Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix Method Research Articles

Estimating Winter Canola Aboveground Biomass from Hyperspectral Images Using Narrowband Spectra-Texture Features and Machine Learning

Aboveground biomass (AGB) is a critical indicator for monitoring the crop growth status and predicting yields. UAV remote sensing technology offers an efficient and non-destructive method for collecting crop information in small-scale agricultural fields. High-resolution hyperspectral images provide abundant spectral-textural information, but whether they can enhance the accuracy of crop biomass estimations remains subject to further investigation. This study evaluates the predictability of winter canola AGB by integrating the narrowband spectra and texture features from UAV hyperspectral images. Specifically, narrowband spectra and vegetation indices were extracted from the hyperspectral images. The Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method was employed to compute texture indices. Correlation analysis and autocorrelation analysis were utilized to determine the final spectral feature scheme, texture feature scheme, and spectral-texture feature scheme. Subsequently, machine learning algorithms were applied to develop estimation models for winter canola biomass. The results indicate: (1) For spectra features, narrow-bands at 450~510 nm, 680~738 nm, 910~940 nm wavelength, as well as vegetation indices containing red-edge narrow-bands, showed outstanding performance with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.49 to 0.65; For texture features, narrow-band texture parameters CON, DIS, ENT, ASM, and vegetation index texture parameter COR demonstrated significant performance, with correlation coefficients between 0.65 and 0.72; (2) The Adaboost model using the spectra-texture feature scheme exhibited the best performance in estimating winter canola biomass (R2 = 0.91; RMSE = 1710.79 kg/ha; NRMSE = 19.88%); (3) The combined use of narrowband spectra and texture feature significantly improved the estimation accuracy of winter canola biomass. Compared to the spectra feature scheme, the model’s R2 increased by 11.2%, RMSE decreased by 29%, and NRMSE reduced by 17%. These findings provide a reference for studies on UAV hyperspectral remote sensing monitoring of crop growth status.

Performance Comparison of GLCM Features and Preprocessing Effect on Batik Image Retrieval

The use of the Grey-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) for feature extraction in image retrieval with complex motifs, such as batik images, has been widely used. Some features often extracted include energy, entropy, correlation, and contrast. Other than these four features, the addition of dissimilarity and homogeneity features to the GLCM method is proposed in this study. Preprocessing methods such as Histogram Equalization (HE) and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) are also used to see whether the two methods can increase the precision value of the retrieval results. This study used the Batik 300 dataset, which consists of 50 classes. Batik was chosen because this type of image has complex patterns and motifs so that it will maximize the role of the GLCM method itself. In addition, Batik is also a world heritage art, so its sustainability needs to be maintained. The test results show that adding dissimilarity and homogeneity features and using the CLAHE method in the preprocessing step can improve model performance. Combining these two methods has produced higher precision values than not using either. Batik, a globally recognized art form, holds the status of a world heritage, necessitating the preservation of its sustainability. Test results have demonstrated that incorporating dissimilarity and homogeneity features, alongside using the CLAHE method during the preprocessing stage, leads to enhanced model performance. The amalgamation of these two methods has yielded precision values that surpass those achieved when either method is used in isolation.

Descending Stairs Detection Using Digital Image Processing to Guide Visually Impaired

Blindness refers to a condition in which an individual experiences limitations in their visual ability. Individuals with visual impairments require specific assistance to facilitate their movement from one location to another. The need for this assistance arises due to various obstacles scattered throughout their environment. One of the most significant challenges is navigating descending stairs. To address this issue, a descending stairs detection system based on digital image processing has been developed. Through this approach, the mobility of individuals with visual impairments can be enhanced. The descending stairs detection system is designed using the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method to extract distinctive features of descending stairs and the surrounding floor surfaces. Seven GLCM features are incorporated into the development of this system, allowing it to differentiate between descending stairs and floors using the Extra Tree Classifier classification method. Through a series of tests, the system's accuracy is measured at 84%, demonstrating its adequate ability to identify descending stairs. Additionally, the average computation time for detecting descending stairs and floors is recorded at 0.121 (s), indicating the efficient performance of this system in supporting the mobility of individuals in need.

