Conflict Resolution Methods Research Articles

Digital-Twin-Driven AGV Scheduling and Routing in Automated Container Terminals

Automated guided vehicle (AGV) scheduling and routing are critical factors affecting the operation efficiency and transportation cost of the automated container terminal (ACT). Searching for the optimal AGV scheduling and routing plan are effective and efficient ways to improve its efficiency and reduce its cost. However, uncertainties in the physical environment of ACT can make it challenging to determine the optimal scheduling and routing plan. This paper presents the digital-twin-driven AGV scheduling and routing framework, aiming to deal with uncertainties in ACT. By introducing the digital twin, uncertain factors can be detected and handled through the interaction and fusion of physical and virtual spaces. The improved artificial fish swarm algorithm Dijkstra (IAFSA-Dijkstra) is proposed for the optimal AGV scheduling and routing solution, which will be verified in the virtual space and further fed back to the real world to guide actual AGV transport. Then, a twin-data-driven conflict prediction method is proposed to predict potential conflicts by constantly comparing the differences between physical and virtual ACT. Further, a conflict resolution method based on the Yen algorithm is explored to resolve predicted conflicts and drive the evolution of the scheme. Case study examples show that the proposed method can effectively improve efficiency and reduce the cost of AGV scheduling and routing in ACT.

Comparison of the Western and Traditional African Methods of Conflict Resolution on the Example of International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda (ICTR) and Gacaca Method in the Context of the 1994 Rwanda Genocide

Local traditions of conflict resolution have been overlooked since the dominant methods of dealing with these issues are often centered on Western approaches to conflict resolution. This highlights the urgent need to prioritize engagement with indigenous knowledge and processes, particularly in conflict resolution and broadening our perspectives. While conflicts continue to rise in Africa(post-independence), we need to revisit the conflict resolution approaches that incorporate local traditions embedded in various African communities. The article highlights African approaches towards conflict resolution in Sub-Saharan Africa, e.g., such methods as Gacaca, in comparison with the Western concepts of conflict resolution. The author’s extensive experience and fascination with African traditions also makes it possible to introduce readers to various issues of peace studies of African origins. The qualitative methods with a reliance on various reports from Western and African peace and security experts as well as subject literature discourses on African indigenous conflict resolution methods have been used for the purposes of the article. The author’s analysis is also based on the interviews. Interviews were conducted to evaluate Gacaca courts and the procedures which included confessions, punishment or forgiveness then followed by reconciliation and integration into the society. The interviews included the victims of the genocide, a retired journalist, a former member of the Rwandan government, and a former employee of a non-governmental organization.

The resolution of q-rung orthopair fuzzy set based three-way group conflict analysis

In social life, conflict situations occur frequently all the time. To analyse a conflict situation, not only the intrinsic reason of the conflict but also the resolution of the conflict should be given. In this paper, we propose a combine conflict analysis model under q-rung fuzzy orthopair information system that contain conflict resolution, which is called discern function-based three-way group conflict analysis. Firstly, we propose three novel form conflict distances which are induced by discern functions, and examine their properties, then the comprehensive conflict distances are given based on the normality and symmetry they share. Thus, the conflict analysis and resolution method in our model can be directly gained based on these novel form conflict distances. Secondly, from the view of group decision, the comprehensive q-rung fuzzy loss function is attained by aggregating a group of q-rung fuzzy loss functions through the q-rung orthopair fuzzy weighted averaging operator in the procedure of conflict resolution. Finally, we employ an example of the governance of a local government to demonstrate the process of finding an optimal feasible strategy in our model.

