Methanol Research Articles

In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory action of Cannabis sativa L. Cannabaceae and in silico study of its selected phytocompounds.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00075-0.

In vitro Evaluation of the Fungicidal Potential of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Thevetia peruviana on the Development of Rigidoporus lignosus, Causal Agent of White Root rot of Hevea brasiliensis

Aims: The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of (aqueous (EAq) and methanolic (ME)) extracts of Thevetia peruviana on the in vitro development of Rigidoporus lignosus.
 Study Design: A synthetic fungicide (Onazol 100), two extracts at differents concentrations: C1 = 3.5 mg / ml; C2 = 7 mg / ml; C3 = 15 mg / ml; C4 = 30 mg / ml; C5 = 50 mg / ml and C6 = 100 mg / ml for EAq; C1 = 3.5 ml/ml; C2 = 7 ml/ml; C3 = 15 ml/ml; C4 = 30 ml/ml; C5 = 50 ml/ml for ME and a negative control (T = 0 mg / ml) were used.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in pathology laboratory at University of Yaounde I and IRAD of Nkolbisson in 2018.
 Methodology: Daily measurements of the pathogen's development was used to evaluate the average growth (D) of the mycelium. The inhibition percentages of the different doses of EAq, ME and ONAZOL 100 were calculated after 4 to 5 days of growth of the fungus.
 Results: The major result obtained compared to the rate of rot showed that the treatments EAq, ME (C6) and ONAZOL 100 were closed. The disease rates at different concentrations of C1 to C6 were 13.91 to 100% for ME, 9.34 to 100% for EAq, and 100% for ONAZOL 100.
 Conclusion: The two extracts are promising, and on small and medium scale, could be an effective and cheap formulation for the control of Rigidoporus lignosus.

Carbon steel corrosion inhibition in acid medium by imidazole-based molecules: Experimental and molecular modelling approaches

This paper deals with application of imidazole (IMI) and four imidazole derivative molecules: 4-(imidazole-1-il)-phenol (PHEN), [4-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)-phenyl]methanol (METH), 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-phenylethan-1-one (ETHAN) and 4-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)benzaldehyde (BENZ), towards corrosion inhibition of 1020 carbon steel in acidic medium. From IMI to ETHAN, the corrosion inhibition efficiency more than doubled in gravimetric experiments and increased 85% and 68% in the potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance assays, respectively. Both gravimetric and electrochemical tests gave the following decreasing order for the corrosion inhibition efficiency: BENZ > ETHAN > METH > PHEN > IMI. Quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) method showed that global hardness of the inhibitor molecules and inhibition efficiency were inversely proportional, which means that a softer molecule (or lower charge/radius ratio considering HSAB theory) leads to higher anticorrosion efficiency. Monte Carlo method (MC) was used to calculate the adsorption energies in a simulated water environment, and Compass force field was selected towards obtaining the solvation energy between inhibitor and metallic surface. The calculated solvation energy showed an inverse correlation between solvation energy and corrosion inhibition, having BENZ molecule lower solvation energy and lower global hardness which explains better anticorrosion efficiency among other IMI-based molecules, which shows the importance of molecule polarity over the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel.

Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus bacteria isolated from pregnant women and the antimicrobial effect of Lantana camara L. different extracts

Isolation of fifteen Staphylococci sp was made from pregnant who had vaginitis and the susceptibility to antibiotics (unictam, amoxicillin, biomox, oxytetracycline, suprax, xithrone, and augmentin) from these isolates was tested. The least activity against bacteria was recorded for amoxicillin, the resistance of some bacterial isolates was screened for most antibiotics, but there were two bacterial isolates designated as B6 and B11 that resisted all antibiotics. B6 and B11 were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis NBRC 100911 and Staphylococcus aureus S33 R using16SrDNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial and antioxidant impact of Lantana camara's methanol (ME), ethyl acetate (EE), and chloroform (CE) leaves extracts have been examined. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method, zone inhibition, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Using CE and ME extracts, MIC for both bacterial types was 6.25mg/ml and was 12.5mg/ml using EE extract. Phenolic compounds investigation by HPLC showed nine different compounds, but not all of them exist in all extracts. Eight compounds for ME and CE extracts were screened showing high percentages of caffeic acid and quarecetin and only seven compounds for EE extract. The total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated under spectrophotometric conditions and supported our HPLC findings. In this article, Antimicrobial tests revealed similar activities for ME and CE extracts against the multidrug-resistant (MDR) staphylococci bacteria.

