Translation Methodology Research Articles

On the issue of the political discourse translation methodology

The article is focused upon the challenges of the political discourse translation methodology. The overview of the key works in the field of theory and practice of translation has allowed to distinguish the correlation between the stylistic peculiarities and translation strategy, tactics and operations. It has been outlined that challenges for adequate political discourse translation are evoked by genre discrepancy, the issue of the rendering such peculiar vocabulary items as realia, nationally colored phraseological unities and fusions, as well as proverbs and sayings. The objective of the research is seen as the search of efficient methods and techniques aimed at optimizing the quality of political discourse translation in the paradigm of the communicative and functional approach. The urgency of the study is proved by the growing demand for the qualified political discourse translation both on the external international and internal domestic policy levels. The criterion of the trustworthiness and political tolerance is especially upto-date in the view of the recent political situation in the world in general and in Ukraine in particular. The role of the qualified political discourse translation for the political future of Ukraine can’t be overestimated. The mission of translators and their duty is to perform adequate, faithful and qualified translation of all sort of political speeches, disputes, negotiations and agendas from Ukrainian into English and other foreign languages to give the world the idea of the essence of both social and political life in the country. The power of speech and language means is sometimes stronger than the power of weapon. The findings of the research may be of great value for future translators training and self-education. The perspective is seen in working out the methodology of publicist and scientific discourses translation in the aspect of the globalization of Ukrainian culture and science international distribution.

Access to information through translation

Translation into indigenous languages has a potential to promote access to information in order to transform the teaching and learning of robotics programmes. Developing open educational resources (OER) for indigenous language speakers is even more beneficial as it provides a choice to access education information in the language of their choice. Though South African has 11 official languages, the indigenous languages are still marginalised in the education sector. This study examines the translation methodology used in rendering the Inspired towards Science Engineering and Technology (I-SET) robotics terminology from English into indigenous language for the purpose of creating a multilingual OER. The study is based on the investigation of indigenous languages translations of robotics terms of the I-SET project. The study aimed to identify the translation techniques used in translating terms in context, and to evaluate the adequacy of the translation equivalents for better access to robotics information through indigenous languages. The examining of the translation of the contextual English robotics terms into indigenous languages took a qualitative, descriptive analytical approach. The findings indicate that individual terms determine the relevant translation techniques used to create the most appropriate and quality contextual equivalents. The products of the robotics translation activities will be catalogued, and an inventory of words are produced as an OER. The contents of the translation process will be included in module curricula to embrace the use of the newly created indigenous robotics words for the awareness and inspiration of science engagement using robotics.

Proportionate translation of study materials and measures in a multinational global health trial: methodology development and implementation

ObjectivesCurrent translation guidelines do not include sufficiently flexible translation approaches for different study materials. We aimed to develop a proportionate methodology to inform translation of all types of study materials...

Russian-language dictionary of terms used in clinical electromyography and ultrasound examination of the neuromuscular system

Modern electrodiagnostics (ED) and ultrasound examination of the neuromuscular system dictates the need to use unified terminology in order to avoid inter-expert variability in describing the results of the study and drawing up a conclusion in accordance with international criteria. The results of a survey of clinical electromyography specialists and the methodology of translation of the latest version of the English-language glossary on electrodiagnostic medicine are presented.The purpose of the publication is to popularize the use of modern nomenclature among the professional community. An anonymous survey was conducted on the use of the most common terms ED. The translation of the latest English-language version of the glossary on ED and ultrasound examination of the neuromuscular system was carried out, followed by editing and discussion by an expert group. 236 people from 68 cities of Russia and neighboring countries took part in the survey. The survey results demonstrated maximum disunity, as well as conservatism in the use of terms. The nomenclature of ED terms was first compiled in 1980 by the American Association of Electromyography and Electrodiagnostics and subsequently regularly revised and supplemented in accordance with new data. The unification of terms is necessary for the standardization of conclusions, multicenter research and scientific publications.