Tolstoy’s Philosophy of Non-Violence: A Discourse

The title of this paper is Tolstoy’s Philosophy of Non-violence: A Discourse and the major thesis projected in this research is the idea that the actualization of peace, as demonstrated in Tolstoy’s philosophy of non-violence, requires the adoption of a revolutionary approach which has the potential of terminating the vicious circle of violence. Conflict is evidently an inevitable social phenomenon. Consequently, every event of conflict avails us of an opportunity to convert a seemingly destructive occurrence into a constructive outcome. This constructive conversion of conflict is what Tolstoy sought to achieve. This approach to conflict does not only ensure the sustenance of peace but it promotes harmonious social coexistence and entrenches the culture of non-violence. The benefits of non-violence cannot however be overemphasized and every pragmatic method for achieving peace should be studied. This constitutes the rationale behind this paper’s investigation of Tolstoy’s methodology of non-violence. Though most pundits would be aversed to the Tolstoyian method as impracticable, but Tolstoy was inspired by the example of Christ in the Bible and he believed that a passionate commitment to the Biblical teachings of Christ requires that Christians must imitate the examples of Christ.
 The paper utilizes the method of analysis to expose the conflict resolution formula of non-resistance to evil which is the intellectual ferment from which Tolstoy draws inspiration for his philosophy of non-violence. The major problem of this work is to expose the conflict resolution method espoused by Tolsoy and the central objective of the paper is to showcase the method of active passivism; borne out of the law of love, as an instrument of conquering violence in contradistinction to fascism which is based on the law of force and can only generate an unending spiral of violence. Whereas Tolstoy’s approach is contradictory to fascism in the sense that it absolutely negates the use of coercion and oppression, his non-violent non-resistance to evil is however a contrary to the non-violent resistance principle adopted by most freedom fighters like Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jnr. Tolstoy’s idea, critically assessed, may be appraised as containing the recipe for the multiplication of social evil; an outcome which Tolstoy vehemently aimed at averting and banishing through his modus operandi.

An ETA-Based Tactical Conflict Resolution Method for Air Logistics Transportation

Air logistics transportation has become one of the most promising markets for the civil drone industry. However, the large flow, high density, and complex environmental characteristics of urban scenes make tactical conflict resolution very challenging. Existing conflict resolution methods are limited by insufficient collision avoidance success rates when considering non-cooperative targets and fail to take the temporal constraints of the pre-defined 4D trajectory into consideration. In this paper, a novel reinforcement learning-based tactical conflict resolution method for air logistics transportation is designed by reconstructing the state space following the risk sectors concept and through the use of a novel Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)-based temporal reward setting. Our contributions allow a drone to integrate the temporal constraints of the 4D trajectory pre-defined in the strategic phase. As a consequence, the drone can successfully avoid non-cooperative targets while greatly reducing the occurrence of secondary conflicts, as demonstrated by the numerical simulation results.

Restoring the Conflicts among Societies: How does Baduy Society Settle the Criminal Cases through Restorative Justice?

The Baduy are indigenous people who firmly adhere to the customary law of their ancestral heritage, both in carrying out their daily lives and when conflicts or crimes occur. Even though they are part of Indonesia, the Baduy have their own legal system, which is different from positive law. Likewise in customary criminal law, the Baduy have a customary criminal justice system that is authorized to resolve customary conflicts that occur between indigenous people or those that occur in their customary territories. The conflict resolution method in Baduy customary law is called Silih Hampura. Silih Hampura 's way of working is very similar to that of restorative justice which is currently being implemented in national law to resolve various types of criminal acts. This research will examine the Silih Hampura method in resolving conflicts that occur in the Baduy as an effort to explore the Pancasila values contained in the local wisdom of the Baduy customary criminal law. The research method uses normative and empirical legal research methods. Using primary and secondary data sources which are processed using qualitative data analysis. The results of the study show that the Baduy have a conflict resolution method, namely Silih Hampura . The concepts of Silih Hampura are very thick with the norms contained in Pancasila. Deliberation for consensus, creating peace, family behavior, patterns of attention to victims and no elements of revenge, prioritizing victims' apologies and apologies from perpetrators, as well as restoring the conditions of victims, society and the environment so that they can restore the disturbed nature due to crimes or conflicts that have occurred.
 
 Received: 15 February 2023 / Accepted: 20 April 2023 / Published: 5 May 2023

Unifying Tactical Conflict Prevention, Detection, and Resolution Methods in Non-Orthogonal Constrained Urban Airspace

The use of small aircraft for a wide range of missions in urban airspace is expected to increase in the future. In Europe, efforts have been invested into developing a unified system, called U-space, to manage aircraft in dense very-low-level urban airspace. The Metropolis II project aimed to research what degree of centralisation an air traffic management system should use in such airspace. The paper at hand is a follow-up, and investigates improvements that can be brought to the tactical conflict prevention, detection, and resolution module of such a system in order to harmonise these components with an organic high-density U-space environment. The proposed improvements are: the prioritisation of vertical conflict prevention in intersections, the use of intent in detecting and resolving conflicts, and the use of heading-based manoeuvres in open airspace. Results show that the use of intent information in the conflict detection process, as well as the implementation of suitable tactical prevention procedures, can greatly increase airspace safety. Furthermore, the experiments revealed that the effectiveness of conflict resolution algorithms is highly dependent on the airspace rules and structure. This reiterates the potential for increasing the safety and efficiency of operations within constrained airspace if the tactical separation modules are unified with the other components of air traffic management systems for U-space.