An ultrasound-assisted process for the optimization of biodiesel production from waste cottonseed cooking oil using response surface methodology

Biodiesel is a promising option instead of fossil energy, particularly when non-edible feedstocks are utilized in the production process. To limit the environmental effects of biodiesel production, the production method should be properly chosen and the process variables should be optimized. Ultrasound-based biodiesel synthesis using waste cottonseed cooking oil (WCCO) is significant process. It requires less reaction time and is a highly energy-efficient process. This work focused on a comparison and analysis of optimization results using response surface methodology (RSM) based box-behnken design (BBD) and full factorial design (FFD) methods for a biodiesel production from waste cottonseed cooking oil (WCCO) catalyzed by KOH via an ultrasound (US) based transesterification process and also described the benefits to the environment caused by ultrasound method for producing biodiesel. For optimization of the biodiesel yield following parameters are considered: methyl alcohol: oil ratio (molar ratio) (A), KOH wt % (B), process temperature (C) and found to be methyl alcohol: oil molar ratio: 6:1, KOH wt %: 0.50% reaction temperature: 50 °C, with the process biodiesel yield: 98%. Quadratic polynomial equations are obtained by analyzing experimental values for transesterification reaction. The impact of these parameters on biodiesel yield is inspected and analyzed by different plots. The process variables optimized for biodiesel yield were in a good match for BBD and FFD method.

Efficient and reusable silica gel supported metal ionic liquid catalysts for palmitic acid esterification to biodiesel

A series of silica gel (SG) supported metal ionic liquid catalysts (x[Bmim]Cl-CrCl3/SG) were synthesized and exploited for the esterification of palmitic acid (PA) with methanol (ML) to produce biodiesel efficiently. The 10%[Bmim]Cl-CrCl3/SG catalyst with high surface area and desirable acidity exhibited the best catalytic performance and reusability after six consecutive running cycles. Based on the response surface analysis, the optimal reaction conditions were obtained as follows: methanol/acid mole ratio = 11:1 mol/mol, catalyst amount = 5.3 wt%, reaction time = 65 min, as well as reaction temperature = 373 K, reaching to a biodiesel yield of 96.1%. Further kinetic studies demonstrated that the esterification of PA with ML obeyed 1.41 order kinetics for acid concentration with the activation energy of 16.88 kJ/mol.

In <i>Vitro</i> Anthelmintic Activity of Leaf Extracts of <i>Celosia</i> laxa Schum. & Thonn

Background: Celosia laxa (Amaranthaceae) is mainly a west African plant species used in Traditional Medicine as an anthelmintic, anticancer, antibacterial and analgesic agent. The seeming prevalence of worm infection in Gwandu community of Gwandu Local Government Area of Kebbi State-Nigeria prompted this study. Methods: Whole plant of C. laxa extracts obtained through maceration in aqueous (AE), methanol (ME) and hexane (HE) solvents were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuman) at four different (gradient) concentrations of 10, 20, 40 and 80 (mg/ml) for each extract. The study involved the determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. Results: Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at the highest concentration of 80 mg/ml as compared to the standard drug, praziquantel (10 mg/ml). Consequently, the aqueous extract showed a higher activity at 80 mg/ml compared to standard praziquantel at 10 mg/ml (with no significant value of p 0.05). The time of paralysis and death observed for AE was 13.0 ± 1.8 and 16.8 ± 1.5 while the ME was less bioactive with 15.7 ± 0.5 and 23.0 ± 0.0 respectively. However, on the other hand, the hexane extract recorded no-activity on all the test sample concentrations, compared to the standard drug (with a significant difference of p-value, p > 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the leaves of C. laxa are likely to yield a potent anthelminthic drug owing to soluble phytoconstituent which are largely hydrophilicity extracted by the polar solvents. Also, considering that the plants’ mode of preparation for use by the locals was aqueous decoction before administration, the folkloric therapeutic claims can be said to have been justified.

