Component Analysis Method Research Articles

Асоціативний потенціал антропонімів українського політичного дискурсу

This article is devoted to an experimental study of the associative potential of anthroponyms in Ukrainian political discourse. We turned to a free-associative experiment in order to study the status of anthroponyms in political communication, as well as to reveal their associative potential. The results were interpreted using statistical and typological data processing, along with the methods of component analysis, cognitive modeling, etc. As words-stimulus, we used the names of domestic and foreign politicians from different periods known to modern speakers (not only to specialists in the field of politics and journalists but also to the general public) – no matter the ambiguous attitude of the society toward them and their activities. The experiment participants were representatives of different regions of Ukraine, of different ages, levels of education, and professions. The main object of the analysis was the associative reactions of the speakers obtained during the experiment. The main focus was on studying the semantic specifics of anthroponyms, associative connections, and the peculiarities of the functioning of these units in political communication. The experiment results showed a significant associative potential of the anthroponyms in political discourse, determined by objective and subjective factors. Those associations that have to do with the anthroponyms-names of famous Ukrainian and foreign politicians of different periods convey essential background knowledge of speakers and determine the semantics and pragmatics of these units. Most often, in associative reactions to anthroponymic stimuli, we can trace such denotative characteristics as a politician’s field of activity, the historical period in question, place of activity, nationality, appearance, character traits, intelligence, behavioral features, and other typical features. Furthermore, anthroponyms cause connotative reactions. Experimental studies prove that anthroponyms have, although somewhat specific, yet rich semantics and form a part of the process of encoding and decoding information.

Synergistic approach to the study of stability and mobility of the word meaning (on the material of polysemant red)

We analyze the semantic structure of the polysemant red. The purpose of study is synergistic understanding of semantic stability and mobility of a polysemantic word. The main methods of the linguistic research are comparative, additive, comparative-historical, historical-comparative and method of component analysis. The problem of the stability and mobility of the word meaning is associated, on the one hand, with a significant accumulation of actual material, which requires explanation, on the other hand, with insufficient explanatory power of traditional approaches to study of semantic asymmetry and objective difficulties in reconstructing the preliterate state of a word semantics. The novelty of the study is determined by a synergistic approach to the study of the stability and mobility of the word meaning, which involves considering semantic asymmetry in a synergistic system. It is revealed that the unity of stability and mobility of polysemant semantic structure as a hierarchically organized system of sememes provides its dynamic equilibrium. In the process of lexeme evolution, dynamic equilibrium is disrupted due to hypertrophied growth of the meant with one meaning, that leads to the instability of the system and cardinal changes in it. It is justified that the semantic stability of a polysemant red is manifested in its preservation of the sememe “red” and is ensured by homeostaticity and hierachicity, and the semantical mobility is manifested, in particular, in the actualization of one sememe or some sememes, and in the redemption of others, and is determined by the incompletness, instability and nonlinear style of a polysemantic word as a synergistic system. We conclude that it is possible to use the results of the study for a dynamic (synchronous-diachronic) description of polysemantic words.

Этнокультурный компонент репрезентации образа женщины в романе М. А. Шолохова «Тихий Дон»

The current stage of philology development is characterized by a complex approach to the study of interdisciplinary categories, among which the image category should be attributed. In contemporary research on psycholinguistics, semiotics, discursology, semantics, stylistics, linguoculturology, etc., various aspects of the image of linguistic and artistic are considered. At the same time, the image of a woman appears not only as a significant image of the Russian conceptual sphere, but also as an essential component of M. A. Sholokhov’s artistic picture of the world, reflected in the novel “And Quiet Flows the Don”. The purpose of the article is to analyze the ways of representing one of the structural components of the image of a woman, in particular the ethno-cultural component, in the discursive space of the novel. The main research methods are descriptive, contextual and discursive analysis, lexicographic, ethnographic, component analysis method, etc. The article shows that the ethno-cultural component of a woman’s image structure is based on the dialect picture of the world of the Don Cossacks and is represented within a separate verbal sign or by describing the appearance or behavior of a woman in a particular context. In addition, the ethno-cultural component is reflected in the representation of the linguistic personality of the novel’s female characters, reflecting the originality of the Don dialects at the phonetic, lexical, grammatical levels. Based on the analysis of various ways of representing the image of a woman in M. A. Sholokhov’s novel “And Quiet Flows the Don”, it was found that the ethnocultural component of the structure of the image of a woman conveys the typical and stereotyped features of the Don Cossack.