William Morris and the Icelandic Sagas, by Ian Felce

Reviewed by: William Morris and the Icelandic Sagas by Ian Felce Michelle Weinroth (bio) William Morris and the Icelandic Sagas, by Ian Felce; pp. viii + 195. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer, 2018, £60.00, £19.99 ebook, $99.99, $24.99 ebook. One of the striking features of William Morris and the Icelandic Sagas is its author's command of Old Norse. In what is ostensibly a close study of William Morris's engagement with Icelandic medievalism, Ian Felce displays considerable literary and philological expertise. His scrutiny of Morris's rearticulation of Old Norse sagas is meticulous, as is his defense of Morris's translation style, otherwise largely repudiated by nineteenth- and early twentieth-century critics. While others have studied Morris's use of Icelandic material, particularly his literary adaptations, translations, and translation methodology, Felce has produced the most sustained book-length treatment of the subject to date. Victorianists versed in Icelandic literature and Old Norse will certainly appreciate Felce's work. Other readers, less familiar with these fields, will admire the author's linguistic prowess; but their appetite for a more elaborate discussion of the book's underlying theme—the genesis and evolution of Morris's code of heroism in the context of his Icelandic writings—may not be wholly sated. Such readers may wonder why Felce stops short of linking Morris's literary adaptations of Old Norse tales with the history of Morris's political agency. Although that connection is already latent in Felce's analysis, it is never made fully manifest. Indeed, William Morris and the Icelandic Sagas contains the spectral presence of a moral and faintly political biography, sinuously weaving through a linguistic examination of Morris's Icelandic oeuvre. Distinct from E. P. Thompson's William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary (1955), Felce's covertly (perhaps unconsciously) biographical work does not delineate a sequence of historical incidents; yet its chronologically structured discussion of Morrisian ethics (as seen in his renderings of Icelandic sagas) follows a pattern that might be read as the narrative arc of Morris's evolving values and vocations—from his disenchantment with Pre-Raphaelite romanticism to his gradual move into political praxis. Chapter 1, "'The Lovers of Gudrun' and the Crisis of the Grail Quest," marks the starting point of this trajectory. Here Felce offers a nuanced discussion of the ideological shift in Morris's early romances, a turn from the idealism of Arthurian grail quests to the gritty realism of his Icelandic writings. Disenchanted with Thomas Carlyle-style heroism and its reliance on spiritual salvation, Morris finds a new ideological home in the Icelandic sagas. With their emphasis on self-reliant human agency, the Norse tales spur him on to develop an alternative ethic of stoic heroism through the translation and recreation of Old Norse texts. His close collaboration with friend and linguist Eiríkur Magnússon facilitates this immersive labor of love. Never a slavish imitator of his source material, Morris reconfigures these Icelandic tales to suit his own aesthetic and ideological ends. Felce's second chapter, "The Sagas of Icelanders and the Transmutation of Shame," explicates this transformative process, tracking Morris's conscious modification of original Norse narratives, specifically his methodical excision of references to obscene rituals of humiliating barbarity. Readers interested in the broader implications of Felce's compelling analysis might ask: Did Morris's cleansing of Norse shaming align with, or prefigure, the politics of his early advocacy work? Were his morally governed versions of Icelandic sagas the incipient moment of a political desire to help abolish human debasement (that is, to rescue the downtrodden English and colonized laborer from physical and moral degradation)? Did Morris's [End Page 610] Icelandic writings constitute the literary groundwork of his future activism? Felce's largely text-bound hermeneutical approach does not pursue these lines of thought. But the further readers advance in Felce's book, the more these musings are likely to arise, as each of Morris's saga renditions (as Felce presents them) reveals an unmistakably Morrisian signature. Did Morris find in these tales a vocabulary with which to invent his self-assigned code of heroic (read: socialist) agency? His portrayal of Grettir the Strong, a character whose dire moments of...

Improving health-related quality of life instrument translation into South African languages.

BackgroundMost health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments have been created in English, which can influence their reliability and validity in non-English speaking populations. This study assessed the translation methodology of HRQoL instruments that have been used and translated into South African languages and which could be applied in cost-utility analyses (CUAs).MethodsA 2019 systematic review was updated with searches conducted in Medline, the Web of ScienceTM (WoSTM) Core Collection and the South African SciELO collection via the WoSTM Platform. Additional searches in Sabinet’s African Journals database and on instrument developers’ webpages were performed. Only HRQoL instruments suitable for CUAs were included. Articles reporting at least one element of the translation methods were included. Established good practice principles were used to evaluate the translation methodology.ResultsWithin the 39 publications identified, a dozen translated instruments have been used in South Africa. All instruments used were translated from English and none had originally been created in South Africa. Instrument developers’ translations were used more than study investigators’ translations. Almost all instrument developer versions met the full translation criteria. No investigator translated instrument met the full translation criteria primarily because recommendations on forward and back translations were not followed. However, this analysis was hampered by a lack of methodological reporting details. The most used instruments, which also had the most translated versions available, were the EQ-5D-3L, SF-36 version 2 and EORTC QLQ-C30.ConclusionInstrument developers’ translations more often met recommended translation methodology compared with investigators’ versions. The EQ-5D-3L may be best suited for South African economic evaluations and for use in clinical practice, but further work may be needed.