Efficient and Reusable Silica Gel Supported Metal Ionic Liquid Catalysts for Palmitic Acid Esterification to Biodiesel

A series of silica gel (SG) supported metal ionic liquid catalysts (x[Bmim]Cl-CrCl3/SG) were synthesized and exploited for the esterification of palmitic acid (PA) with methanol (ML) to produce biodiesel efficiently. The 10%[Bmim]Cl-CrCl3/SG catalyst with high surface area and desirable acidity exhibited the best catalytic performance and reusability after six consecutive running cycles. Based on the response surface analysis, the optimal reaction conditions were obtained as follows: methanol/acid mole ratio = 11:1 mol/mol, catalyst amount = 5.3 wt%, reaction time = 65 min, as well as reaction temperature = 373 K, reaching to a biodiesel yield of 96.1%. Further kinetic studies demonstrated that the esterification of PA with ML obeyed 1.41 order kinetics for acid concentration with the activation energy of 16.88 kJ/mol

Efficient and Reusable Silica Gel Supported Metal Ionic Liquid Catalysts for Palmitic Acid Esterification to Biodiesel

A series of silica gel (SG) supported metal ionic liquid catalysts (x[Bmim]Cl-CrCl3/SG) were synthesized and exploited for the esterification of palmitic acid (PA) with methanol (ML) to produce biodiesel efficiently. The 10%[Bmim]Cl-CrCl3/SG catalyst with high surface area and desirable acidity exhibited the best catalytic performance and reusability after six consecutive running cycles. Based on the response surface analysis, the optimal reaction conditions were obtained as follows: methanol/acid mole ratio = 11:1 mol/mol, catalyst amount = 5.3 wt%, reaction time = 65 min, as well as reaction temperature = 373 K, reaching to a biodiesel yield of 96.1%. Further kinetic studies demonstrated that the esterification of PA with ML obeyed 1.41 order kinetics for acid concentration with the activation energy of 16.88 kJ/mol

Efficient and Reusable Silica Gel Supported Metal Ionic Liquid Catalysts for Palmitic Acid Esterification to Biodiesel

A series of silica gel (SG) supported metal ionic liquid catalysts (x[Bmim]Cl-CrCl3/SG) were synthesized and exploited for the esterification of palmitic acid (PA) with methanol (ML) to produce biodiesel efficiently. The 10%[Bmim]Cl-CrCl3/SG catalyst with high surface area and desirable acidity exhibited the best catalytic performance and reusability after six consecutive running cycles. Based on the response surface analysis, the optimal reaction conditions were obtained as follows: methanol/acid mole ratio = 11:1 mol/mol, catalyst amount = 5.3 wt%, reaction time = 65 min, as well as reaction temperature = 373 K, reaching to a biodiesel yield of 96.1%. Further kinetic studies demonstrated that the esterification of PA with ML obeyed 1.41 order kinetics for acid concentration with the activation energy of 16.88 kJ/mol

BMM (Buffered Minimal Methanol) Medium

BMM (Buffered Minimal Methanol) Medium

Anti-Fogging, Photocatalytic and Self-Cleaning Properties of TiO2-Transparent Coating

Transparent, photocatalytic, and self-cleaning TiO2 thin film is developed by TiO2 sol-gel coating on glass and polycarbonate (PC) substrates. Acetyl acetone (AcAc) suppresses the precipitation of TiO2 by forming a yellowish (complex) transparent sol-gel. XPS analysis confirms the presence of Ti2p and O1s in the thin films on glass and PC substrates. The TiO2- sol is prepared by stabilizing titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) with diethylamine and methyl alcohol. The addition of AcAcsilane coupling solution to the TiO2-sol instantaneously turns to yellowish color owing to the complexing of titanium with AcAc. The AcAc solution substantially improves the photocatalytic property of the TiO2 coating layer in MB solutions. The coated TiO2 film exhibits super hydrophilicity without and with light irradiation. The TiO2 thin film stabilized by adding 8.7 wt% AcAc shows the highest photo-degradation for methylene blue (MB) solution under UV light irradiation. Also, the optimum photocatalytic activity is obtained for the 8.7 wt% AcAc-stabilized TiO2 coating layer calcined at 450 oC. The thin-films on glass exhibit fast self-cleaning from oleic acid contamination within 45 min of UV-light irradiation. The appropriate curing time at 140 oC improves the anti-fogging and thermal stability of the TiO2 film coated on PC substrate. The watermark-free PC substrate is particularly beneficial to combat fogging problems of transparent substrates.

Radiation–Chemical Reduction of Cu2+ Ions in an Aqueous Solution

Upon irradiation with accelerated electrons of aqueous solutions of copper salts containing methyl alcohol, the formation of a precipitate containing metallic copper and monovalent copper oxide Cu2O is observed in a mass ratio of 75.2 and 24.8%, respectively. The process of metal precipitation and its properties were studied. The radiation–chemical yield of the mass of the precipitated precipitate is (7.2 ± 0.2) × 10–3 g/kGy. The efficiency of the radiation method for the reduction of copper from aqueous solutions of its salts has been substantiated. The method can be promising for the production of precipitates of pure and amorphous metals, as well as for the treatment of water effluents containing toxic transition metals.