The consistency measure of hunan’s electric power industry prosperity index

In view of the problem that the traditional electric power prosperity index lacks the support of the mixed frequency and multi-dimension data, a new consistency measure method is constructed, which uses time difference correlation analysis and principal component and consider the linkage of electric power and economy at the same time. Take the Hunan province for example, we set the pool of kinds of sectional electricity power consumption and other relatives data, use the method of principal component analysis to capture main character of electricity’s change. The results show that the proposed consistency measurement model can describe the fluctuation characteristics of Hunan’s Power Prosperity Index well. The model can be used for monitor the changes in the power industry status and promoting the policy-making about the adjustment of the energy-saving and environment-friendly structure.

Deep neural learning based protein function prediction.

It is vital for the annotation of uncharacterized proteins by protein function prediction. At present, Deep Neural Network based protein function prediction is mainly carried out for dataset of small scale proteins or Gene Ontology, and usually explore the relationships between single protein feature and function tags. The practical methods for large-scale multi-features protein prediction still need to be studied in depth. This paper proposes a DNN based protein function prediction approach IGP-DNN. This method uses Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) and Intuitionistic Fuzzy c-Means clustering (IFCM) based protein function modules extracting algorithm to extract the features of protein modules, utilizing Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) method to reduce the dimensionality of the protein attribute information, and integrating module features and attribute features. Inputting integrated data into DNN through multiple hidden layers to classify proteins and predict protein functions. In the experiments, the F-measure value of IGP-DNN on the DIP dataset reaches 0.4436, which shows better performance.

Assessment of the significance of new phenotype parameters of Russian meat merino sheep by principal component analysis

Phenotype assessment is an important process in breeding practice and for studying the influence of genes that shape the productive qualities of sheep. As a result of many years of selection and breeding work, the existing indicators fixed in the breed have lost their supposed potential, which dictates the need to search for new indicators that more accurately characterize the meat productivity of sheep. The aim of the work is to assess the informativeness of phenotype parameters in Russian meat merino sheep by the method of principal component analysis, for further use in genomic selection programs, as well as applicable for in vivo assessment of meat productivity. For the first time, new methods of assessing the exterior and interior for the study of meat productivity have been proposed and their efficiency has been determined for russian meat merino (RMM) sheep. The possibility of determining the size of individual muscle groups using such parameters as the girth of the shoulder, forearm and thigh by instrumental methods, as well as measuring the thigh muscle thickness and fat thickness (TMT and FT) in the lumbar region using ultrasound was studied. The object of the study was the one-year -old rams (n = 50) of the Russian Meat Merino (RMM) breed. To assess the significance of the proposed measurements, in comparison with those used in existing practice, the principal component method and correlation analysis were used. In the course of the work carried out, it was found that measurements: thigh volume, forearm girth had the most significant correlations with all parameters describing the exterior of the PMM breed. Based on the analysis of the main components, it was determined that the first six components in our study explained more than 80% of phenotypic variability. Thus, the proposed parameters determined by ultrasound: TMT and FT are advisable to use for the phenotypic assessment of the conformation of sheep of the RMM breed, especially when searching for genomic associations with productive qualities.