Classification of Lung Disease in X-Ray Images Using Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix Method and Convolutional Neural Network

The lungs are a very important part of the human body, as they serve as a place for oxygen exchange. They have a very complex task and are susceptible to damage from the polluted air we breathe every day, which can lead to various diseases. Lung disease is a very common health problem that can be found in everyone, but there are still many people who do not pay attention to their lung health, making them vulnerable to lung disease. One of the methods used to detect lung disorders is by examining images obtained from X-rays. Image processing is one of the techniques that can also be used for lung disease identification and is most commonly used in medical images. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to implement image processing to determine the accuracy of lung disease identification using deep learning algorithms and the application of feature extraction. In this research, there are two experiments conducted consisting of the application of the classification method, namely Convolutional Neural Network and Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix feature extraction with CNN. The results show that the CNN model gets a precision of 0.92, recall of 0.92, f1-score of 0.92, and average accuracy of 0.92. The combination of the GLCM method with CNN produces a precision of 0.87, recall of 0.87, f1-score of 0.87, and average accuracy of 0.87. The results of this study indicate that the use of CNN in the lung disease classification model based on X-ray images is superior to the GLCM-CNN method.

Classification of Malignancy of Lung Cancer Using Backpropagation Algorithm on CT-Scan Images

In this study, we investigate the classification of lung cancer CT scan images based on malignancy level using a backpropagation artificial neural network (ANN). Lung cancer is a deadly disease characterized by the growth of abnormal lung cells. The proposed method involves preprocessing to enhance image quality, followed by feature extraction using the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method with angle variations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and d=1. The extracted features include energy, contrast, correlation, and homogeneity. The energy value range in malignant cancer is 0.27 to 0.81, while in benign cancer it is 0.26 to 0.73. The contrast in benign cancer ranges from 1.38 to 11.87, while in malignant cancer it is 1.47 to 13.67. The image correlation for malignant cancer is between 0.63 to 0.94, while for benign cancer it is 0.69 to 0.96. Homogeneity in malignant cancer has a value range between 0.67 to 0.91, while in benign cancer it ranges from 0.70 to 0.92. The classification of lung cancer malignancy is restricted to benign and malignant levels using a network architecture of [4 10 2], maximum iteration of 100000, and learning rate of 0.001. The accuracy of the testing data from the ANN is between 90% and 100%. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the GLCM method and backpropagation algorithm in accurately classifying the malignancy level of lung cancer, which could aid in the early detection and treatment of the disease.

Optimizing Artificial Neural Network Performance Using Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) Feature Extraction for Monitoring Elderly Movement

Machine learning methods are used to detect elderly accidents while image processing is used to support machine learning performance so that detection performance can be better. This study used two methods used simultaneously, namely GLCM and ANN. The study consisted of preparation of human gesture datasets, preprocessing stage, application of GLCM, analysis of feature extraction results, classification using ANN and analysis of motion class detection results. Overall, the GLCM method with homogeneity parameters and ANN as a classifier obtained an accuracy of 24.32%. The GLCM method with contrast parameters and ANN as a classifier gets an accuracy of 99.84%. The GLCM method with mean parameters and ANN as the classifier gets an accuracy of 99.99%. The GLCM method with dissimilarity parameters and ANN as a classifier to classify hand movement images gets the best accuracy of 100%.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Computer Vision-Based Real-Time Monitoring of Polymeric Particle Mixing Process in Rotary Drum.