Novel anticancer drug delivery system based on zeolite encapsulating Hamelia patens leaf and flower extracts

Nanotechnology had placed an impact in improving the antiproliferative activity of crude leaf (CL) and flower (CF) extracts of Hamelia patens on the liver (HEPG2) and breast (MCF7) carcinoma cell lines, after their encapsulation onto zeolite (ZSM-5) nanopores, which acts as a drug delivery system (DDS). The cytotoxicity of the new formulas showed remarkable improvement in the activities on HEPG2. CL had low activity on HEPG2, at the tested concentrations, but the ZSM-5 loaded one (CLZ) showed enhanced action with IC50=42 μg/mL. Also, the cytotoxicity of CF improved after Zeolite incorporation, where the IC50 has been changed from 48 μg/mL for CF to 25 μg/mL for CFZ. Moreover, the polar fraction of leaves extracted by methanol (Me.L) showed improvement on the cytotoxicity on MCF7 for zeolite loaded formula (Me.Z) (IC50 had changed from 65 to 44.4 μg/mL). Quantitative estimations for polyphenolic contents as well as the phenolic profiles for CF and CL extracts were inspected using HPLC-DAD to explore the bioactive phytochemical compounds. Acute toxicity test showed that LD50 was 1500 and 2333 mg/kg b.wt. for CL and CF, respectively. The cytogenetic study was also done to detect the chromosome aberrations in somatic and germ cells after CL and CF administration to mice. DPPH antioxidant capacity assay revealed that CL has high redox-active effect than CF. This study is a contribution to the development of a creative new DDS that help in cancer treatment.

Получение и свойства аминиевых солей (1-гидроксиэтилиден)дифосфоновой кислоты

An overview of the preparation methods and properties of (1-hydroxyethylidene) diphosphonic acid aminium salts is presented. (1-Hydroxyethylidene) diphosphonic acid with monoethanolamine forms a crystalline compound, which, according to the elemental analysis and XRD data, is ternary C(CH3)(OH)[P(O)O-NH3+CH2CH2OH]3[P(O)(OH)] amine salt. A characteristic feature of the derivatives of (1-hydroxyethylidene) diphosphonic acid and tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane is the formation of glassy and resinous products. Their composition Н4L∙4NH2C(CH2OH)3 corresponds to 4 base molecules per 1 tetrabasic acid molecule. The addition of 4 molecules of the primary amine occurs both when the ratio of the initial reagents is 1: 4 and 1: 3. The polymer structure and the presence of strong hydrogen bonds in the Н4L∙4NH2C(CH2OH)3 compound lead to its very low solubility in organic media and good solubility in water. The solubility of Н4L∙4NH2C(CH2OH)3 in methanol is 1.8 g per 100 mL. The reaction of (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonic acid with para-aminobenzoic acid leads to the formation of bis(4-carboxyphenylamine)(1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonate C(CH3)(OH)[P(O)(OH)O-NH3+C6H4С(О)ОН]2. In a crystal, this compound consists of the anion of the double-deprotonated (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonic acid C(CH3)(OH)[P(OH)(O)O-]2 and two amine cations NH3+C6H4С(О)ОН. The tetrabasic acid binds 3 molecules of morpholine, giving tris(morpholinium)(1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonate H4L•3HN(CH2CH2)2O in the form of a white powder that dissolves well in water, methyl and ethyl alcohols. The solid complex of morpholine with (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonic acid does not crystallize from various solvents, which may be caused by the oligomeric form of morpholine included in the molecule of the complex with H4L.

Effect of Alginite in the Form of ALGEXr 6 Preparation on the Biomass Formation and Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinal Plants