How international is the International Prostate Symptom Score? A literature review of validated translations of the IPSS, the most widely used self-administered patient questionnaire for male lower urinary tract symptoms.

The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) approaches its 30th anniversary. This ubiquitous clinical assessment tool is a standard in the assessment and research of lower urinary tract symptoms in men. The authors explore its history, development, and subsequent dissemination through validated translations across the world. An estimated global coverage is calculated and mapped according to language population. Embase and Medline literature searches were performed, with further hand searches of grey literature and online resources. Twenty-two abstracts and journal articles validating language translations of the IPSS were reviewed in full and tabulated. Language population data were gathered from an official database and mapped. The IPSS is available in 53 languages. Twenty-seven languages have statistically or clinically validated translations for use in male patients. This corresponds to a conservative estimate of global population coverage of approximately 2.3 billion men, or 60% of the worldwide male population. Translation methodology involves forward and back translation. Statistical validation is performed with control patients. Cronbach's alpha is used for internal consistency, and Spearman's coefficient (p) or Pearson's coefficient (r) for test-retest reliability. Issues such as the emergence of altered versions deviating from original validated translations and translation difficulties due to cultural differences are observed. Further translational work is needed to validate versions of the IPSS in languages of the developing world. The IPSS is the most prevalent patient-administered questionnaire used in urology across the world. There is no other clinical tool seen to have similar coverage. This paper aims to provide a roadmap for future clinical tools to acquire a similar level of translation and dissemination.

Motivation of Word Formation in Russian and Arabic Languages and its Role in Achieving Translation Equivalence

The article is devoted to the issue of word-formation motivation, which does not lose its relevance and plays a role not only in disclosing formal-semantic relations between words of one language and has not only theoretical, but also applied significance. The authors consider word-formation motivation consistently in its varieties in a comparative way on the materials of so different languages as Russian and Arabic and approach the mechanism of achieving semantic equivalence of translation. To the greatest extent, word-formation activity today, due to objective reasons, affects some special branch (technical, medical, etc.) vocabulary, which is increasing from year to year in national dictionaries. This extensive material, selected by the authors, not only illustrates the current trends in word formation in modern languages, but also provides an answer to the question about the degree of equivalence of this subgroup of words in Russian and Arabic. The goal to compare word-formation motivation according to a number of criteria in different-structured languages made possible not only to obtain theoretical information about what features each of the languages has in word formation and what derivational potential it has, but also to reveal an algorithm for translating derived words from one language to another. For this, the authors complete a number of such particular tasks as highlighting significant elements in the neologisms of the Russian and Arabic languages, establishing standards for the formation of scientific and terminological vocabulary in Arabic, searching for tools (transformation operations, specific word-formation formants) that will contribute to the achievement of translation equivalence from Russian to Arabic, etc. Also the analysis of differences in the mechanisms of the formation of new vocabulary in the Russian and Arabic languages provided an opportunity to supplement the relatively young and rapidly developing private methodology of Russian-Arabic translation.

Cross-cultural Adaptation of Self-report S4-5 Sensory and Motor Function Questionnaire (S4-5Q) in People with Spinal Cord Injury to Portuguese.

