Word-formation Methods Research Articles

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ЗАЛІЗНИЧНИХ НЕОЛОГІЗМІВ

Метою статті є дослідження особливостей функціонування нових залізничних номінацій двох останніх десятиліть у залізничному дискурсі, включаючи спеціалізовані форуми й блоги, а також у мові засобів масової інформації, передусім на транспортних і новинних порталах. Названо періоди активної появи залізничних неологізмів: перехід на нові види тяги – з парової на теплову й електричну; введення й розвиток швидкісного руху; поява нових видів перевезень. Перелічено об'єкти номінації залізничними неологізмами – одиниці інноваційного рухомого складу, об'єкти інфраструктури, їхні частини, нові спеціальності й виробничі процеси. Зафіксовано превалювання морфологічного й синтаксичного способів словотвору залізничних термінів. На прикладі функціонування синонімічних залізничних неологізмів виявлено залежність функціонального й словотвірного потенціалу нових номінацій від способу їх творення, прозорості семантики мотивованого слова, а для запозичених одиниць – від форми запозичення неологізму й активності обраної словотвірної моделі. Відзначено загальну для термінологічних систем тенденцію вибору більш компактних, більш благозвучних і зрозумілих номінацій. Розглянуто приклади незалежного й паралельного функціонування синонімічних нових номінацій залізничних об’єктів. Виявлено явище стилістичної диференціації окремих синонімічних неологізмів. Відзначено дію соціального чинника на появу цілої групи неологізмів, пов’язаних із популярним серед підлітків новим захопленням – їздою зовні потягів. Визначені стилістична приналежність одиниць цієї групи й семантичні відносини між ними, окреслено сферу їх вживання; зроблено висновки стосовно їхньої словотвірної активності; описано значення багатозначних одиниць; зафіксовано факт створення псевдотермінологічних окказіонализмів.

Прилагательные, характеризующие водное и околоводное пространство в хантыйском языке

Introduction: the article considers the names of adjectives that characterize the water and near-water space in the Khanty language on the material of Western dialects. The lexical and semantic structure and word-formation models were determined, the number of units of adjectives included in this group was revealed. Objective: to identify semantics and word-formation capabilities of adjectives of the Khanty language characterizing water and near-water space. Research materials: the file card composed of examples of bilingual dictionaries on the Khanty language, folklore collections, and spoken speech samples collected from informants. Results and novelty of the research: the result of the study is the description of semantics and word-formation models of language units characterizing water and near-water space in the Khanty language on the material of the Kazym, Shuryshkar and Ural dialects. Lexical and semantic groups include the characteristic of water and near-water space: surface of water in liquid and solid state, extent, presence or absence of signs of water and near-water space. This vocabulary is formed according to six word-formation models. The scientific novelty of the study consists in systematization of this lexical and semantic group of adjectives in the Khanty language, consideration of methods of word formation, specification of lexical units characterizing this space.

К ПРОБЛЕМЕ СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЙ КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ СУБСТАНДАРТНЫХ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ НАПРАВЛЕННОСТИ

This article is devoted to the classification of substandard lexical units of medical orientation in English and Russian from the point of their semantic significance. The study is based on the materials of the most authoritative English-speaking and Russian-speaking substandard lexicographic sources. The classification and standardization of medical terminology is currently receiving close attention both from the professional medical community and from the point of linguistic science. The classification of medical vocabulary and, in particular, medical terminology is presented in domestic and foreign scientific from a position of the morphological and syntactic structure and according to the methods of word formation. The problems of medical terminology are discussed in detail in the works of B. Dennis, A.I. Rudova, M.N. Chernyavsky and others, however, the studies conducted did not affect the vocabulary of the substandard level. In this regard, it is advisable to expand and supplement the proposed classifications taking into account the extensive language layer of non-standard vocabulary.

