in CO, smoke and HC emissions. From the combustion characteristics, it is found that the values of cylinder pressure for CSOME and NKOME in LHR engine are near to the diesel fuel in normal engine.

Comparative study on effect of blending, thermal barrier coating (LHR) and injector nozzle geometry on biodiesel-fuelled engines

Increased petroleum prices, increased threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative non-petroleum fuels for internal combustion engines. Evolving suitable technology for addressing energy crisis creates a continued investigation into the search for sustainable and clean-burning renewable fuels. This work investigates suitability of different non-edible-derived biodiesels such as cotton seed oil methyl ester (COME), Honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and Rubber seed oil methyl ester (RuOME) to four stroke, single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine tests were conducted to study the effect of fuel blending, thermal barrier coating (TBC) or Low Heat Rejection (LHR) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of COME, HnOME and RuOME in the modified CI engine. Blends of biodiesels with diesel were varied from 20 to 80% in steps of 20%. Two thermal barrier coatings of partially stabilized zirconium (PSZ) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) were provided on the engine to make it fully adiabatic. Nozzle injectors of 3, 4 and 5 holes, with size of orifice varied from 0.2 to 0.3 mm size were selected for the study. It was concluded that B20 biodiesel blend, PSZ-coated engine and four hole nozzle injector of 0.2 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced HC, CO, smoke emissions for the fuel combinations tested. Combustion analysis to study the effect of biodiesel blends, LHR coatings, injector nozzle geometry on the performance of the biodiesel-fuelled engine has been presented to give more insight into the behaviour of operation.

Experimental studies on variable compression ratio engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester biodiesel

This research work investigates the effects of compression ratio on engine performances, combustion characteristics and emission of exhaust gases of variable compression ratio engine fuelled with biodiesel. The cottonseed oil methyl ester is blended with standard diesel and used as fuel in the variable compression ratio single cylinder four stroke multi fuel engine at 1,440 rpm of 80% load with different compression ratios i.e., 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 21:1 and 22:1. The analyses of engine performances, combustion characteristics and emission of exhaust gases were carried out for different proportions of cottonseed oil methyl ester blends (b15%, b30%, b45%, b60%, b75%, b90% and b100%). The investigation reveals that at higher compression ratios, heat release rate, combustion pressure and brake thermal efficiency is higher. The investigation also reveals that the brake power and mechanical efficiency are found to have increased with increase in compression ratios. It is also found that the higher blend proportions with standard diesel reduce the emission of HC and CO2 but increase the emission of NOX. [Received: November 5 2013; Accepted: October 4 2014]

The Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine using Nano Additives in Diesel and Biodiesel

Objective: To determine the engine performance and emissions of a single cylinder Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine using diesel-biodiesel blends with nano additive. Method: Blends of diesel-biodiesel of different proportions are prepared, to which Nano additive Cerium Oxide (CeO2) is added. Properties like Flash point, Fire point, Calorific values are established for these blends. This fuel is used in single cylinder Direct Injection (DI) 4-strok diesel engine and performance of the engine is recorded along with emission details. Finding: In this present investigation cotton seed oil is taken as base oil (biodiesel) and Cerium Oxide (CeO2) as Nano additive. By using by using different blends of cotton seed oil methyl esters, for which Cerium Oxide (CeO2) Nano additives of size 30-50 nm is added in different proportions with neat diesel fuel. The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder Direct Injection (DI) 4-strok diesel engine, and observed the variation of Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency, Air-Fuel ratio, Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), NOx emissions, Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Hydro Carbons (HC) emissions. Conclusion: The results have shown lower fuel consumption, better performance, and lower emissions of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydro Carbons (HC) but higher emissions of (NOx), in comparison to neat diesel fuel.

A study of performance and emissions of Direct Injection diesel engine fuelled with cotton seed oil methyl ester and pumpkin seed oil methyl ester and its blends with diesel using Exhaust Gas Recirculation

An experimental investigation of diesel engine performance fuelled with cotton seed oil methyl ester (COME), pumpkin seed oil methyl ester (POME) and its blends with neat diesel using Exhaust Gas Recirculation technique have been carried out. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and lower static injection timing of 20° bTDC is considered as it has been observed that these conditions offer better performance and are lower in emissions. From the experimental results, it could be observed that there is a decreasing trend of emission characteristics of Hydro Carbon, smoke density and NOx for Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) for both COME and POME at full load with respect to blend ratio. The percentage reduction in oxides of nitrogen for B100 COME-EGR is 1.39% and for B100 POME-EGR is 1.11% as compared to B100 conventional method. The percentage reduction in oxides of nitrogen for B25 COME-EGR is 0.94% and for B25 POME-EGR is 0.13% as compared to B25 conventional method at full load condition. The same trend is followed for all other blends such as B50 and B75. However, the use of EGR leads to a rise in soot emission because of the soot–NOx trade-off for both cases.

An experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with blends of cottonseed oil methyl ester with cold and hot EGR

An experimental investigation of diesel engine using cottonseed oil biodiesel and its blends with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) techniques has been carried out. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and lower static injection timing of 20° before top dead centre (bTDC) are considered because it has been observed that these conditions only give minimum emissions. From the test results, it could be noted that there is an increasing trend of emission characteristics of HC, smoke density and NOx for both cold and hot EGR for all blends of fuel with respect to brake power. As compared with cold EGR, the hot EGR gives lower emissions at all loads. In hot EGR, among the blends, at no-load and full-load conditions, the B100 gives the highest reduction in NOx of 14.23% and 7.91%, respectively. However, the use of EGR leads to a rise in soot emission because of soot–NOx trade-off for both the cases.

Combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine fuelled with blends of methyl ester of cotton seed oil

The combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled and direct injection (DI) diesel engine fuelled with methyl ester of cotton seed oil (MECSO) and its blends with neat diesel fuel were examined. The experiments were conducted at a constant speed under steady-state condition with a Kirloskar TAF 1 engine. Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR), cumulative heat release rate (CHRR), maximum cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise, ignition delay, duration of injection and combustion duration of MECSO and its blends with diesel were evaluated and compared with those of diesel fuel. From the analysis, it was found that the peak cylinder pressure and HRR of diesel were higher when compared with those of MECSO blends. The ignition delay, duration of injection and combustion duration decreased for MECSO blends compared to those of diesel. However, the CHRR of MECSO and its blends were higher than that of diesel. Finally, the study showed that B25 (25% of MECSO and 75% of diesel) gave optimum combustion characteristics for all loads and could be used as a viable alternative fuel in a DI diesel engine without any engine modifications.

Experimental investigation on engine performances, combustion characteristics and emission of exhaust gases of VCR engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester blended with diesel

ABSTRACTThis research work investigates the engine performances, combustion characteristics, and emission of exhaust gases of variable compression ratio engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and diesel at different blends. The analysis showed that heat release rate and cylinder pressure is higher for diesel than COME blends. Higher BTE is obtained at the maximum load condition. The higher BTE and lower SFC are obtained for blend B15 as 42.17% and 0.2 kg/kW-hr at brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 4.64 bar. Also it is found that the peak cylinder gas pressure and combustion duration increases when the BMEP increases. At the BMEP of 3.51 bar, higher HRR is observed as 18.12 J/deg. Increase in HRR is obtained as 6.07% for B30 at BMEP of 4.64 bar when compared to diesel. Ignition delay decreased by 13.16% for B100, by the increment of blend proportions when compared to diesel, at BMEP of 4.64 bar. Lower smoke, HC and CO emissions are observed when increasing the blend proportions, whereas the nitric oxide emissions increases due to the better combustion resulted in higher temperatures. At BMEP of 4.64 bar, the CO emissions are reduced to 25.24% for neat biodiesel when compared with the diesel.

Performance Characteristics of Variable Compression Ratio Engine Using COME Biodiesel

This research work investigates the effects of compression ratio on engine performance characteristics of variable compression ratio engine fuelled with biodiesel. The cottonseed oil methyl ester is blended with neat diesel and used as fuel at different compression ratios i.e., 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22. The analyses of engine performances characteristics were carried out for different proportions of cottonseed oil methyl ester blends (b25, b50, b75 and b100). It is inferred that at higher compression ratio, the brake thermal efficiency attained is higher when compared to compression ratio 18. The brake specific fuel consumption for the increment of compression ratio is found to be lower at all blend ratios. The higher brake thermal efficiency was found for b50 at CR 21. It is evident that the exhaust gas temperature reduced with the increment of CR.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE USING BIO-DIESEL

This paper deals with the experimental investigations carried out in studying the performance analysis of 4-stroke diesel using Methyl Ester of Cotton Seed Oil (MECSO) and its blends with diesel. Bio-diesel (MECSO) has been prepared by transesterification process. Performance tests on single cylinder 4-stroke compression ignition engine have been conducted using pure bio-diesel and its blends as fuel and performance parameters are compared by diesel as fuels. Various graphs like Brake thermal efficiency, BSFC, total fuel consumption rate; speed v/s loads ranging from 0 to 16 Kg have been plotted. The study shows that there will be a slight improvement in Brake thermal efficiency, So Methyl Ester of Cotton Seed Oil can be an alternative fuel.