Objective The “Self-report S4-5 sensory and motor function questionnaire (S4-5Q)” is a short questionnaire that aims to assess the function of the sacral segments, S4 and S5, after a spinal cord injury (SCI), with the purpose of replacing the rectal exam test. The aim of the present study was to carry out a cross-cultural adaptation of the S4-5Q to the Brazilian Portuguese language and to investigate the test-retest reliability of this version. Method The translation and cross-cultural adaptation was performed using the methodology of translation and backtranslation. Initially, translations were done by three independent translators. Their synthesis was then submitted to an expert committee for analysis (SCI health professionals); then, the backtranslation to the original language was sent to the original author and, after all the adjustments, the final version was completed. For test-retest reliability, 24 individuals with chronic SCI were recruited (2 evaluations with an interval of 7 to 14 days between them). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM-SPSS (Version 20, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) with data pretabulated in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). Reliability was tested with Cohen Kappa, and internal consistency with Cronbach α, both adopting p < 0.05 as significant. Results In the reliability analysis, the results of all questions showed almost perfect agreement (Kappa > 0.81) and good internal consistency (Cronbach α: 0.65–0.77) between the questions and final classification. Conclusion The cross-culturally adapted S4-5Q is reliable to be applied to the Brazilian population with chronic SCI to determine their S4-5 sensory and motor function.

A Fast Technique for Realization of Lumped-Element Values Into 3-D Physical Layout on LTCC

This article proposes a methodology for the fast translation of ideal lumped-element values to the form of a 3-D physical layout using low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) dielectric. It is explained how this approach is implemented without requiring complex formulas and uses a simulation-based process which leads to consume less optimization/tuning processing time. The proposed methodology is applied to the design of a dual-band bandpass filter (D-BPF) operating at center frequencies 2.4 and 5.2 GHz and its layout is realized in the form of 3-D physical layout. The two commercial simulators, advanced design system (ADS) and high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS), are used to simulate ideal lumped-element schematics and perform electromagnetic (EM) simulations on the LTCC layout, respectively.

WindTunnel

While deep neural networks (DNNs) have shown to be successful in several domains like computer vision, non-DNN models such as linear models and gradient boosting trees are still considered state-of-the-art over tabular data. When using these models, data scientists often author machine learning (ML) pipelines: DAG of ML operators comprising data transforms and ML models, whereby each operator is sequentially trained one-at-a-time. Conversely, when training DNNs, layers composing the neural networks are simultaneously trained using backpropagation. In this paper, we argue that the training scheme of ML pipelines is sub-optimal because it tries to optimize a single operator at a time thus losing the chance of global optimization. We therefore propose WindTunnel: a system that translates a trained ML pipeline into a pipeline of neural network modules and jointly optimizes the modules using backpropagation. We also suggest translation methodologies for several non-differentiable operators such as gradient boosting trees and categorical feature encoders. Our experiments show that fine-tuning of the translated WindTunnel pipelines is a promising technique able to increase the final accuracy.

TERJEMAHAN AL-’ISTICĀRAH AL-TAMTHīLIYYAH DALAM HADIS RASULULLAH S.A.W

The translation is a process of copying information contained in the source text into the recipient's source as description, interpretation, and explanation. The field of translation has undergone a drastic process of modernization in line with the development of science and technology. Studies related to the translation of hadith are still insufficient. Furthermore, the development of language is constantly changing according to current changes and society's need for hadith which is becoming more prominent due to the increasing religious awareness. In addition, the position of the hadith of the Prophet SAW, which is jawamic al-kalim has a special and distinctive language feature that requires expertise in the translation of its meaning. This study will attempt to analyze the translation of al-’Isticārah al-Tamthīliyyah in some selected hadiths from the book Riyāḍ al- Ṣāliḥīn by using the method of textual study. Among the purpose of the analysis is to take a closer look at the translation methodology of al-’Isticārah al-Tamthīliyyah used by the translator of the book Riyāḍ al- Ṣāliḥīn published by JAKIM. The findings of this study can be concluded that the translator translates the content of the hadiths studied based on the text outwardly without emphasizing the metaphorical aspect of al-’Isticārah al-Tamthīliyyah and the purpose of the parable is made. It can be categorized as a literal translation. In this case, the author believes that the translation of al-’Isticārah al-Tamthīliyyah of the source language to the target language, especially Arabic to Malay necessary to explain the meaning of the balaghah to explain the purpose of the parable is made so that the readers of the translation be able to understand the implied meaning clearly. The explanation can be used as a footnote on each relevant translation. In addition, the translator's understanding of the elements of metaphor in the original culture is an important factor in producing a quality translation. It is hoped that the findings of this study will contribute to the development of hadith translation in Malaysia and help readers of the translation of the book Riyāḍ al-Ṣāliḥīn in understanding the meaning of hadith clearly.

Organization and Implementation of a Stroke Center in Panamá, a Model for Implementation of Stroke Centers in Low and Middle Income Countries.

Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Stroke centers have become a central component of modern stroke services in many high-income countries, but their feasibility and efficacy in low, middle, and emerging high-income countries are less clear. Also, despite the availability of international guidelines, many hospitals worldwide do not have organized clinical stroke care. We present a methodology to help hospitals develop stroke centers and review quality data after implementation.Objectives: To describe and compare demographics, performance, and clinical outcomes of the Pacífica Salud, Hospital Punta Pacífica (PSHPP) stroke center during its first 3 years 2017–2019.Methods: Pacífica Salud, Hospital Punta Pacífica was organized to implement protocols of care based on the best practices by international guidelines and a quality improvement process. The methodology for implementation adapts a model for translating evidence into practice for implementation of evidence-based practices in medicine. This is a retrospective study of prospectively collected quality data between March of 2017 to December of 2019 for patients admitted to PSHPP with primary diagnosis stroke. Data collected include demographics, clinical data organized per the Joint Commission's STK Performance Measures, door to needle, door to groin puncture, 90 day modified Rankin Score, and hemorrhagic complications from IV thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Primary outcome: year over year proficiency in documenting performance measures. Secondary outcome: year over year improvement.Results: A total of 143 patients were admitted for acute ischemic stroke, TIA, or hemorrhagic stroke. Of these, 36 were admitted in 2017, 50 in 2018, and 57 in 2019. Performance measure proficiency increased in the year-over-year analysis as did the total number of patients and the number of patients treated with IV thrombolysis and MT.Conclusions: We present the methodology and results of a stroke program implementation in Panamá. This program is the first in the country and in Central America to achieve Joint Commission International (JCI) certification as a Primary Stroke Center (PSC). We postulate that the dissemination of management guidelines is not sufficient to encourage the development of stroke centers. The application of a methodology for translation of evidence into practice with mentorship facilitated the success of this program.

Public Intention to Prepare for Earthquakes: Psychometric Properties of Persian Version.

Background:People are still not prepared for earthquakes in vulnerable areas although preparedness considered an effective way of reducing the disastrous consequences. A proper tool was needed to assess the predicting factors of mitigation behaviors in a large vulnerable community who speak Persian. This study aimed to introduce the valid and reliable Persian version of public intention to prepare against earthquakes.Methods:Translation, validation and reliability checking articulated according to the standard methodology for Forward-Backward translation and psychometric evaluation. Totally, 369 Tehran households were selected through stratified random sampling from Oct 2016 to Jun 2017. Exploratory Factor Analysis used to check the construct validity of all scales.Results:Face, content and construct validity of all scales confirmed (S-CVR: .65) and (S-CVI/Universal: .98). The finalized Persian version (69 items in 8 scales) showed good reliability over time in test-retest (ICC: .92) and high internal consistency both in the pilot (α: .94) and main studies (α: .94). No significant floor and ceiling effects were found in any of scales.Conclusion:Persian version of Earthquake Public Intention to Prepare is applicable as a valid and reliable instrument for research regarding disaster preparedness in Persian speaking communities.

Psychometric Comparison of the English and Spanish Western-Hemisphere Versions of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised.

Parent-report screening tools for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are widely used to promote early identification of children with or at risk for ASD. Most screening tools have been developed in English in the United States or United Kingdom; thus, translated versions are needed for use with culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Traditional translation methods include a forward translation, back translation, and review. However, when used in new cultural and linguistic contexts, this "forward-back" approach may have limitations, including differing psychometric properties compared with original instruments. This study presents a psychometric analysis of the forward-back translation methodology of an ASD screening tool. A retrospective chart review design was used to examine Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised (M-CHAT-R; Robins et al.) records from 2974 toddlers. Data were compared between caregivers who completed the original English M-CHAT-R and caregivers who completed its forward-back "Spanish-Western Hemisphere" translation to compare select psychometric properties of the 2 instruments. Significant differences were observed between the 2 versions, including a higher overall risk score, higher initial screen-positive rate, and increased likelihood of leaving items blank among Spanish-speaking respondents. Traditional translation methods seemed to affect select psychometric properties between translations of the M-CHAT-R. A more rigorous cultural adaptation approach may be necessary to maintain equivalence with the original instrument. Until new rigorous translations are available, it is recommended that language-specific screening tools continue to be used, along with recommended follow-up interviews, to avoid exacerbating existing health disparities.