The aim of the research is to determine the effect of application of the developed product (extract) called ALGEXr 6 from natural mineral rock alginite in two different watering periods on the formation of root biomass and above-ground plant biomass of a selected group of medicinal plants (Melissa officinalis L., Malva verticillata L. and Ocimum x citriodorum Vis.) and determining the antioxidant activity in dried leaves and whole plants in aqueous and methyl alcohol extracts by DPPH method . The experiment was established in the Botanical Garden at the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra throughout 2020. ALGEXr 6 was prepared by a research team at the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra in the form of an extract from the natural mineral rock alginite with an application of thermal and chemical treatment. In the experiment, ALGEXr 6 was applied in the form of a watering in two variants with the same concentration of 3 % solution in 2 decilitres of water, but various application in terms of days in the pre-harvest stage of the above-ground plant biomass of 30 individual plants from each species. There are two diametrically opposite trends of ALGEXr 6 application that are manifesting themselves in M. officinalis and M. verticillata by reducing the root and above-ground part biomass compared to the control variant. The percentage proportionality of root/above-ground part biomass in M. officinalis decreased from 62.48 /30.31 % (control), to 45.57/18.85 % (variant 1) and to 36.07/17.27 % (variant 2), as well as in M. verticillata the root/above-ground part biomass decreased from 16.03/13.93 % (control), to 14.97/9.42 % (variant 1) and to 11.61/10.14 % (variant 2). In the species Ocimum x citriodorum Vis. the opposite trend manifested. The application of ALGEXr 6 watering resulted in increasing the antioxidant activity on the tested plant parts, especially in aqueous extracts in M. officinalis (from 19.30/control to 33.61 %/variant 1, 2), also in O. citriodorum (from 26.56/control to 44.16 %/variant 1), while in methyl alcohol extracts, the antioxidant activity showed a slight increase in all tested species.

The Pattern of Poisoning and It’s Management and Outcome in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangladesh: An Observational Study

<i>Introduction:</i> In 2020, during the epidemic of corona, this study was done to see the patterns of the cases of Poisoning, in a tertiary hospital in Dhaka city. Poisoning exposure in adults and teenagers are more often intentional (recreational or suicidal), may involve multiple agents, which are commonly pharmaceuticals, and may be delayed in diagnosis and treatment. <i>Objective:</i> To assess the pattern of cases of poisoning found in 2020 January to February 2021, management and outcome. <i>Methods:</i> This Observational study was performed at Square Hospital, Dhaka, exclusively over 40 poisoned patients. It included the cases of poisoning, admitted in 2020 January to 2021 February. The collected cases are of commuter poisoning, suicidal poisoning, methyl alcohol poisoning and poisoning with sedative agents by housemaids. All these cases were admitted initially in the ICU after the initial management given in the Department of emergency. <i>Results:</i> In total we managed 40 cases. Among the 22 cases of suicidal poisoning, sedative poisoning was 10, antidepressant were 4, anti-schizophrenic was 1, anticonvulsant were 2, paracetamol poisoning was 1, propranolol poisoning 1. We found 1 case of paracetamol poisoning, 1 case of mixed oral anti diabetic agents (dapagliflozin, sitagliptin, glimeperide, added with metformin) 1 case of unknown poisoning (as blood level of drugs revealed nothing may be because of late presentation). We also found 12 cases of methanol poisoning and 6 patients of unknown poisoning. Among them 3 patients was poisoned by housemaid, 3 patients were cases of street poisoning. Benzodiazepine was found in all these 6 cases. In other studies it is found that, street poisoning by sedative hypnotic drugs were the highest percentage (37%) and all were male. E. Most of the victims of street poisoning were business man (67.56%) rest were normal/domestic travelers (16.2%) and few were service holders (10.81%). E. There were financial loss (loss of money or expensive things) of the patients. In analysis of the causes behind suicidal poisoning in other studies it is also found that, 57% were due to familial disharmony, 23% were poverty related, 15% were due to failure in affairs, 11% were due to failure in the examination, 4% were due to sexual abuse and 5% due to chronic illness and unknown cause. E. <i>Conclusion:</i> In the year of 2020, January to December, it was observed that the cases of alcohol poisoning was reduced. But in 2021 January to February there was a rapid rise of cases (8 cases in 2 months, the number we found in whole year of 2020 was only 4).

Bazı bitki ektraktlarının Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ve Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) üzerindeki insektisidal ve davranışsal etkileri