Conflict Resolution Learning Model As A Strategic Effort in Building Peace Amidst Indonesia's Diversity

As a pluralistic country, peace still seems to be a mere wishful thinking. Because all this time conflicts that are rooted in pluralism have injured and damaged the peace that was actually agreed upon by the founders of the nation. The purpose of this research was to find out the conflict resolution learning model as a strategic effort in building peace in the midst of Indonesia's diversity. The method used in this research was a library method or approach. Data collection techniques in this research used documentation and literature. The data obtained were then analyzed in depth and presented descriptively. The results of this research indicated that strategic efforts to build peace in the midst of Indonesia's diversity are carried out by educational institutions through the application of conflict resolution learning models. The application of the conflict resolution learning model aims to train students' skills in solving critical problems, communication, and interpersonal skills better. Conflict resolution methods can optimize student competence, especially training social values, social sensitivity and problem solving skills. In relation to the diversity of the Indonesian nation, there is a significant influence from the use of conflict resolution learning models on students' multicultural attitudes. The multicultural attitude of students who take part in learning with the conflict resolution learning model obtains good results.

General multi-agent reinforcement learning integrating adaptive manoeuvre strategy for real-time multi-aircraft conflict resolution

Reinforcement learning (RL) techniques are under investigation for resolving conflict in air traffic management (ATM), exploiting their computational capabilities and ability to cope with flight uncertainty. However, the limitations of generalisation make it difficult for existing RL-based conflict resolution (CR) methods to be effective in practice. This paper proposes a general multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) method that integrates an adaptive manoeuvre strategy to enhance both the solution’s efficiency and the model’s generalisation in multi-aircraft conflict resolution (MACR). A partial observation approach based on the imminent threat detection sectors is used to gather critical environmental information, enabling the model to be applied in arbitrary scenarios. Agents are trained to provide the correct flight intention (such as increasing speed and yawing to the left), while an adaptive manoeuvre strategy generates the specific manoeuvre (speed and heading parameters) based on the flight intention. To address flight uncertainty and performance challenges caused by the intrinsic non-stationarity in MARL, a warning area for each aircraft is introduced. We employ a state-of-the-art Deep Q-learning Network (DQN) method, Rainbow DQN, to improve the efficiency of the RL algorithm. The multi-agent system is trained and deployed in a distributed manner to adapt to real-world scenarios. A sensitivity analysis of uncertainty levels and warning area sizes is conducted to explore their impact on the proposed method. Simulation experiments confirm the effectiveness of the training and generalisation of the proposed method.

Conflict Resolution between Multi-Level Government and Farmers in Land Expropriation Based on Institutional Credibility Theory: Empirical Evidence from Shandong Province, China

Land expropriation has always been a hot spot of social conflicts. The land expropriation policy of Merging Villages and Living Together (MVLT) in rural areas has intensified conflicts due to insufficient financial compensation and “demolishing old houses before building new ones”. The current research most simply assesses the degree of conflict and the influencing factors but rarely includes farmers, governments at all levels, the strength of policy tools, and policy perceptions in a unified quantitative research framework, which is not conducive to conflict resolution and policy improvement. This paper adopts the institutional credibility theory, incorporates the policy instruments of higher-level governments, administrative instruments of lower-level governments, and farmers’ credibility of policies into a unified accounting framework, constructs a conflict stress index, evaluates the role of each subject’s characteristics, policy perceptions, and policy instruments in the process of conflict generation and resolution, and analyzes the methods of conflict resolution from the perspective of different stakeholder conflicts. The theoretical analysis framework and the quantitative analysis of the indicators are verified by using a case study of MVLT policy in Shandong Province, China. The results show that the credibility of the policy of “village integration” is influenced by individual characteristics and varies significantly. The administrative means and different combinations of lower-level government are significantly related to an increase in farmers’ credibility, which can significantly improve the success rate of policy implementation. The effect of administrative means of higher-level government on the credibility of farmers is limited. The highest value of the conflict index was observed when the administrative instruments reached the maximum value without a marginal increase in farmers’ credibility. Based on the quantitative evaluation of conflict generation and resolution mechanisms, recommendations for policy implementation and improvement were made.

