Methanol Research Articles

Effects of Spondias mombin leaf extracts on testicular histology and semen characteristics of prepubertal (juvenile) Wistar rats

Introduction: Spondias Mombin is an Anacardiaceae reported in folklore to be a useful therapeutic agent for some reproduction-related issues. This work seeks to explore, preliminarily, the fertility potentials of Spondias Mombin extracts on juvenile Wistar rats. Methods: One hundred pre-pubertal male Wistar rats divided into four treatment groups were studied for testicular histology, semen evaluation and haematocrit following oral administration of 800mg/kg Body weight (BW) of ethyl acetate (A), isopropanol (B) and methanol (C) Spondias mombin leaf ex-tracts and propylene glycol (D) for 35 days. Five rats were sacrificed from each group every seven days of extract administration for the aforementioned evaluations using standard methods. Results: Body weights increased markedly from week 1 to week 3 in all the groups and the weight gain continued with the Isopropanol (ISP) group till week 5 (48.00±10.36g) in contrast to fluctuations ob-served in other groups. All extract-treated groups had peak Packed Cell Volume (PCV) at week 2 with highest (54.00±3.16) seen in methanol (METH) group. All the groups experienced transition from azoospermia at week 1 to sexual maturity by week 5 as evidenced by progressive increase in the spermatozoa parameters evaluated. At week two, the EA group was the only group with motility score (67.00±5.38%) suggestive of puberty attainment. Normal histology was observed in testes and epididymides in all groups after 5 weeks of extract administration. Significance: Ethyl acetate leaf extract of Spondias mombin appeared to fast track attainment of puberty in Wistar rat at 800mg/kg BW. The plant’s leaf methanol extract at the same concentration appeared to boost PCV and promote fertility in Wistar rats significantly.

Chromato-mass-spectroscopic research of chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L.

The aim of the work was chromato-mass-spectroscopic research of chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. fruits and leaves and identifying further prospects for the use of this plant in medicine. Materials and methods. Raw materials of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. were selected as objects of study. The tincture was obtained by maceration and the raw material was extracted with methyl alcohol at room temperature for 10 days according to the method of making tinctures. The study of the chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. was carried out using gas chromatograph Agilent 7890B GC System (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with mass spectrometric detector Agilent 5977 BGC/MSD (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and chromatographic column DB-5ms (30 m × 250 mkm × 0,25 mkm). Results. 23 compounds (1 in the isomeric state) in fruits and 20 compounds (2 in the isomeric state) in the leaf of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. were identified. The main components of fruits were sitosterol (phytosterols) – 12.53 %, propyl acetate (esters of carboxylic acids) – 12.60 %, chamazulene (terpenes) – 11.97 % and palmitic acid (fatty acids) – 8.28 %. The main component of leaves were sitosterol (phytosterols) – 17.57 %, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-ethanone (ketone) – 8.35 %, phytol (terpenes) – 6.10 %. It is known from the literature that chamazulene has antioxidant, antinociceptive, cytotoxic activity. Sitosterol has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity. Hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid has antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Phytol is characterized by a wide range of biological action – antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic. Conclusions. Based on the above, the olive can be considered as a source of antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and cytotoxic drugs.

Transesterification and Reactive Extraction of Castor Oil for synthesis of Biodiesel/Biolubricant

The use of non-edible vegetable oils as a substitute for petroleum fuel has gained popularity due to increased environmental contamination and depletion of petrochemical resources. There is high percentage of oil in castor seeds, that can be converted into biodiesel and biolubricant. Castor oil has high lubricity due to presence of higher percentage of (nearly 90%) ricinoleic acid. In comparison to other vegetable oils, ricinoleic acid having a double bond and a hydroxyl group, gives higher lubricity to the castor oil and its alkyl esters. The study comprises production of castor oil alkyl esters from castor oil using different alcohols such as methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl alcohol. The reaction parameters are optimized to get effective yield for all the four alkyl esters. Propanol was used as both an extracting solvent and a transesterification reagent in the reactive extraction of castor seed. The physico-chemical characteristics like low cloud point, pour point, oxidation stability and lubricity of castor oil alkyl esters was determined, which suggests that methyl and ethyl esters of castor oil could be used as a sustainable biodiesel whereas higher alkyl esters such as propyl and butyl esters are suitable for biolubricant.