In the drum mixing of particulate polymers, segregation may occur. By measuring the mixing status in real time, it is possible to implement corrective measures to prevent separation and improve the efficiency of the process. This study aims to develop and validate a real-time vision system designed to monitor the mixing process of polymeric particles in a rotary drum mixer, employing a novel centroid-based model for determining the mixing index. The proposed centroid-based model is capable of addressing the radial particle segregation issue without the need for extra image-processing procedures like image subdivision or pixel randomization. This innovative approach greatly improves computational efficiency by processing over 68 image frames per second. The new processing method is 2.8 times faster than the gray-level co-occurrence matrix method and 21.6 times faster than the Lacey index approach. This significantly improves real-time monitoring capabilities and enables real-time image processing using only affordable single-board computers and webcams. The proposed vision-based system for monitoring rotary drum mixing has undergone validation via cross-validation using discrete element method simulations, ensuring its accuracy and reliability.

A novel machine learning model for efficacy prediction of immunotherapy-chemotherapy in NSCLC based on CT radiomics

Lung cancer is categorized into two main types: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer. Of these, NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of all cases and encompasses varieties such as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. For patients with advanced NSCLC that do not have oncogene addiction, the preferred treatment approach is a combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the progression-free survival (PFS) typically ranges only from about 6 to 8 months, accompanied by certain adverse events. In order to carry out individualized treatment more effectively, it is urgent to accurately screen patients with PFS for more than 12 months under this treatment regimen. Therefore, this study undertook a retrospective collection of pulmonary CT images from 60 patients diagnosed with NSCLC treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. It developed a machine learning model, designated as bSGSRIME-SVM, which integrates the rime optimization algorithm with self-adaptive Gaussian kernel probability search (SGSRIME) and support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Specifically, the model initiates its process by employing the SGSRIME algorithm to identify pivotal image features. Subsequently, it utilizes an SVM classifier to assess these features, aiming to enhance the model's predictive accuracy. Initially, the superior optimization capability and robustness of SGSRIME in IEEE CEC 2017 benchmark functions were validated. Subsequently, employing color moments and gray-level co-occurrence matrix methods, image features were extracted from images of 60 NSCLC patients undergoing immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. The developed model was then utilized for analysis. The results indicate a significant advantage of the model in predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for NSCLC, with an accuracy of 92.381% and a specificity of 96.667%. This lays the foundation for more accurate PFS predictions and personalized treatment plans.

IDENTIFICATION OF POTATO LEAF DISEASES USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS WITH EXTREME LEARNING MACHINE ALGORITHM

Potato plants have an important role in providing a source of carbohydrates for society. However, potato production is often threatened by various plant diseases, such as leaf disease, which can cause a decrease in yields. Identification of diseases on potato leaves is currently mostly done by farmers manually, so it is not always efficient and accurate. So the aim of this research is to identify diseases on potato leaves with artificial neural networks using the ELM (Extreme Learning Machine) approach and the GLCM (Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix) method for feature extraction. The GLCM approach functions to obtain texture features on objects by measuring how often certain pairs of pixel intensities appear together at various distances and directions in the image. Meanwhile, the ELM algorithm is used for image identification by adopting a one-time training method without iteration, which involves randomly determining weights and biases in hidden layers, thus allowing training to be carried out quickly and efficiently. Evaluation of the model by looking for the level of accuracy produces a value of 84.667%. The results show that the model developed is capable of accurate identification.

Boosting enabled efficient machine learning technique for accurate prediction of crop yield towards precision agriculture

Due to the limited availability of natural resources, it is essential that agricultural productivity keep pace with population growth. Despite unfavorable weather circumstances, this project's major objective is to boost production. As a consequence of technological advancements in agriculture, precision farming as a way for enhancing crop yields is gaining appeal and becoming more prevalent. When it comes to predicting future data, machine learning employs a number of methods, including the creation of models and the acquisition of prediction rules based on past data. In this manuscript, we examine various techniques to machine learning, as well as an automated agricultural yield projection model based on selecting the most relevant features. For the purpose of selecting features, the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix method is utilised. For classification, we make use of the AdaBoost Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) algorithms. The data set that was used in this study is simply a compilation of information about a variety of topics, including yield, pesticide use, rainfall, and average temperature. This data collection consists of 33 characteristics or qualities in total. The crops soya beans, maze, potato, rice, paddy, wheat, and sorghum are included in this data collection. This data collection was made possible through the collaboration of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the World Data Bank, both of which make their data available to the public. The AdaBoost decision tree has achieved the highest level of accuracy possible when used to anticipate agricultural yield. Both the accuracy rate and the recall rate are quite high at 99 percent.