LEXICAL AND PHRASEOLOGICAL PARADIGMATICS OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE: MADELEINE DE PROUST

The article is devoted to the linguocultural analysis of the idiom madeleine de Proust in modern French. The analysis is based on lexicographic data, component analysis method and text semantic analysis. Using the method of linguocultural decoding they find out emotional and sensual, ethical, aesthetic informations; archetypal, mythological, religious, philosophical and scientific informations, which are the deep foundations of the meaning of a phraseological unit. In the unit madeleine de Proust , the basic types of information are religious and philosophical. The first is associated with the polysemantic inner form of the word Madeleine. It is a nominative name - it means the name of a flour product and a proper name - Madeleine was the name of the girl who invented this culinary dish; this word is associated with the images of Magdalen-sinner and St. Mary-Magdalene, which is reflected in the phraseological system of the French language; with proper name Saint-Jacques, which is used to describe the subject of the material world, and accompanies the writer’s life, the hero in the novel. The philosophical type of information is associated with Proust’s reflections, signs, philosophy, with the concepts of the voluntary and involuntary memory. And all these were pushed by the sensual-emotional information. The polysemous word madeleine in the semantic space of the literary text thanks to the talent of the writer, his emotional and sensual experiences, his stream of consciousness, expanded its meaning and became one of the components of the new language unit madeleine de Proust .

Identification of Turbomachinery Noise Sources via Processing Beamforming Data Using Principal Component Analysis

Complex turbomachinery systems produce a wide range of noise components. The goal is to identify noise source categories, determine their characteristic noise patterns and locations. Researchers can then use this information to quantify the impact of these noise sources, based on which new design guidelines can be proposed. Phased array microphone measurements processed with acoustic beamforming technology provide noise source maps for pre-determined frequency bands (i.e., bins) of the investigated spectrum. However, multiple noise generation mechanisms can be active in any given frequency bin. Therefore, the identification of individual noise sources is difficult and time consuming when using conventional methods, such as manual sorting. This study presents a method for combining beamforming with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods in order to identify and separate apart turbomachinery noise sources with strong harmonics. The method is presented through the investigation of Counter-Rotating Open Rotor (CROR) noise sources. It has been found that the proposed semi-automatic method was able to extract even weak noise source patterns that repeat throughout the data set of the beamforming maps. The analysis yields results that are easy to comprehend without special prior knowledge and is an effective tool for identifying and localizing noise sources for the acoustic investigation of various turbomachinery applications.

Lexicаl-Semantic and Syntactic Valency of Language Representations of the Emotional World in the Poem “Then, fare thee well” by T. Mооre

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the specificity of the lexical-semantic and syntactic valency of lexical units nominating emotions in the poem “Then, fare thee well” by T. Moore. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it has been carried out in line with the linguo-cognitive paradigm and aims to identify the specifics of the compatibility of emotions nominations with other lexical units verbalizing the fragment of the concept “the emotional world”. The novelty of the research is associated with its anthropocentric orientation and interdisciplinary nature of the interpretation of the material, which implies the study of the artistic concept sphere “the emotional world” on the material of the poem “Then, fare thee well” by T. Moore from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics, psychology and literary criticism.Methodology and sources. The theoretical basis of this research is presented by the works of scientists V.Yu. Apresjan, E.V. Galeeva, N.A. Krasavskii, I.N. Kucher, S.G. Lyubova, K.O. Pogosova, E.A. Rozhnova, who considered the essence of emotional concepts as culturally conditioned mental constructs, i.e. directly related to the worldview of representatives of a particular ethnic group.In the article we use the following research methods: the method of definitional analysis, the functional-semantic method, the method of component analysis, the descriptive method, as well as methods of continuous sampling and quantitative data processing.Results and discussion. In the present study, the classification of lexical units verbalizing the manifestations of emotional states in the poem “Then, fare thee well” by T. Moore has been made. In the semantic structure of the lexemes under consideration, we highlight and categorize the semes marked by the correlation with the emotional sphere of people. The linguo-cognitive analysis of the lexic and syntactic valency of the primary and secondary nominations of emotions, carried out in the work, revealed the specifics of the conceptualization of emotional states and experiences in the individual author's picture of the world.Conclusion. It has been established that the artistic conceptual sphere “emotional world” in the poem “Then, fare thee well” by T. Moore consists of two closely interrelated concepts – “negative emotions” and “positive emotions”, verbalized by lexemes nominating a wide range of emotional experiences of the lyrical character. It is concluded that the associative-figurative characteristics attributed to a specific emotion in the artistic world of the author carry valuable culturally relevant information about the individual characteristics of the interpretation of emotional concepts both by the poet himself and by the “naïve” thinking of an English-speaking person as a representative of his language and culture.