Facilitators and challenges in partnership research aimed at improving social inclusion of persons with disabilities

Purpose To identify partnership research challenges and facilitators, as experienced by members of the Inclusive Society (IS) initiative. Materials and methods A case study was conducted on all partnership research projects conducted between 2017 and 2019 under the IS initiative through surveys, interviews with the IS community, logbooks, and focus group. Thematic analysis and descriptive analysis were undertaken. Results To work effectively with a diversity of stakeholders, winning conditions must be created for the project from the outset. These include determining the team functioning, project objectives, the expectations of each party, and agreeing on a realistic action plan. Project implementation with concern for sustained stakeholder commitment, good working relationships, and achieving project objectives requires organizational planning that favours partner involvement, shared leadership, agreed methods for communicating, conflict resolution methods, recognition of each participant’s expertise, and creating a climate of trust. Upon concluding a partnership research project, it is essential to devote time to implement project results in local environments and to ascertain their usefulness to partners. Conclusions: IS partnership research challenges and facilitators are similar to those identified in past research. Despite this knowledge, challenges persist. Future research could explore tools and practices from other domain to overcome partnership research challenges.

LISTENING IN COURT-CONNECTED MEDIATIONS

ABSTRACT As the use of court-connected mediations has received a permanent status as an intrajudicial conflict resolution method, the purpose of this study (n = 38/44 Finnish judges) was to elucidate how listening is used in mediations. The data set one consisted of answers to open-ended questions and was analyzed using thematic content analysis. The data set two consisted 56 statements that were used to create a personal listening profile for each participating judge. The results suggest that 1) facilitative, evaluative, and transformative mediation models have both shared and different listening goals that require an extensive listening competence from the mediator judges, 2) complexity and relationality characterize listening in facilitative mediations, and 3) most judges sent highly or moderately person-centered messages and were excellent in interpretation and evaluation. These results suggest that the relationality of listening in court-connected mediations is imperative in meeting the needs of the mediating parties. The judges’ listening behavior, listening goals, and the listening requirements of each mediation style suggest that the full potential of listening in court-connected mediations is yet to be reached.

TeCre: A Novel Temporal Conflict Resolution Method Based on Temporal Knowledge Graph Embedding

Since the facts in the knowledge graph (KG) cannot be updated automatically over time, some facts have temporal conflicts. To discover and eliminate the temporal conflicts in the KG, this paper proposes a novel temporal conflict resolution method based on temporal KG embedding (named TeCre). Firstly, the predicate relation and timestamp information of time series are incorporated into the entity–relation embedding representation by leveraging the temporal KG embedding (KGE) method. Then, taking into account the chronological sequence of the evolution of the entity–relation representation over time, TeCre constrains the temporal relation in the KG according to the principles of time disjoint, time precedence, and time mutually exclusive constraints. Besides that, TeCre further considers the sequence vectorization of predicate relation to discover the temporal conflict facts in the KG. Finally, to eliminate the temporal conflict facts, TeCre deletes the tail entities of the temporal conflict facts, and employs the link prediction method to complete the missing tail entities according to the output of the score function based on the entity–relation embedding. Experimental results on four public datasets show that TeCre is significantly better than the state-of-the-art temporal KG conflict resolution model. The mean reciprocal ranking (MRR) and Hits@10 of TeCre are at least 5.46% and 3.2% higher than the baseline methods, respectively.

Impacts of Ethnic Conflict on Formal Education in Ghana: A case study of Chereponi District in North-Eastern Ghana

Purpose: The study set out to explore the impact of conflict on educational activities.
 Methodology: The study employed a mixed method design where both qualitative and quantitative data was collected.The target population for this study was limited to the stake holders of education in district because they had adequate knowledge about what constitute educational activities and how these are affected by the conflict. These included Teachers, current students, School Management Committee (SMC) members and Parent Teacher Associations (PTAs).
 Findings: It was also revealed that the impact of the conflict on educational activities were school closures, absenteeism of both teachers and students, movement of teachers to other districts, disruption of examinations and child rights abuse. During the conflicts GES schools were shut down over a year so no academic activities took place during the period. Pupils remained at home with their parents for safety reasons.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that the Ministry of Youth and Local Government may liaise with the National House of Chiefs and the Northern Regional House of Chiefs to employ the indigenous methods of conflict resolution within the district to resolve the conflict between the Chokosis and the Konkombas. The Government of Ghana may formulate policies that will forbid any warring factions from targeting educational facilities or education employees and students so as to prevent instances where communal clashes disrupt academic activities.