Batik Classification using Microstructure Co-occurrence Histogram

Batik Nitik is a distinctive form of batik originating from the culturally rich region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. What sets it apart from other batik styles is its remarkable motif similarity, a characteristic that often poses a considerable challenge when attempting to distinguish one design from another. To address this challenge, extensive research has been conducted with the primary objective of classifying Batik Nitik, and this research leverages an innovative approach combining the microstructure histogram and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) techniques, collectively referred to as the Microstructure Co-occurrence Histogram (MCH).The MCH method offers a multi-faceted approach to feature extraction, simultaneously capturing color, texture, and shape attributes, thereby generating a set of local features that faithfully represent the intricate details found in Batik Nitik imagery. In parallel, the GLCM method excels at extracting robust texture features by employing statistical measures to portray the subtle nuances within these batik patterns. Nevertheless, the mere fusion of microstructure and GLCM features doesn't inherently guarantee superior classification performance. This research paper has meticulously examined many feature fusion scenarios between microstructure and GLCM to pinpoint the optimal configuration that would yield the most accurate results. The dataset used consists of 960 Batik Nitik samples, comprising 60 categories. The classifiers employed in this study are K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Based on the experimental results, the fusion of microstructure and GLCM features with the (LDA) classifier yields the best performance compared to other scenarios and classifiers.

Automatic crimping state classification in X-ray images of crimped tension clamp

ABSTRACT The crimping states of the tension clamp can typically be recognised by using X-ray radiography. However, it is challenging to process X-ray images directly for inspection, especially when the crimping state and position of the groove are unclear. To address this problem, this paper firstly adopted the Beta greyscale stretching algorithm to enhance the X-ray images by increasing the contrast and reducing the noise. Subsequently, the Canny algorithm was implemented to locate and segment the groove region. Finally, the Grey-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method was applied to extract the texture features of the groove region, and identify the groove crimping state using support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Three types of the crimping states were utilised as test objects for classification. The results of the experiments demonstrated that the Beta enhancement algorithm, GLCM features used in this paper can effectively improve the accuracy rate of SVM classifier up to 99.51%. This study applies image processing technology towards the crimping states classification of tension clamp with accurate detection results enabling early-stage detection of abnormal crimping states leading to timely repairs.

Prediction of milling surface roughness based on DGLCM and neural network

With the manufacturing industry’s increasingly automated and intelligent development, traditional workpiece roughness measurement methods can no longer meet the requirements for short time, high efficiency, and online measurement. Therefore, this article proposes a roughness evaluation model for vertical milling workpiece roughness measurement and improves upon the traditional Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method to achieve high accuracy and robustness in measuring milling surface roughness. First, the milled surface is illuminated by a coaxial light source, and an image is captured using an industrial camera and a telecentric lens. Then, four features of the image are extracted using the Direction Measure-based Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (DGLCM) to construct a feature descriptor. Finally, Finally, create an RBF network to predict surface roughness. Through experimental comparison with traditional GLCM feature extraction methods, our proposed feature extraction method has a prediction error of only 2.01%, which is superior to traditional methods.