Big Data Spatio-Temporal Correlation Analysis and LRIM Model Based Targeted Poverty Alleviation through Education

There are many factors affecting poverty, among which education is an important one. Firstly, from the perspective of digital statistics, this research quantitatively analyzes the correlation between average education years (AEY) and Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP/C), and finds that there is a significant positive correlation between AEY and GDP/C in provinces of China. Furthermore, from the perspective of spatial distribution and geostatistics, this research analyzes the correlation between AEY and the distribution of poor counties, revealing the inherent connection between education and poverty. Based on the data processing of nighttime light remote sensing images, this research adopts the machine learning method of random forest to extract the distribution status of spatio-temporal sequences for poor counties. Through the analysis, it is found that poor counties are characterized by centralized distribution and spatial autocorrelation spatially, and the number of poor counties decreases year by year in temporal evolution. On this basis, we analyze the correlation between education levels and the distribution of poor counties. It is found that, on the spatial scale, AEY in poor counties is relatively low, while AEY in non-poor counties is relatively high, showing a significant negative correlation between the two. On the temporal scale, the number of poor counties gradually decreased from 2000 to 2010, and at the same time, the education levels of poor counties also gradually improved. Finally, from the perspective of improving education levels to promote poverty elimination, we analyze the main factors affecting education using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and other methods and obtain a regression model. This research proposes the Linear and Residual Integration Model (LRIM) to more accurately predict AEY in each province in 2020 based on historical data, and identifies the regions with low AEY as key regions for targeted poverty alleviation through education (TPAE) in the future. This research provides a decision-making basis to achieve TPAE means, helping to achieve the victory of the national education poverty elimination battle.

Teaching Russian in a closely-related Slovak environment

The article discusses features of studying Russian as a foreign language in schools in Slovakia. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that the new socio-political conditions in which Russian is studied as a second foreign language competing with other languages have brought about changes in the status, goals, motives for study, content, approaches to selecting, grouping and presenting material, the methodological concept of teaching. The aim of the work is to identify the features of teaching Russian as a second foreign language in a closely related Slovak language environment. The authors drew on the method of comparison and collation, the method of application (overlaying fragments of language systems), method of component analysis, method of word-formation analysis, methods of analysis of official statistical, sociolinguistic data. In the course of the study, the data of the State Institute for Education Statistics and Forecasts of the Slovak Republic, the peculiarities of Slovak students motivation for learning the Russian language were analyzed, a comparative analysis of the main lexical and grammatical phenomena of the Russian and Slovak languages was carried out. The research resulted in identifying the specifics of Russian as a Slavic language in the status of a second foreign language, the extent of its demand in school practice in Slovakia, reviewing the motives for studying it, and, on the basis of this, developing requirements for selecting, grouping, and studying lexical and grammatical material. The authors see the prospects for teaching the Russian language in Slovakia in combining the system-structural and linguoculturological approaches.

Diachronic model of the word “official” in the Russian language: semantic features and vectors of development

The relevance of this article is determined by the demand for the stereotype of a civil servant in Russian public communication and the need for its regular research in order to form an objective public opinion and determine the dynamics of social processes. The purpose of the research was to identify and describe the changes in terms of the content of the language sign official in the Russian language in Pre-Soviet, Soviet and modern periods. The methods of synchronous, diachronic, component, lexicographic and contextual analysis are used in the paper. The study was carried out on the material of lexicographic sources and modern mass media discourse on government administration. For the first time, the main vectors for developing semantics of the key lexical unit of the administrative language in the modern period were identified and described. The changes were caused by the destruction of ideologized subject-conceptual semes of the Soviet era; by the expansion of paradigmatic and syntagmatic ties, reflecting the disappearance of geo-conditioned characteristics and consolidating the features of the hierarchy of the modern management, as well as by the actualization and unification of the verbal sign. It is concluded that, in terms of the semantics of the studied verbal signs, there is a traditionally stable pejorative-evaluative emotiveness due to the sociocultural context which is reflected in associative characteristics - stimuli indicating human weaknesses associated primarily with violated moral and ethical norms. The prospects of the research are seen in continuing the synchronous-diachronic study of the most important for the modern Russian language verbal signs official, manager, bureaucrat, functionary in the lexical-semantic field bureaucracy, which is actively developing, and in using the proposed methods of analysis to study other subsystems of the Russian language.