Process Optimization for Biodiesel Production from Highly Acidic Hibiscus Cannabinus (Deccan Hemp) Oil

In this study, Hibiscus Cannabinus (deccan hemp) oil was used to convert its methyl ester. Methyl ester synthesis process involves of two-steps: esterification of sulfuric acid (Step-1) and alkaline transesterification (Step-2). Deccan hemp oil was found to have an initial acid value of 12.48 mg KOH/g. The acid value of deccan hemp oil was decreased to below 2 mg KOH/g in Step-1 taking consideration to get higher ester yield after alkaline transesterification process. The alkaline transesterification process parameters such as methyl alcohol to deccan hemp oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid catalyst amount, reaction temperature and reaction time were optimised and analysed in detail. This process gives ester yield of about 95.48%. The important properties of the synthesised methyl ester were determined and compared with IS 51607 and ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards.

Cost attractive hydrogel electrolyte for low temperature aqueous sodium ion batteries

Low temperature tolerance of aqueous sodium ion batteries (ASIBs) represents a high challenge, eventhough ASIBs are attractive for large scale energy-storage application due to their high safety, low cost and environmental friendliness. For the first time, this work reports a Na2SO4-SiO2 hydrogel type electrolyte operated at low temperature as -30℃ using fumed silica as the gel matrix and methyl alcohol as the anti-freezing additive. Due to the inter-molecular bonding between SiO2 and Na2SO4, the precipitation of Na2SO4 and the continue growth of the Na2SO4 grain in supersaturated electrolyte is highly suppressed at low temperature. The Na2SO4-SiO2 hydrogel electrolyte possesses a high ionic conductivity as 0.070 mS cm−1 at -30℃. An aqueous sodium ion cell with the as-proposed SiO2Na2SO4 hydrogel electrolyte has been developed based on active carbon (AC) as the cathode and carbon coated NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP@C) as the anode. At -30℃, the cell possesses a reversible capacity of 61.8 mAh g−1 (based on NTP@C) at a current density as 0.13 A g−1 (0.13 mA cm−2) with a high cycling stability. This work provides a new path for the development of aqueous sodium ion batteries for low temperature operation.

Qualitative analysis of Phytochemical studies on Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora

In recent years, the secondary metabolites are extensively investigated as a supply of healthful agents. The sample for the study constitutes Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora and it was collected from the Mandapam coast, Rameswaram, TamilNadu, India. Sargassum wightii is belonging to the family Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora belonging to the family Dictyotaceae are 2 brown seaweeds better-known for varied biological activities like bactericide, antiviral, inhibitor, opposed cancer, medicine, etc. Five totally different extracts of Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora were subjected to phytochemical analysis of secondary metabolites of qualitatively phytochemical screening tests of twelve different chemical compounds (alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, coumarins, proteins, sugars, quinones, and glycosides). Among the solvent extracts of alga Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora showed the utmost presence of saponins, carbohydrates, proteins, and quinines in 3 completely different extracts (ethanol, methanol, water) except solvent and chloroform. So the present study on extractive values of methyl alcohol extract and the binary compound extract was most in each the seaweeds, however, were significantly a lot of in P. gymnopora than S. wightii. Considering their therapeutic uses, like alternative healthful plants there’s a requirement to try pharmacognostic studies of those 2 seaweeds. KEYWORDS: Seaweeds, Coumarins, Phytochemicals, Sargassum wightii and Padina gymnospora

Chemically modified hydrate swapping and hydrate stability during multistage CO2-N2 injection schemes