Klasifikasi Batik Pekalongan Berdasarkan Citra dengan Metode GLCM dan JST Backpropagation

Batik is an Indonesian cultural heritage that is internationally recognized by UNESCO. However, knowledge about the types of batik, especially traditional Pekalongan batik, is increasingly forgotten due to globalization. This research aims to create a Pekalongan traditional batik image classification system through Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) feature extraction and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classification method. This system aims to make it easier for people to identify Pekalongan batik motifs without requiring special skills. The results showed that the GLCM and JST methods can be used to classify Pekalongan batik can predict correctly. The use of JST Backpropagation architecture with 3 hidden layers resulted in train data accuracy of 46.6% and test data accuracy of 55.5%. This system is expected to help preserve the cultural heritage of batik and increase public understanding of Pekalongan batik motifs.

Deteksi Mata Katarak Berdasarkan Tekstur Gray Gray Level Co-Ocurrence Matrix Dengan Metode Self Organizing Map

Cataracts are a common eye problem in Indonesia. Untreated cataracts are the main cause of blindness and the most dominant vision impairment in Indonesia among people over 50 years old, with a proportion reaching 77.7%. Regular eye examinations are necessary to prevent cataracts, but there are obstacles due to the availability of equipment and the cost of eye examinations. Therefore, an efficient and effective cataract detection system is needed. This study aims to detect cataracts in the eyes by utilizing a dataset of eyes from the internet. This research uses RGB and HSV feature extraction combined with the GLCM extraction method. The Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method describes the spatial relationship between pixel intensities in an image. With the GLCM matrix, texture information can be extracted from eye images. The Self Organizing Map (SOM) method performs learning based on feature extraction obtained from previously labeled eye images. Based on the test results, this study successfully detects cataract and normal eyes. With the greatest accuracy achieved in the comparison of 80% training data and 20% test data with dimension size = [2 2] and maximum iterations of 100, the highest accuracy of 90% was obtained.

Predicting of diabetic retinopathy development stages of fundus images using deep learning based on combined features.

The number of diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients is increasing every year, and this causes a public health problem. Therefore, regular diagnosis of diabetes patients is necessary to avoid the progression of DR stages to advanced stages that lead to blindness. Manual diagnosis requires effort and expertise and is prone to errors and differing expert diagnoses. Therefore, artificial intelligence techniques help doctors make a proper diagnosis and resolve different opinions. This study developed three approaches, each with two systems, for early diagnosis of DR disease progression. All colour fundus images have been subjected to image enhancement and increasing contrast ROI through filters. All features extracted by the DenseNet-121 and AlexNet (Dense-121 and Alex) were fed to the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method to select important features and reduce their dimensions. The first approach is to DR image analysis for early prediction of DR disease progression by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with selected, low-dimensional features of Dense-121 and Alex models. The second approach is to DR image analysis for early prediction of DR disease progression is by integrating important and low-dimensional features of Dense-121 and Alex models before and after PCA. The third approach is to DR image analysis for early prediction of DR disease progression by ANN with the radiomic features. The radiomic features are a combination of the features of the CNN models (Dense-121 and Alex) separately with the handcrafted features extracted by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Fuzzy colour histogram (FCH), and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) methods. With the radiomic features of the Alex model and the handcrafted features, ANN reached a sensitivity of 97.92%, an AUC of 99.56%, an accuracy of 99.1%, a specificity of 99.4% and a precision of 99.06%.

Sintigrafik Görüntülerden Tiroid Nodülleri için Bilgisayar Destekli Tanı Sistemi

In modern medicine, image recognition via segmentation of anatomical regions and automatic classification of diseases using medical images has a growing potential role in diagnosis of various diseases. Scintigraphy of thyroid is one of the established imaging modalities for diagnosis of thyroid gland disorders. In our study, the speckle noise was reduced in the scintigraphy images with the optimized Bayesian nonlocal mean filter. The thyroid gland was automatically segmented by local based active contour method and the thyroid gland pathologies were classified with convolutional neural networks (CNN). The proposed computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system was compared with Pyramid of Histograms of Orientation Gradients (PHOG), Gray Level Co occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Local Configuration Pattern (LCP) and Bag of Feature (BoF) methods. The common pathological patterns of scintigraphic images of the thyroid gland were successfully classified by CNN with an overall success rate of 91.19%. The comparative methods were PHOG, GLCM, LCP and BoF methods which provided overall success rates of 7.61%, 86.04%, 88.91% and 85.72% respectively. The proposed CNN based automatic diagnosis system provided promising results compared to handcrafted methods.