Semantics, systematicity and problems of standardization of the term writing in Ukrainian language education

The terms of Ukrainian language education (in particular, methods of teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language) are part of a professional language that is constantly evolving, absorbing new concepts from world didactics and specifying existing ones. The newly formed microsystems of terms need to be standardized, unified, and mostly harmonized in order to coordinate them with foreign equivalents. All this determines the relevance of the proposed study. The purpose of the article is to analyze the semantic paradigm of the term writing, to distinguish specific terms and describe the concepts they denote, as well as to suggest ways of terminology standardization and harmonization. To achieve this goal, a descriptive method and a method of component analysis were used. Elements of the comparative method were used to compare Ukrainian and foreign equivalents. The term writing in Ukrainian language education denotes a productive type of speech activity. Mastering writing means mastering graphic symbols, being able to use them to capture the idea, and as a result – to develop the ability to create text. In order to standardize the professional language, it is proposed to use a special unit of writing, which naturally complements the system of speech activities: reading, speaking, listening. According to the criterion of «goal», a group of terms is distinguished: academic, practical and creative writing. According to other criteria, different types of writing are systematized (for example, collective, pair, individual; controlled, partially controlled, independent). Often their form is not yet established in the professional language. Thus, the analysis showed the patterns of formation of the paradigm of the term writing on various grounds and revealed problematic moments in the formation of the analyzed system of terms. The proposed terms (the scope of which is defined on the basis of how they function in language education) with an attempt to outline the definition can be the basis for terminology standardization and harmonization.

Information quantity of traffic signs in grassland highways based on visual load

To determine the proper range of information quantity of traffic signs in the straight line sections of grassland highways, we have established virtual scenes of such sections of highways with varying levels of information quantity, and we have carried out an experiment on simulated driving. During the research, the method of principal component analysis (PCA) is adopted, and indicators related to eye movements are selected, which prove to be sensitive to the information quantity of traffic signs. Moreover, the pattern of variations is analyzed to examine how the information quantity of traffic signs may impose an impact on drivers’ visual load, and the experimental results are assessed and verified in a subjective manner. The research findings indicate that the information quantity of traffic signs could impose a significant impact on the fixation duration, saccade duration, saccade amplitude and fixation entropy of drivers. Within the proper range of information quantity (20–30 bits/km), drivers have shown stronger ability to acquire and process information with higher searching efficiency and optimal strategy of allocating attention, which will facilitate safe driving. The subjective assessment of drivers’ workload has also proven the validity of the research findings.

Linguistic errors in terminology standarts (on the example of SSTU 3294-95 “Marketing. Terms and definitions of basic concepts”)

Background. The main aim of terminology standardization in different branches of knowledge is to standardize and approve unmistakable terms for any field of study, to improve the further development of the Ukrainian science. Achieving these tasks is impossible without exemplary in terms of the language design of regulations that regulate the use of industry terminology – national terminological standards. The high linguistic quality of these documents allows their effective use, so the linguistic examination of national terminological standards, their analysis in terms of compliance with the norms of language culture – is an urgent task of modern science.Purpose. To analyze cases of violation of lexical and grammatical norms of the modern Ukrainian language in the formulation of definitions. Suggest ways to replace identified non-normative words, expressions and sentences in the text of the standard.Methods. Linguistic description of linguistic facts, method of component analysis, comparative and statistical methods (to identify the number or nature of linguistic errors).Results. The standard contains errors related to the use of inappropriate or redundant words, tracing paper from the Russian language, violation of the laws of melodiousness of the modern Ukrainian literary language. In some cases, non-compliance with grammatical rules has been demonstrated.Discussion. Analysis of the text of SSTU 3294-95 “Marketing. Terms and definitions of basic concepts” in terms of compliance with language norms reveals violations related to the use of lexical units not peculiar to the Ukrainian language, the use of words in inappropriate meanings, without regard to their lexical compatibility or contrary to established tradition of word usage.