Prevalence of Physical Violence in the Medical-Forensic Approach in the Years 2015-2020 in City and Neighboring Municipalities: Perspectives from Poland-Poznań Study.

Forensic medical opinions serve the appropriate classification of a crime against health. Violence, a multifaceted phenomenon, requires forensic medical examination in the case of causing damage to health. Due to the effects caused by the perpetrator, the damage to health is divided into severe, medium, and light. This study analyzed 7689 incidents of violence from 2015-2020, taking place in the area subordinate to the Provincial Police Headquarters in Poznań, based on anonymized documentation of forensic medical examinations performed at the Department of Forensic Medicine in Poznań at the request of the Police and privately. The analysis took into account: units ordering the test, type of exposure, medical help, sex and age of the victim, places of the incident, classification and localization of injury, manner of impact, attitude of the perpetrator to the victim, profession of the victim, gender of the perpetrator, and remarks. In Poland, statistics on violence victims are underestimated, resulting from the low reporting of crimes committed to law enforcement authorities. There is a need for programs to educate the perpetrator of violence on methods of conflict resolution and programs to prevent violence, covering events taking place in public spaces.

Three-way conflict analysis based on hybrid situation tables

The existing studies about three-way conflict analysis are based on a single type of situation tables. However, due to the complexity and uncertainty of the objective world, the rating types in a situation table may be diverse. We call this kind of situation table as a hybrid situation table. In this paper, we focus on three-way conflict analysis based on hybrid situation tables. First of all, we propose the conception of hybrid situation tables. By aggregating conflict distances for a single type of rating, we give the conception of hybrid conflict distances in a hybrid situation table. On this basis, we establish a three-way conflict analysis model w.r.t. multiple issues based on hybrid situation tables. Secondly, we define (maximal) strong alliances, (maximal) weak alliances, and maximal alliances, which can help to find a conflict resolution method in a hybrid situation table. In order to resolve conflict, we define feasible strategies in a hybrid situation table and use interval-valued decision-theoretic rough sets to approximate maximal strong alliances w.r.t. feasible strategies. Besides, we propose the conception of evaluation functions for finding an optimal strategy. Finally, we explore a governance problem of government to illustrate the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.

Approbation of a Workers Conflict Management Program

It is extremely important to form and develop conflict competence in labor collectives, because frequent workforce conflict situations and situations of tension between employees can affect the efficiency and productivity of people's work. The problem of conflicts in labor collectives is quite common and requires the development of certain methods of conflict resolution, however, a person can prevent a conflict himself if he has the appropriate competencies, shows his own creative powers, humor, becomes more observant, resourceful. The purpose of this work is to test the developed psychological program for conflict management in the workforce. The object of the study is conflicts in the labor collective. The subject of the study is conflict management in the workforce. After testing the conflict management program in the experimental group, the number of respondents choosing the "confrontation" style of behavior in conflict decreased, the number of respondents using "compromise" increased slightly. The remaining scales: "evasion", "adaptation", "cooperation" remained unchanged. According to the "self-control" scale, as a result of comparing the data before and after the study, there are no significant differences in the indicators of the experimental group. In the control group, according to the results of two methods, there are no significant changes in any of the diagnosed parameters. Thus, the psychological program developed and tested by us on conflict management in the workforce partially influenced the change in the style of behavior of employees who chose a confrontational style of behavior in conflict to a compromise, and also allowed to increase the level of self-regulation in some employees.