Depolanmış ürünlerdeki böceklerle mücadele oldukça önemlidir. Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ve Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidea) depolanmış ürünlerde zarar meydana getiren önemli iki zararlı böcek türüdür. Depolanmış ürünlerdeki zararlılarla mücadelede kullanılabilecek alternatif ilaçlara ise her geçen gün ihtiyaç artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Achillea phrygia Boiss. et Bal. (Compositae), Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. (Apiaceae) ve Salvia wiedemannii Boiss. (Lamiaceae) bitkilerinden elde edilen bitki ekstraktlarının, S. granarius ve T. castaneum ile mücadelede kullanılabilirlikleri araştırılmıştır. 72 saat sonunda, S. garanarius üzerinde test edilen bitkiler arasında en yüksek kontak aktiviteyi sırasıyla %74 ile P. ferulaceae hekzan, %71 ile A. phrygia methanol ekstraktı göstermiştir. T. castaneum üzerinde en yüksek aktiviteyi ise 72 saat sonunda %42 ile A. phrygia etil asetat ekstraktı göstermiştir. Bitki ekstraktları ile yapılan davranışsal etki çalışmalarında ise S. granarius üzerindeki en yüksek repellent aktivite 24. saat sonunda P. ferulaceae etil asetat ekstraktından (%52) elde edilmiştir. Bitki ekstraktlarının tamamı T. castaneum üzerinde yüksek oranda repellent etki göstermiştir.

Tıbbi Amaçlı Kullanılan Terminalia chebula ve Terminalia citrina Bitkilerinin Kurutulmuş Meyvelerinde Antiradikal, Antibakteriyel ve Mutajenik Aktivite Analizleri

Terminalia cinsi üyeleri Combretaceae familyasındandırlar. Cinse ait yaklaşık 250 tür bulunmaktadır. Bu türler içerisinde özellikle Terminalia chebula ve Terminalia citrina bazı hastalıkların önlenmesinde geleneksel olarak halk tıbbında kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de bu bitkilerin kurutulmuş meyveleri sırasıyla kara ve sarı halile olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, aktarlarda yoğun olarak satılan ve halk tarafından çeşitli amaçlarla kullanılan T. chebula ve T. citrina bitkilerine ait kurutulmuş meyvelerde bazı biyoaktif bileşen içerikleri, antioksidan kapasite, antibakteriyel ve mutajenik aktiviteler analiz edilmiştir. Toplam fenolik madde içerikleri T. citrina’da 108.3, T. chebula’da 226.3 mg GAE/g değerlerinde, toplam flavanoid madde içerikleri ise T. chebula’da 40.7, T. citrina’da 55.9 mg QE/g değerlerinde tespit edilmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite analizleri üç farklı metoda göre (ABTS (2,2&amp;#39;-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) ve FRAP (Demir iyonu indirgeyici antioksidan güç)) yapılmıştır. Her üç metoda göre de T. chebula örneklerinin&#x0D; T. citrina örneklerine göre daha yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. T. citrina ve T. chebula’nın metanol ekstraklarının test bakterilerine karşı oldukça iyi seviyede antibakteriyel etki gösterdiği, her iki ekstrakta karşı ise en duyarlı bakterinin Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kuru meyve ekstraktlarının farklı dört dozu (12.5, 25, 50 ve 100 µl/plak) mutajenite deneylerinde kullanılmıştır. TA 98 ve TA 100 suşları üzerine her iki örnek ekstraktının en yüksek dozları ile TA 100 suşu üzerinde denenen T. citrina ekstraktının 50 µl/plak dozları sitotoksik olarak tespit edilmiştir. T. chebula ve T. citrina ekstraktlarının Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 suşu üzerine etkisi her iki örneğin 50 µl/plak dozlarında çözücü kontrole göre istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur.

Подтверждение пригодности метода использования этанола в качестве референсного соединения для количественного определения содержания летучих компонентов в алкогольных напитках

Quality and safety control of alcohol products is an integral part of the work of laboratories for the food analysis. One of the most important safety indicators regulated worldwide is the chemical composition of an alcoholic beverages, namely the presence of characteristic and impurity volatile components. The list of controlled compounds includes acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl and isoamyl alcohols, etc. Analysis of alcoholic beverages is a conservative field, since its results are closely associated with economic risks for the manufacturer, and also directly with the health of the population consuming this product. For this reason, the method, used for the analysis of alcoholic beverages, should be accurate, reproducible and simple for use. The authors have developed and described a method that satisfies the above requirements, based on the use of ethanol containing in alcoholic beverages as a reference substance for gas chromatographic analysis. Confirmation of the suitability of the proposed method for the analysis of a wide range of alcoholic beverages: whiskey, brandy, grappa, vodka, scotch tape, bourbon, brandy, calvados, sake, alcohol, rum, gin and tequila, is presented. The results, obtained by the proposed method are compared with the results obtained by the generally accepted traditional method of the internal standard using 2-pentanol. The repeatability and trueness of the both methods are evaluated. The relative difference between the results, obtained by the internal standard method, and the developed method did not exceed 2%.