Identification of Condition of Corn Plant Based on Leaf Image Features Using Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix and Backpropagation Neural Network

This study aims to identify the condition of corn plants based on imagery leaf using the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) method and artificial neural network (ANN) backpropagation. The GLCM method is used for extracting features from image leaf corn, whereas ANN backpropagation is used for classification condition plant corn based on features. The classification was done using a dataset of corn leaves with four conditions: healthy, leaf spot, blight, and leaf rust. Next, the leaf features are extracted using method GLCM and training on model ANN backpropagation to classify conditions of corn plants. After training on the model, the next step is model evaluation using the confusion matrix method. The research results show that the technique can produce accuracy, which is tall enough to identify condition corn plants, with an accuracy of 95%. This indicates that the use of GLCM and ANN backpropagation can be a good alternative in determining the condition of corn plants. This research provides benefits in facilitating the identification of the state of corn plants quickly and accurately.

Klasifikasi Citra Daging Babi dan Daging Kerbau Menggunakan Histogram Citra dan GLCM

Due to high consumer demand, some traders use the high price of meat to make a profit by mixing pork and buffalo meat. Some consumers are not aware of this, because in plain view buffalo meat with pork meat is difficult to distinguish, especially for some ordinary people. This action is very detrimental and disturbing the local community, especially Muslims. At present, technological advances in the field of digital image processing are increasing rapidly, especially in food products. In general, this research was conducted in 2 (three) stages. The first stage, namely the stage of image data collection of pork and buffalo meat. The second stage, namely the classification of pork and buffalo meat images using image histogram analysis and the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) method based on the color and texture of the meat. In this study using the Red Green Blue (RGB) color image method and GLCM texture extraction, namely contrast, homogeneity, energy, and correlation. The study was conducted using 20 samples of meat images (10 images of pork and 10 images of buffalo meat, respectively). Based on the results of the research that has been done, it was found that the image of buffalo meat has a higher percentage value of the Red (R) color component when compared to the pork image, whereas the percentage value of the Green (G) and Blue (B) color components is lower when compared to the image pork. Then, if the value between pixels is not homogeneous (small homogeneity value), then the contrast value is large, and vice versa if the value between pixels is homogeneous (large homogeneity value) then the contrast value is small. The image of buffalo meat has a small homogeneity value compared to the image of pork, so the variation in intensity (contrast) in the image of buffalo meat is high.

Comparative study of different methods for the assessment of print nonuniformity and their correlation with the human visual system

AbstractPrint nonuniformity is the variation of optical density (reflection) on the print and can occur in several different types that can be classified into two basic groups: random and systematic variations. This article examines two types from each group of variations that are most commonly found in digital printing systems: blotches and streaks, where amplitude and size were varied. Three most commonly used methods for measuring the print nonuniformity were used: Grey Level Co‐occurrence Matrix (GLCM), ISO 13660 and Integration (also Improved Integration) method. The results obtained by measuring were compared with a visual assessment to find the link between objective and subjective analysis and to define and determine which method/parameter is the best for the measurement of which type of print (non)uniformity. The obtained results indicate the possibility of selecting the measurement parameter, but that the choice of the parameter depends on the type of nonuniformity. It is concluded that in the case of the GLCM method, the entropy and energy parameters are strongly related to the visual assessment for all three sets of samples. These parameters can be used regardless of the type of nonuniformity. The ISO G parameter can be used to measure both graininess and mottling, while the ISO M parameter is only suitable for measuring mottling. Integration method could be used to measure systematic error. On the basis of conclusions of the research, it is possible to propose the development of an industrially applicable solution for measuring print nonuniformity of digitally printed samples.