Альтернатива вирішення міжособистісних конфліктів принципу «око за око»

The relevance of the research topic lies in the stereotypical perception of the biblical Old Testament concept of revenge, and its interpretations for modern times. The article examines the conflict as a sociocultural phenomenon. Five interpersonal methods of conflict resolution generally accepted in society have been identified, including withdrawal, concession, struggle, compromise, and cooperation. The results of the study indicate that sometimes it is possible to change the direction of the development of the conflict, simply by looking at it differently. That is why the problem of finding an alternative solution to interpersonal conflicts of the “eye for an eye” principle needs urgent consideration. The research involves finding out what the conflict is in the social plane. The biblical principle “an eye for an eye” and its connotation in the 21st century. is considered as the key to solving problems in individual interpersonal relationships. One of the goals of the study is to illustrate that the principles taught in the Holy Scriptures are still valid today. If people paid more attention to what is written in the Bible, many unnecessary misunderstandings could be avoided. Military, international misunderstandings, unresolved interpersonal issues, etc., are realities of the XXI century. One of the reasons for this is various unresolved interpersonal issues of a social and legal nature. This type of conflict usually leads to suffering, oppression, disrespect, and other negative consequences that spoil the lives of families, states, nations, and the whole world. Conflict situations in the world are not a new phenomenon, since the misunderstanding between God and the cherub Lucifer originated in heaven and was transferred to the earthly world. This conflict is vividly reflected in the pages of the Bible. It is on the pages of the Old Testament that there are controversial situations that at first glance contradict the character of the loving Yahweh. Such controversial passages include the saying recorded in the book of Leviticus 24:20 «an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth». This study is implemented on the example of how different religions, including Protestant Adventism, understand this principle in a modern interpretation. In general, the search for alternatives for the rational resolution of interpersonal conflicts allows us to reflect on the current trends in modern conflict studies.

CONFLICT MANAGMENT IN THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

The article is devoted to the fact that conflicts are inevitable in our lives and that conflict management in the international organization is one of the most important areas in the activities of the head because it affects the productivity of employees and it affects the results of the work of the organization as a whole. The article discusses the mechanisms of management as well as the definition of conflict and how to manage stress to avoid conflict situations in the organization. For most companies, the main reason was and remains a conflict of interest of employees, and that would prevent or resolve an existing conflict the article reveals the stages of conflict development and the characteristics of ways to resolve conflicts, as well as methods of behavior of individuals or groups in the conflict, called methods of conflict prevention in the organization, reveals what is conflict forecasting since it plays a not unimportant role in personnel management in the organization. To resolve conflict situations, the leader can turn to methods such as smoothing, cooperation, compromise, etc. The use of these strategies can help resolve conflicts. One of the most effective methods of conflict resolution is a compromise, since most often the conflicting parties use a compromise, since the friendly steps towards which one of the conflicting parties makes, make it possible to achieve an asymmetric (one side can give in more, the other will give in less) or even symmetrical ( parties are trying to make mutual concessions approximately equal to each other) agreement. The main thing to remember is that managing conflicts between employees is a controlled process, and even people with opposite views on the situation can agree. And do not forget about the prevention and forecasting of conflicts in order to prevent the appearance of discontent and tension in the team. Conclusions based on the results of the study are formulated.

Mediating Indigenous Disputes: Lessons from Africa and Canada

Mediation is not novel to indigenous peoples in Africa and Canada. It has been in existence long before codified regulation of mediation.[i] For instance, the ancient Yoruba peoples of Nigeria have been known to mediate street fights, trade and communal disputes long before the emergence of formal courts and institutional mediation.[ii] Indigenous mediation in Africa and Canada share certain characteristics. First, the recognition of the supernatural and/or ancestry. Secondly, these mediations possess some cultural flavour peculiar to the indigenous peoples represented at the session, particularly reflected in their language, attire and the use of proverbs. [i] ADR Institute of Canada, “Code of Conduct for Mediators” Amended 15 April, 2011 https://adric.ca/rules-codes/code-of-conduct/; In Africa, each country individually make legislative provision for regulating the conduct of mediation. Nonetheless, the African Union Mediation Support Handbook offers guidance towards the conduct of mediation in Africa – See African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), “African Union Mediation Support Handbook” (2014) https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/06-au-mediation-support-handbook-2014.pdf. Additionally, the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) member States have enacted a Uniform Act on Mediation, this was adopted on November 23, 2017. The OHADA Uniform Act was inspired by the 2002 UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation. [ii] Adeyinka Ajayi and Lateef Buhari, Methods of Conflict Resolution in African Traditional Society African Research Review Ethiopia Vol 8 (2) Serial No 33 April 2014:138-157 [143,150]