On the modern word formation methods in chinese

On the modern word formation methods in chinese

Juxtaposing the croatian military terminology of two groundbreaking 19th century dictionaries

The aim of this paper was to revisit and shed new light on the generally accepted view that the impact of German-Illyrian dictionary (Nĕmačko-ilirski slovar) by Ivan Mažuranić and Jakov Užarević of 1842 on Bogoslav Šulek’s German-Croatian dictionary (Nĕmačko-hrvatski rĕčnik) of 1860 was decisive and indispensable in many aspects, nothing if not a fundamental dictionary in Šulek’s work. This research was undertaken to put to the test this assertion by investigating more in depth the military subcorpora of both dictionaries, especially bearing in mind Šulek being the founding father of Croatian military terminology. The primary goal was to excerpt Croatian military terminology from both dictionaries in order for them to be mutually juxtaposed and made subject to a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. In terms of quantitative outcomes, we tried to detect and register German headwords and their corresponding Croatian equivalents to the most comprehensive extent possible, having produced two parallel subcorpora. The results of the correlational analysis prompted us to re-evaluate the proportions of Mažuranić and Užarević’s influence on Šulek. In terms of qualitative results, the research primarily outlined the spectrum of word-formation methods in both dictionaries and linguistic purism tendencies. In the final analysis, it can be reasonably assumed that Šulek did resort to the German-Illyrian dictionary as one of his valuable sources but in all likelihood as an auxiliary one, let alone a fundamental one.

ENGLISH LEXICAL INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR TRANSLATION FEATURES IN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

The article is devoted to the research of information about computer terms and the study of ways of forming computer neologisms in Ukrainian and English languages. The language of technology operates with concepts and terms that constitute a significant part of the entire lexical composition of the language, therefore a theoretical basis was developed for studying the methods of translating computer lexical units. This article discusses new trends in the formation of neologisms of the computer science. Particular attention has been paid to the classification of the most productive types of morphological word-formation in the field of Computer Sciences and Information Technologies (affixation; composition; conversion; reversion or inverse word formation; contamination, reduction). It is important to note the main methods of the slang formation(tracing; half-calque; phonetic mimicry, translation) and the appearance of neologisms, which are the result of word-building processes. It is necessary to focus on the types of word-formation methods: affixation, conversion, composition, abbreviation, fusion (telescope) and reduplication (repetition). New units of computer vocabulary are formed with their help. Methods of creating computer slang and features of its functioning in different styles of the Ukrainian language are analyzed. The article focuses on another bright trend of word-formation in the field of computer vocabulary – the heterogeneous duplication of word-formation elements, and the essence of this process is defined. Computer terminology became the object of active linguistic study, which is evidenced by the huge amount of research on this topic. The question of translation features of lexical innovations was the subject of research in the works of I. V. Koruntsa, M. Mostovogo and N. Zatsnogo. The works of these scientists reflect the general problems of scientific and technical translation. In addition, the article cites many examples of lexical units belonging to computer slang and defines the main trends of its creation. The computer slang of the Ukrainian and English language is used to provide speech of emotional color, expression of a subjective attitude to a subject or phenomenon, or because of the lack of correspondences in the literary language.

Non-Derivative and Derivative Homonyms in the Russian and Uzbek Languages

The article discusses questions regarding non-derivative and derivative homonyms by the example of verbs of the Russian and Uzbek languages. In sight are the problems of distinguishing polysemy and homonymy, the criteria for determining their boundaries. The basis of the study is the study of the internal structure of the word. The classification of non-derivative and derivative verbs-homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages is presented taking into account the ways of their formation, derivative and non-derivative lexemes depending on the place in the word-building nest. Examples of word-formation types, in particular, affix word-formation methods inherent in the formation of verbal homonyms in the comparable Russian and Uzbek languages are given. The article also deals with the features and distinctive properties of lexical, derivational homonyms, examples of reflected homonymy in the system of derivational nests are given. Word-building nests are considered as the main criterion for determining the production and non-production of verbal homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages. The classification of non-derivative and derivative homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages is developed. Examples of compiling word-formation nests of verbs in the Uzbek language are given, taking into account the possibility of the formation of the largest number of derivatives in the structure of nests. Consequently, fragments are shown regarding the organization of reflected homonymy in both Russian and Uzbek languages. The analysis results indicate that the phenomenon of homonymy in the Russian and Uzbek languages has regular and systemic character. The regularity of relationships and interactions of lexical paradigms of comparable languages in the formation of derivatives, in particular, reflected homonyms, is argued. An important place in this is given to homonymy, arising due to the homonymy of foundations and affixes.