Effects of injection timing, injector opening pressure and nozzle geometry on the performance of cottonseed oil methyl ester-fuelled diesel engine

Increasing petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines. Evolving technology and a recurring energy crisis necessitates a continuous investigation into the search for sustainable and clean-burning renewable fuels. In this paper, cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) was used in a four-stroke, single-cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine. Tests were carried out to study the effects of fuel injection timing, fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance and combustion of COME biodiesel fuel used in a compression ignition engine with a single fuel mode. Fuel injection timing varied from 19° to 27° before top dead centre (bTDC) in incremental steps of 4° bTDC; fuel IOP varied from 210 to 240 bar in incremental steps of 10 bar. Fuel nozzle injectors with three, four and five holes, each of 0.3 mm size, were selected for the study. The results suggested that with retarded injection timing of 19° bTDC, increased IOP of 230 bar and a four-hole nozzle injector of 0.3 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with an increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced HC, CO and smoke emission levels.

Effect of injection timing, injector opening pressure and nozzle geometry on the performance of a compression ignition engine operated on non-edible oil methyl esters from different sources

Increasing cost of fossil fuels, environmental threats from exhaust emissions and their depleting nature have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. This study investigates the suitability of different non-edible-derived biodiesels such as cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME), honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME) to four-stroke, single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine tests were conducted to study the effect of fuel injection timing (IT), fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of COME, HnOME and HOME in the modified CI engine. IT was varied from 19° to 27° before top dead centre (bTDC) in steps of 4° bTDC; IOP was varied from 205 to 240 bar in steps of 10 bar. Nozzle injectors of three to five holes, each of 0.3 mm size, were selected for the study. It was concluded that a retarded IT of 19° bTDC increased IOP of 230 bar, and four-hole nozzle injector of 0.3 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide smoke emissions for the fuels tested.

Experimental investigation to reduce emissions of CI (compression ignition) engine fuelled with methyl ester of cottonseed oil using antioxidant

Biodiesel offers cleaner combustion over conventional diesel fuel, including reduced particulate matter, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. However, several studies point to increase in NOx emissions (about 13%) for biodiesel fuel compared with conventional diesel fuel. In this paper, the experimental investigation on the effect of antioxidant additive (l-ascorbic acid) on NOx emissions in a methyl ester of cottonseed oil- (MECSO) fuelled direct injection diesel engine has been reported. The antioxidant additive is mixed in various proportions (100–400 mg) with MECSO and was tested in computerised four-stroke water-cooled single-cylinder diesel engine of 3.5 kW rated power. Results show that the antioxidant additive is effective in controlling the NOx and HC emissions of MECSO-fuelled diesel engines.

Biodiesel and biohydrogen production from cotton-seed cake in a biorefinery concept

Biodiesel production from cotton-seed cake (CSC) and the pretreatment of the remaining biomass for dark fermentative hydrogen production was investigated. The direct conversion to biodiesel with alkali free fatty acids neutralization pretreatment and alkali transesterification resulted in a biodiesel with high esters content and physicochemical properties fulfilling the EN-standards. Blends of cotton-seed oil methyl esters (CME) and diesel showed an improvement in lubricity and cetane number. Moreover, CME showed good compatibility with commercial biodiesel additives. On the basis of conversion of the remaining CSC to sugars fermentable towards hydrogen, the optimal conditions included removal of the oil of CSC and pretreatment at 10% NaOH (w/w dry matter). The extreme thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus showed good hydrogen production, 84–112% of the control, from NaOH-pretreated CSC and low hydrogen production, 15–20% of the control, from the oil-rich and not chemically pretreated CSC, and from Ca(OH)2-pretreated CSC.

The Emission Characteristics of a CI Engine Fueled with a Biofuel Blend

In this study, an alternative diesel fuel, of which chemical modification was made by transesterification with short chain methyl alcohols, was produced from cottonseed oil. The modified products were then evaluated according to their fuel chemical properties as compared to diesel fuel. The purpose of this study is to investigate the emission characteristics of the fuel blend of 75% cottonseed oil methyl ester with 25% diesel fuel in a single cylinder unmodified diesel engine. The effects of biofuel and diesel fuel blend on a direct injected, four strokes, and single cylinder diesel engine exhaust emissions were studied. The results showed on the emissions of the engine that there was about 36% reduction in CO, about 18% reduction in CO2, and about 15% reduction in NOx. These results show that B75 fuel has better emission characteristics than diesel fuel. The reduction exhaust emissions made B75 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines and could help in controlling air pollution.