Measuring recovery in Arabic countries: Translation of the self-efficacy for personal recovery scale.

To translate the Self-Efficacy for Personal Recovery Scale (SEPRS) into Arabic and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version. An established translation methodology was employed, involving back-translation, comparison, forward-translation, comparison, and piloting. The pre-final version of the Arabic translated scale was tested for clarity with young people with a primary diagnosis of mental health problem. The final Arabic version and standardized measures of hope and loneliness were administered to 119 young people in two rounds. Internal consistency was adequate (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87 in round 1, 0.91 in round 2). Consistent with the English version, a one-factor solution best fitted the data. The correlation between SEPRS and hope was R = 0.60 (round 1) and R = 0.61 (round 2), indicating convergent validity. The correlation between SEPRS and loneliness was R = -0.52 (round 1) and R = -0.60 (round 2). Correlation between test and retest was R = -0.998 indicated adequate test-retest reliability. Minimal floor and ceiling effects were detected. The use of the Arabic SEPRS with Arabic-speaking samples is supported. Further research to investigate divergent validity is warranted.

Rendering Translation Studies Terminology from English into Arabic: Identification of Methodology and Assessment of Adequacy

This study examines the translation methodology used in rendering Translation Studies (TS) terminology from English into Arabic as a key factor for the development of Arabic Translation Studies. The study is based on the investigation of Arabic translations of seven English TS works. The study aims to identify the translation techniques used in translating terms in context, and to evaluate the adequacy of the translation equivalents produced by those techniques in terms of achieving denotative precision and conciseness. The findings indicate that ten techniques are used, with calque, glossing and the use of an existing equivalent being the most common. The equivalents produced by the ten techniques vary in their adequacy for maintaining contextual meaning and achieving conciseness. The findings show that the most appropriate equivalents are those produced by calque and the use of an established equivalent. The study shows a clear lack of agreement and coordination among Arab translators in using existing translation equivalents and/or creating new ones, thus adding to the current terminological chaos in Arabic Translation Studies which is already lagging behind rapid developments of the discipline in other languages.

La traduzione del podcast

Abstract Podcasting is increasingly widespread as a digital medium. However, it has not received sufficient or adequate attention yet, particularly regarding research and translation methodology. This article introduces a translation proposal for Serial, one of the most popular podcasts in the world. The case study aims to raise a debate among scholars and communication experts in order to create common strategies and models for translating podcasts, in the hope that it would pave the way for innovative and valuable communication channels, application in pedagogy, and job opportunities in an unexplored scenario.

Immunocartography: Charting vaccine-driven immunity by applying single cell proteomics to an in vitro human model

The ability to measure immunomodulatory effects of a vaccine is crucial for novel vaccine design. While traditional animal models have been effective, a better understanding of the response in humans to new vaccines in pre-clinical development is critical for advancement to clinical trials. A translational methodology that can capture the complexity of a vaccine-driven response in a human model, which does not require human exposure, is needed. Here we have designed a platform that uses fresh human whole blood as a key component to study the adaptive immune memory response to vaccine formulations. The response is monitored by high-parameter single cell analysis using mass cytometry (Helios, CyTOF System), allowing for a rapid, in-depth characterization of antigen specific proliferation and expansion of preexisting memory T cells in concert with an innate adjuvant-driven response. In this work we demonstrate the capability of this platform to characterize biologically relevant changes in the cellular response across memory T-cells, B cells, monocytes, and NK cells, at an unprecedented level of detail. This approach that we call Immunocartography has the potential to transform the way new vaccines can be assessed before and throughout clinical development.

Герменевтическая модель художественного перевода интертекстуальных знаков с русского языка на английский

The article is devoted to the study of the intertextuality category within the framework of the hermeneutic model of translation activity. The research aims to present a practical model for analysing and comparing the original text of a literary work and its translations from Russian into English, aimed at understanding motivation for making translation decisions, assessing results and semantic discrepancies. Scientific novelty of the research lies in developing a comprehensive model for analysis that naturally combines translation methodology and technology. As a result, it is proved that comparative semantic relations between a text which serves as a source of intertextual borrowings, an original literary text and its translations are of homomorphic nature, semantic variations appear due to individual features of perception, understanding, interpretation, and the choice of ways to reproduce the acquired semantic content.