Hybrid names of Cafes and Restaurants in Tyumen, Seattle, and Toulouse

This article studies the names of cafes and restaurants in the cities of Tyumen, Seattle, and Toulouse. According to the data of the Department of Consumer Market of the Tyumen Administration and the information site tripadvisor.ru, a card index of the names of public catering establishments in Tyumen (1.5 thousand lexical units), Seattle (3.2 thousand) and Toulouse (2.5 thousand) was compiled. Actualization groups were identified, they include proper name, geographical subjects, flora and fauna, gastronomic names, art and culture, buildings and structures, household items, phraseological units and stable phrases, occupation and titles, colors, and numbers. The morphological and lexical-semantic methods of word formation of the names of public catering establishments are investigated. Cases of the transition of an anthroponym, toponym, and common noun to ergonym are revealed. The names of cafes and restaurants in Tyumen represent a significant number of one-component structures (Prokofiev, China, and Assorti among others). On the contrary — syntactic constructions dominate the names of cafes and restaurants in Seattle and Toulouse (Seattle — Stanford’s Restaurant and Bar; Toulouse — Le Petit Magre). Six types of graphic hybrid names of cafes and restaurants are distinguished, which are represented in different proportions in each city — fusion, apostrophization, combinations of letters and numbers, combinations of letters and symbols, combinations of lowercase and uppercase letters, and names with a foreign component.

Productive ways of formation of chemical and biological terms (in English, Russian and Tatar languages)

Terminology is one of the most important problems of modern linguistics. The study of terminological systems of typologically different languages is of great scientific interest. The article deals with the productive methods of word formation in English, Russian and Tatar chemical and biological terminology on the example of suffixation, compounding, conversion and abbreviation. The purpose of the present study is to identify the features of these methods in the chemical and biological term systems of genetically unrelated and typologically diverse languages. The general models of word formation typical for the languages studied in this article are considered and presented.

Word-Formation Categories of Adjectivities with the Meaning "Attribute by Action" in the Modern Russian Language

In modern cognitive linguistics, the controversial matters of the definition of invariant units in derivatology still remain relevant. The selection of such a unit as a word-formation category, despite the intensification of its study in recent decades, raises many questions. The most relevant of them are the following: the correlation of onomasiological and derivational categories, the reflection of concepts in derivational categories, the type of meaning, which the identification of derivational types is based on; the scope and typology of derivational categories, their possible hierarchy, and the interaction of derivational types within one category. This article features the above-mentioned key problems and the author’s point of view on the volume of the given emic unit. The author emphasizes the redundancy of bringing to the definition a wordformational category of such formal criteria as part of speech of the generating and derived fundamentals and the method of word-formation since they are not related to the functional analysis of language units. The empirical material is relevant, since Russian linguistics know no description of derivative adjective vocabulary, neither in synchronous nor in diachronic aspects. There is but one research based on Pskov dialects. The object of study is a new layer of the vocabulary analyzed as suggested by the author. This article presents a fragment of the description of the word-formative category of adjectivities with the value "attribute by action". A careful study of the material resulted in the following conclusions. In the same word-formation category, relations of additional or free distribution between single-function word-formation types are possible, depending on the grammatical qualities of the motivating verb (its type and derivativeness). This fact an explanatory effect on adjectives with this meaning in the language and predicts the appearance of new lexemes and other changes in wordbuilding categories.