A core-flooding setup under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions was utilized to create artificial sedimentary CH4 hydrates, that were subjected to multistage injections of fresh CO2-N2 gas mixtures to study CH4 recovery yield, CO2 storage, and hydrate stability in response to various chemical treatments. The effect of chemical type (methyl alcohol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and L-methionine), number of fresh injections, injection pressures, and influence of CO2 concentration were examined to support the sustainability and efficacy of the process. Electrical resistivity was also measured to investigate hydrate stability under different injection schemes and chemicals. Higher recovery and storage were observed in the presence of additives (compared to pure water) was observed, suggesting that enhanced but delayed formation kinetics at the gas/liquid interface and unstable mixed hydrate reformation were the major contributing factors. During gas injection, the gas/liquid boundary moved within the pore space, and nucleation initiated at this interface. Therefore, chemical additives were used to enhance, but delay, formation kinetics at the injected-gas/residual-water boundary. This caused release of additional in-situ heat, that dissociated CH4 hydrates, increased the total contact time, and improved gas diffusion. A porous morphology in the presence of chemicals may also provide additional pathways through hydrate films for improved gas migration. The number of fresh CO2-N2 injections increased CH4 recovery, and the efficiency of the injection scheme was dependent on initial hydrate saturation. No significant reduction in hydrate stability was observed after the first injection of dilute CO2 gas mixture. Multiple injections of fresh CO2-N2 gas may further enhance the hydrate stability.

Energy-saving exploration and optimization of methyl alcohol – Methyl ethyl ketone – Tertbutyl alcohol separation by extractive dividing-wall distillation with ionic liquid as extractant

• Energy-saving separation of methyl alcohol - methyl ethyl ketone – tert -butanol azeotropic system is studied. • A few extractive distillation processes with ionic liquid are proposed and parametrically optimized. • The best one greatly reduces energy consumption, investment and CO 2 emission. • An efficient simulated annealing based optimization strategy is designed. Several new extractive distillation configurations using green and highly selective ionic liquid (IL) as extractant are proposed as an alternative to the conventional extractive distillation (CED) and conventional extractive dividing wall column (CEDWC) configuration to separate methyl alcohol (MeOH)-methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)-tert butyl alcohol (TBA) azeotropic mixture, including direct and indirect extractive distillation (direct-ED, indirect-ED), azeotropic extractive distillation (AED), and extractive dividing wall column (EDWC). These schemes are optimized with the objective of total annual costs (TAC) by simulated annealing based optimization method. Among these schemes, EDWC is undoubtedly the best due to the benefits of IL and dividing wall column. As compared with the CED process, it can reduce TAC by 22.19%, total capital cost by 31.47%, total operating cost by 8.35%, CO 2 emission by 7.7%. In addition, the computation shows that the used optimization method is very practical for the optimal design of complex distillation systems with the advantages of direct, efficient, robust and global optimal.

Effect of Acid Mixtures on Surface Properties and Biaxial Flexural Strength of As-Sintered and Air-Abraded Zirconia.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of application time of an acid mixture solution on the surface roughness, phase transformation, and biaxial flexural strength of 3Y-TZP after sintering or air abrasion. For the biaxial flexural strength measurement, 220 3Y-TZP disk-shaped specimens were prepared after as-sintering or air abrasion. The etching solution comprised a mixture of hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, methyl alcohol, and purified water. The samples were divided into 11 subgroups according to the etching times (Control, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30 min). The results showed that acid treatment on both as-sintered and air-abraded 3Y-TZP surfaces increased the surface roughness. However, it had no significant effects on the monoclinic phase or flexural strength of as-sintered zirconia. The monoclinic phase and flexural strength of air-abraded zirconia increased sharply after air abrasion; however, they gradually decreased after acid treatment, to a similar level to the case of the untreated surface. Surface treatment with acid mixture increased the roughness, but the lack of increase of monoclinic phase is thought to be because the loose monoclinic particles remaining on the surface were removed through the etching process.