TINJAUAN PERENCANAAN PERKERASAN LENTUR JALAN SIMPANG PASAR PARIAMAN SAMPAI DENGAN SIMPANG KELING KOTA PARIAMAN

The road is a very important factor for the community in carrying out their daily activities. Therefore, roads are very important and useful for the community, so the government is currently intensively building roads for the province of West Sumatra. starting from local roads, collector roads, arterial roads, which are being planned by regional heads or the government to fulfill economic activities and improve the quality of the economy in Indonesia. On the existing roads, there are still many holes in the road and the collapsed shoulder of the road and therefore the regional head is planning to open a new road between Pasar Pariaman Intersection to Keling Intersection, 931 meters long STA and 7.2 to 7 wide, 5 meters which will be planned for the life of the road for the next 20 years, and a solution is obtained that will facilitate and improve all transportation in the area. Calculating the thickness of the pavement at the Pariaman Intersection to the Kampung Keling Intersection with a length of 931 meters using the Component Analysis method and AASTHO 1993. And from the two methods which have a design life of 20 years, it can be obtained that the thickness of the layer calculated meets the requirements of the plan, namely D1 (Laston) = 7.5 cm D2 = 20 cm and D3 = 28 cm, while for the 1993 AASTHO method the calculated layer thickness is D1 = 12 cm D2 = 14 cm and D3 = 36 cm.Keywords: Thickness of road pavement, AASTHO 1993, Component Analysis

Enriched Optimization Algorithm for Effective Skin Disease Prediction Using Soft Computing Techniques

In recent years, a usual worldwide problem is a skin disease—the diagnostics of infection and skin disease prediction based on the data mining techniques. The precise and cost-effective treatments obtain a technologybased data mining system that can consider making the right decision. Depends on data, there are 34 UCI datasets have in the skin disease prediction. All of the datasets are not much important when predicting the skin disease problem. In this study, the essential datasets to be analyzed because they only give the best accuracy in skin disease prediction. For an outstanding selection of allocation, to propose a novel feature selection approaches, Enriched Fruitfly Optimization Algorithm (EFOA), and Ensemble Classifiers that are helps for an early stage of skin disease prediction. A hybrid technique through the three essential hybrid feature selection approaches such as Chi-Square method, Information Gain method, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods that are combined for better feature selection results. Based on the skin disease dataset, the resultant feature selection approach generated the reduced data subset. Then, the Enriched Fruitfly Optimization Algorithm (EFOA) offers the optimization of reduced data subset. Here, the accuracy estimation is the vital factor to optimize the effective and best prediction of skin disease affected regions. Afterward, the classification performs to classify the EFOA based optimized result by using the six different classification methods. Where, the classification helps to analyze the optimized results, which offers the better classification procedure. To predict the base learner’s performance, to utilize the Naive Bayesian, K-Nearest Neighbour, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) to classify the optimized result. Then, the ensemble techniques used to analyze the classifier’s results through the 3 different methods like Bagging, Boosting, Stacking, added on the base learners to improve the proposed work. Based on the performance, the base learners’ performance is larger than the input dataset. The base learner’s parameters are essential to calculate the accuracy of skin disease prediction performance. The performance of the proposed method will take and compare to each base learner, and the performance shows the accurate skin disease prediction improvement with other existing methods.