VERBALIZATION OF NON-VERBALS IN THE UKRAINIAN SPEECH: LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL ASPECT

Objective of the research is to determine wide contextual potential of linguistic units containing a verbalized non-verbal component. Object of the research is a non-verbal discourse of the modern Ukrainian oral speech; subject of the research is represented by lexical, word-forming, and semantic innovations representing live speech of the modern Ukrainians. Materials of the study include occasional and individual-author’s nominative units recorded in academic dictionaries and dictionaries of lexical as well as lexical and word-forming innovations of the 21st century. Methods of the research are the following: functional (a method of discourse and cognitive-onomasiological analysis), structural (in terms of transformational and component analysis), methods of associative analysis and statistic observation. The results are as follows: the paper has demonstrated that 1) application of morphological and syntactic word-forming mechanism is motivated by the system of communicative-pragmatic intentions of an addresser aimed at the increase in expressiveness or considerable modification of the communicative senses; and 2) increase in total volume of semantic structure of nominative patterns as a result of a) generalization of the initial meaning or widening in semantics; b) concretization or narrowing of the meaning of the initial unit; c) shifts in the meanings, in cases when semantically conventional forming basis is replaced by the basis being a non-verbal motivator, take place to determine communicative situation or modeling of communicative behaviour of an addresser. A methodology to design field structure (LSF) is proposed to study non-morphological methods of word formation; the methodology makes it possible to trace the processes of the formation of interpretational meanings of a lexeme – non-verbal motivator. Practical implication of the results and use of the proposed methods are possible in the process of further analysis of the mechanisms to verbalize non-verbals both at lexical and grammatical linguistic levels. Conclusions are drawn to emphasize the productivity of the process to verbalize non-verbals illustrated by the units of different linguistic levels; in this context, we can observe functional complexity of both word-forming and syntactic processes as well as efficiency of the inter-disciplinary approach which widens the boundaries of linguistic practice and may favour improvement of the linguistic and communicative competence of the native speakers.

Потенциал словотворчества в повседневном общении

In article the examples of word creation recorded in the daily speech are analyzed, structural, semantic and communicative-cognitive features of speech innovations are described. Process of creating of lexical neoplasms is regarded as a linguistic and creative process aimed at the creation of the necessary in this speech situation of the word. New words are distinguished by a variety of word-formation models. The paper notes the most productive derivational affixes and methods of word formation. Results of the linguistic experiment made it possible to draw certain conclusions about the features of the formation of new words and the role of words-stimuli in the process of word production.

ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ МОРСКИХ ТЕРМИНОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article discusses marine terms origin in the English language. The purpose of the work is to analyse the words of marine subject matter, to study their etymology and semantics, to unite them according to the languages from which they originated and according to word formation methods. As a result of the study, the author has systematized marine vocabulary representing words of the Anglo-Saxon origin and loanwords from the Indo-European languages. Novelty of the study consists in combining marine terms by languages according to their origin and semantic meaning taking into account such characteristic ways of marine terms forming in English as affixation and word composition.

Child nominal derivation and parental input: Evidence from morphology-rich Russian

The purpose of current article is to describe the early phases of first language acquisition of nominal derivatives in morphology-rich Russian approaching an ideal inflecting-fusional language type. The results are based on the naturalistic longitudinal observations of two typically developing monolingual children (1;5–3;0) growing up in middle socio-economic status families (33 hours of recorded spontaneous speech). It has been revealed that derivation morphology, viz. affixation, starts to develop early and precedes compounding. Within nouns, suffixation is the main method of word-formation. Prefixation and mixed methods are rare. Although nouns can be formed from almost any grammatical classes, they are mainly formed from nouns in child speech. Early compounds can be described as right-headed endocentric ones where their main component is a noun or a verb. The preference for certain patterns and models rarely differs in child speech corpora. Both children have similar development of semantic categories and only a few innovations. The morpheme and semantic (cognitive) complexity of nominal derivatives in child speech increase by the end of the observation period. The influence of parental input is significant for the mechanisms of derivation morphology acquisition. This is confirmed by the presence of a positive correlation for both lemmas and tokens of nominal derivatives. The most frequent patterns in parental input are acquired by a child earlier.