Simulation and Environmental Assessment of Compression Ignition Engine Powered by Neat Biodiesels of Different Origin

Performance parameters and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine powered by diesel fuel and a biodiesels, namely jatropha oil methylester (JME), Cottonseed oil methylester (COME), Rapeseed oil methylester (RME), Soybean oil methylester (SME) and Castor oil methylester (CAME) at full load have been investigated using Diesel-RK engine simulation software. The performance of an engine whose basic design parameters are known can be predicted with the assistance of simulation programs into the less time, cost and near value of actual. However, inadequate areas of the current model can guide future research because the effects of design variables on engine performance can be determined before. In this study, thermodynamic cycle and performance analyses were simulated for various engine speeds ranging from 1000 rpm to 3000 rpm with an increment of 100 rpm at full load, 17.5:1 constant compression ratio (CR) of a CI engine with four stroke, single cylinder and natural aspirated. Several parameters and emission were calculated namely; engine torque, brake mean effective pressure, brake power, specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, NOx, and CO 2 , this was carried out using DIESEL-RK Software.It was found that the engine offer lower thermal efficiency when it is powered by neat biodiesel compared to diesel, while it offer higher for JME and minimum for SME among biodiesels. Further, it was found that both the thermal efficiency of the engine and the specific fuel consumption increases with the increase in speed of engine. The NOx emission was found higher for all fuels compared with diesel fuel, whereas it was seen that CO 2 emissions were higher for SME, RME, and COME and lower for JME and CAME.

Performance and Evaluation of DI Diesel Engine by using Preheated Cottonseed Oil Methyl Ester

In this investigation, the Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester (CSOME) was prepared by transesterificationusing cotton seed oil, methyl alcohol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. At different preheatedtemperatures, the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with preheated CSOMEwere obtained and compared with neat diesel. Experiments were conducted at different load conditions ina single cylinder four stroke DI diesel engine. CSOME was preheated to temperatures namely 40, 60, 80,100oC before it was fuelled to the engine. From the test the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specificfuel consumption (BSFC), smoke density, CO, HC, NOx emissions were evaluated. The results provedthat the preheated CSOME leads favourable on BTE and CO, HC emissions when it is heated up to 80oC. At the same time the NOx emission was increased. But at preheated temperature of 100°C, a considerabledecrease in the BTE and BSFC were observed due to the vapour locking in the fuel line caused by vapourformation due to higher temperature of CSOME. On the whole the results shows that CSOME preheatedup to 800C can be used as an alternate fuel for diesel fuel without any significant modification in expenseof increased NOx emissions.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF C.I. ENGINE WITH COTTON SEED OIL

The paper describe the comparative performance of single cylinder diesel engine with direct use of cotton seed oil methyl ester and preheated condition at variable temperature such as 50, 70 and 90oC.The properties such as viscosity, flash point, pour point were experimentally measured of COME, thus obtained are comparable with ASM biodiesel standards. The COME has been tested in single cylinder four stroke diesel engine coupled with rope brake dynamometer, such as BSFC, BTE, B.S.E.C. are calculated and exhaust gas temperature were measured. The experiment was carried out varying load at constant speed. The results revealed that preheating COME up to 90oC at higher load lead to increase in brake thermal efficiency is 2 % as compared to diesel fuel and brake specific fuel consumption increases at higher load as compared to diesel fuel. There is no significant change found in brake power where as exhaust gas temperature of all preheated biodiesel COME is high and break specific energy consumption required to preheat COME is high as compared to diesel. However, the optimum conditions for biodiesel production are suggested in this paper. A maximum of 76% biodiesel was produced with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5%pottasium hydroxide.

Study of the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using cotton seed oil-based fuels

In this research work, different parameters for the optimisation of biodiesel production were investigated and then experiments were conducted to study the performance and emission characteristics of a four-stroke, single-cylinder, direct-injection, naturally aspirated diesel engine using cotton seed oil (CSO)-based fuels. The blends were prepared with 20% CSO and 40% cotton seed oil methyl esters (CSOME) separately with neat diesel on volume basis as diesel fuels. A maximum of 77.5% biodiesel were achieved with 20% methanol in the presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. The experimental results showed that the reduction in smoke, hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were observed for CSOME and its diesel blends along with increased NO x . However, a reduction in NO x , increase in smoke, HC and CO emissions were observed for CSO 100 and its diesel blends compared to those of neat diesel.