Modified Group Method of Data Handling for Flood Quantile Prediction at Ungauged Site

Handling flood quantile with little data is essential in managing water resources. In this paper, we propose a potential model called Modified Group Method of Data Handling (MGMDH) to predict the flood quantile at ungauged sites in Malaysia. In this proposed MGMDH model, the principal component analysis (PCA) method is matched to the group method of data handling (GMDH) with various transfer functions. The MGMDH model consists of four transfer functions: polynomial, sigmoid, radial basis function, and hyperbolic tangent sigmoid transfer functions. The prediction performance of MGMDH models is compared to the conventional GMDH model. The appropriateness and effectiveness of the proposed models are demonstrated with a simulation study. Cauchy distribution is used in the simulation study as a disturbance error. The implementation of Cauchy Distribution as an error disturbance in artificial data illustrates the performance of the proposed models if the extreme value or extreme event occurs in the data set. The simulation study may say that the MGMDH model is superior to other comparison models, namely LR, NLR, GMDH and ANN models. Another beauty of this proposed model is that it shows a strong prediction performance when multicollinearity is absent in the data set.

Phraseological synonyms in Russian and Moksha subdialects of Mordovia

Introduction. The article describes phraseological synonyms in Russian and Moksha subdialects on the territory of Mordovia. The subject of the analysis is the specific features of dialect phraseological units. The purpose of the study is to present a comprehensive description of the phenomenon of synonymy of phraseological turns in the considered subdialects. Materials and Methods. To achieve this goal, it employs various research methods, the main of which is descriptive one. In addition, it uses the elements of distributive and component analysis method. The language material was made up of phraseological units extracted by continuous sampling from the “Dictionary of Russian subdialects on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia”, Moksha-Russian dictionaries and field observations of the authors. Results and Discussion. As a result of the analytical review of the material, it is identified that in the phraseological units of both the Russian and Moksha languages develop synonymous series covered by the phenomenon of variance. The emergence of synonymous series is primarily associated with the renewal of the figurative basis of phraseological units belonging to the same topic. In the process of synonymous development of phraseological units, there is a search for a better image and linguistic means of constructing it while maintaining the unity of the logical side of the concept underlying it. Conclusion. The article is of practical importance, its results can be used in writing teaching handbooks on Russian dialectology, in teaching the course “Russian dialectology”, “Dialectology of the Moksha language” and corresponding courses for students majoring in Arts and Humanities.

Pain measurement in the older people: evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Geriatric Pain Measure (GPM-24) \u2013 Polish version

BackgroundChronic pain in older people is of particular importance not only with regard to negative subjective experience but also as an indicator of the quality of medical care. Brief scales to assess pain may help health professionals with early recognition and treatment to avoid patient suffering. However, these scales should be adapted to the cultural context to provide valid assessments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Polish translation of the Geriatric Pain Measure – 24 (GPM-24) in older people.MethodsThe study was conducted among 181 people aged 65 and over with chronic (noncancer) pain of varying intensity lasting more than 6 months. Construct validity was assessed using the principal component analysis (PCA) method with oblimin rotation. Criterion validity was evaluated by correlating the scores of the GPM-24 with the scores of the McGill-Melzack questionnaire (MPQ). The reliability of the GPM-24 was estimated in terms of internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients.ResultsThe PCA revealed a 6- component structure of the set of items that constituted the GPM-24. Most of these components were defined by items included in the same subscale, similar to the result obtained by the original scale’s authors. There were significant correlations between the GPM-24 and some dimensions of MPQ: affective (rho = 0.25, p = 0.001), present pain intensity (rho = 0.44, p < 0.001), pain rating index total (rho = 0.31, p < 0.001), and number of words chosen (rho = 0.26, p < 0.001). The value of the standardized Cronbach’s alpha equalled 0.89 and thus confirmed the high reliability of the GPM-24.ConclusionsThe Geriatric Pain Measure − 24 is a reliable and valid tool that is recommended for the monitoring and multidimensional assessment of chronic pain in older people in daily practice as well as in clinical trials.Trial registrationStatutory research “Chronic pain in people over 65 years of age” K/ZDS/005733, conducted in 2015–2018.