Проблема изучения словосложения в славистике: исторический аспект

<p>Jednym z celów artykułu jest próba przeglądu informacji historycznych o compositach w słowiańskiej literaturze językoznawczej. Przedstawiono w nim również poglądy na temat specyfiki złożeń w zagranicznej literaturze slawistycznej. W opracowaniu skupiono się na analizie tego typu konstrukcji jako jednym z najbardziej produktywnych sposobów tworzenia słów w językach słowiańskich w aspekcie diachronicznym. Najważniejszymi metodami badawczymi zastosowanymi w niniejszej analizie są: metoda opisu lingwistycznego połączonego z obserwacją i systematyzacją faktów i zjawisk językowych oraz metody statystyczna, porównawcza i złożona. Na podstawie przeprowadzonego badania sformułowano następujące wnioski: 1. Łączenie słów jest jedną z najstarszych metod w słowotwórstwie, znaną od początków rozwoju rosyjskiego języka literackiego.2. Metody i techniki łączenia słów ulegają zmianom: stare modele są ulepszane i udoskonalane, natomiast przestarzałe zanikają, ustępując miejsca nowym. 3. Wśród nowych formacji funkcjonujących we współczesnych językach słowiańskich composita stanowią znaczącą warstwę słownictwa o wyraźnych wzorcach strukturalnych i semantycznych. 4. Spośród różnych metod stosowanych w słowotwórstwie języków słowiańskich szczególne miejsce zajmuje łączenie słów. 5. Badaniem compositów zajmowali się językoznawcy różnych krajów i epok, od starożytnych gramatyków indyjskich po zachodnioeuropejskich i rosyjskich. 6. Łączenie słów stanowi olbrzymi potencjał rozwoju języka narodowego, daje możliwość tworzenia nowych wyrazów, jest środkiem kreacji artystycznej i literackiej, jak również przyczynia się do wzbogacania słownictwa terminologicznego. 7. Tematyka łączenia słów i powstawania compositów stanowi obecnie wieloaspektowy i wielopłaszczyznowy obiekt badań. Zainteresowanie nią wynika z dawności, żywotności oraz rozpowszechnienia tej metody słowotwórczej, a także z jej rosnącej aktywności.</p>

ТЕРМІНИ ГАЛУЗІ ДОРОГОБУДІВНИЦТВА, СТВОРЕНІ ШЛЯХОМ СКЛАДАННЯ ОСНОВ І ЦІЛИХ СЛІВ

The relevance of the article is due to the consideration of current trends in the development of Ukrainian road-building terminology (URBT), in particular in the context of structural organization. The purpose of the investigation is analyzing road-building terms formed by compounding words or stems. Since URBT is part of the lexical composition of the Ukrainian language, it is quite reasonable to analyze the formation of terms as lexical units. We have classified single-word terms into simple and complex ones by identifying the word-forming stems. The concept “simple” denotes terms with a single stem. The notion “complex” concerns composite terms, which are formed by combining stems using interfixes and in some cases suffixes, and juxtaposite terms, which express one concept but are formed by combining several words into a complex one. According to the lexical and grammatical characteristics of word-forming stems and word-forming means, the methods of word-formation are divided into several types, among which we have chosen one of the most common — the morphological one. At the present stage of the development of RBT, the methods of juxtaposition and composition play an extremely important role, providing the formation of terms satisfactory in their parameters. The actualization of these methods is conditioned by the fact that striving for completeness of a certain scientific concept can be sufficiently supported by multi-stem or multi-word nominates represented as one word. The carried out analysis of composite terms of the RB industry has shown that two-stem complex formations predominate among them, but terms with several stems are also present.

Відображення розвитку української наукової термінології початку ХХ ст. в “Українсько-російському словнику” А. Ніковського

The article analyzes the specific features of the Ukrainian scientific terminology at the beginning of 20th century that appeared in the Ukrainian-Russian dictionary by A. Nikovsky (1926). The register of the analyzed edition exceeded the most complete at that time dictionary by B. Grinchenko about 10 thousand words. This dexicographic work reflects the strong development of the Ukrainian language at the beginning of the 20th century in the formation of the body of terminals. The article describes the most notable features of modern scientific discourse on its lexical, morphological, word-forming and spelling levels. Interesting thing on the lexical level of the modern terminology is the specific vocabulary presented in the dictionary, which in modern literary language is replaced by the borrowings. Also, A. Nikovsky’s dictionary gives a lot of specific words that disappeared from the active vocabulary due to imposing on our language lexical-word-building models that are close to Russian. On the morphological and word-formation levels we have defined five characteristic features of the Ukrainian-Russian dictionary by A. Nikovsky: significant productivity of non-affixal method of word formation; the presence of adjectives formed by other word-building models than modern language units; fixation of adjectives with the suffix “уват”, which were subsequently replaced by complicated adjectives calculated from the Russian language with the second part “подібний”; some names of persons whose specialty or type of activity in the analyzed dictionary differs in their morphological features from the modern ones; a series of nouns of the female genius presented in the form of a male language. The attention is also focused on some spelling features of the Ukrainian language in the beginning of 20th century which attracts our attention in view of the discussion of modern spelling reform. The study made it possible to outline the meaning of this dictionary for contemporary users and for current scholars.

Официально-деловой стиль современного английского языка и вопросы словообразования

Introduction . The article is devoted to word formation in the official business style of the English language. The article gives a classification of word formation methods . The lexical, morphological and syntactic ways of forming words in this style are analyzed sequentially. Specific methods of word formation for each of the sub-styles of the official business style are indicated. Purpose of the article is to disclose and analyze peculiarities official business style of modern English . Methods of the analysis, synthesis and abstraction are used in the article. Results. Morphological way of word formation (by means of affixes, formation of complex words, conversion and abbreviations), as a whole, is characteristic of the English language. Here, both productive and unproductive affixes are noted. In English , conversion is the most common way . The study of word-formation models in the vocabulary of the official business style reveals the direction of development of the language in this field. Originality . The process of verbalization is especially noted here. In the lexical-semantic method, terms formed by the method of constriction, expansion and metonymic transfer of the basic value are analyzed. In addition, the processes of terminology, determinologization and interrogation are considered. It is noted that most of the terms used in legal terminology are borrowed. Conclusion . The new vocabulary of the official business style of the English language is formed in various ways: lexical, morphological and syntactic. With the lexical method, conversion, in particular verbalization, is particularly productive. In the legal and military sub-styles the lexical-semantic method is represented by the narrowing and widening of the basic meaning of words. A number of military terms were transferred to the administrative sub-style, in particular, in the area of business. Insofar as legal, diplomatic, and military sub-styles are more susceptible to social change, they can be traced to a large number of borrowings. English vocabulary of official business style can be formed by suffixing, prefixing and prefixing-suffixing ways (morphological method). The syntactic method by which complex words are formed includes various models. In most cases, the noun is assumed to be an indispensable component of these models.

現代日本語の「若者言葉」と「打ち言葉」 ― 「媒体の変化･技術依存」の造語法を中心に ―

現代日本語の「若者言葉」と「打ち言葉」 ― 「媒体の変化･技術依存」の造語法を中心に ―

Klára Buzássyová V Kontexte Sémantizácie Slovenskej Lexiky Cudzincom

Abstract This paper deals with the characteristics of the scientific research of the renowned Slovak linguist Klára Buzássyová who – as a lecturer at the Studia Academica Slovaca summer school of Slovak language and culture – presented to foreign students the specifics of Slovak lexis and their function in speech within the context of intraand interlingual relationships. In her lectures, she helped students to see Slovak as a developped and modern Central European language which has its own genetic and typological properties and as a language capable of reacting to dynamic changes emerging from the communication needs of language users while respecting current trends in European language policy. Klára Buzássyová presented students with the latest results of her linguistic research and discussed the issues regarding the dynamics of vocabulary with an emphasis on the methods of wordformation, motivation, and the impact on the semantic and stylistic value of lexical units. Her papers, published in the Studia Academica Slovaca proceedings from 1980 to 2001 presented her scientific orientation and became an inspiration for the linguistic and didactic conception of Slovak as a foreign language in the context of the development of Slovak studies in Slovakia as well as abroad.