Effect of reaction substrates on membrane-assisted transesterification reactions

Zeolite membranes are promising for the assistance of transesterification reactions, but the effects of the reaction conditions have not been fully clarified. In this study, the membrane-assisted transesterification of several methyl esters and alcohols was examined to investigate the influence of the substrates on the conversion and methanol permeation. The conversion of methyl hexanoate was 55.0% without a membrane when reacted with 1-hexanol at 353 K. When the methanol byproduct was removed using an FAU-type zeolite membrane, the conversion increased to 79.6%. A large increase in conversion was also obtained using substrates with long linear alkyl chains. The highest conversion among the 18 transesterification reactions was obtained when methyl hexanoate was reacted with 1-hexanol. These results suggest that the reaction substrates influence the boiling point of the solution and the vapor-phase methanol concentration. Additionally, the effect of temperature and feed concentration on the methanol permeation performance was evaluated for the FAU-type zeolite membrane by pervaporation to discuss their influence on the conversion. Higher reaction temperatures were favorable for membrane-assisted transesterification because more methanol was removed by the membrane. This suggests that controlling the vapor-phase methanol concentration is significant for membrane-assisted transesterification reactions.

Effect of etching on formation of 60° domain in KNbO3 single crystal

Domain study is a very useful tool to explain ferroelectric materials for its PotassiumNiobate (KNbO3) crystal were doped with Aluminum (Al). This Al-doped KNbO3 ferroelectric crystal further chemically etched using the etchant methyl alcohol. Trino cular m icro scopy m ethod was u sed to verify the ob servation s. In this study 60° domains domain walls and domain boundaries observed. Brief mechanism offorming 60° domain structure and domain wall discussed.

Investigation of the anti-bacterial properties of mangrove fern, Acrostichum aureum in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Mangroves render several ecosystem services globally, one of which is pharmacological products. This study was done to verify whether Acrostichum aureum, a species of mangrove, common in the Niger Delta has anti-bacterial property. Several leaf samples were plucked from the trees at Eagle Island and placed in a cooler and sent to the lab for further analysis. The leaves were dried and ground into fine powder with manual grinding machine and 100 g of the powdered sample was measured and placed in 1000 ml of each of the extraction solvents (hot water and methanol). Five different concentrations (32.25 mg/ml, 65.5 mg/ml, 125 mg/l, 250 mg/l and 500 mg/l) were made from each of the extracts using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were isolated and a stock of each sample was made in agar slant and stored in the refrigerator at 4°C. Mueller Hinton Sensitivity Agar (MHA) medium was prepared in agar and triplicate discs of each of the concentrations made from the two extracts were placed on the medium (MHA). The zone of inhibition in diameter in all plates was measured and analyzed statistically using R statistics. The result revealed that there is a significant difference in the growth of the microbes on the different concentrations of A. aureum (F4, 100 = 4.02, P = 0.01). A. aureum had higher effect on E. coli and S. aureus. Similarly, the higher the concentrations of the extracts the more effective it is in controlling the bacteria. Finally, the study revealed that A. aureum has antibacterial properties that can be employed in drug production to treat common diseases prevalent in the region. Key words: Antibiotics, bacteria, Niger Delta, mangrove, microbial species, medicinal products.

Alcohol and the Eye.

In this article, we present a review of ocular conditions related to alcohol consumption. A search of the literature published from 1952 to March 2020 was performed. The titles and abstracts were screened and the eligible studies were selected. PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge database, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched. We categorized the relationship between alcohol intake and ocular conditions by the type of ocular exposure to alcohol. Accordingly, ocular findings following acute alcohol intoxication, optic neuropathy following methanol toxicity, congenital conditions related to maternal alcohol consumption, and ocular disease related to chronic alcoholism are discussed. The main feature of alcohol intoxication in the eye is abnormal eye movement. Acute optic neuropathy secondary to methyl alcohol consumption is a serious ocular disease with permanent vision loss or scotoma. Prenatal exposure to ethanol may end in fetal alcohol spectrum disease, where ocular findings are a constant component. The association between chronic alcohol consumption and increased risks of cataract, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, different types of optic neuropathy, impairment of visual quality, retinal vascular disease, and ocular surface disease has also been reported. Along with detrimental medical and social effects, the role of alcohol consumption in different ocular conditions should be considered, as alcohol-induced visual disturbances may contribute to the heavy burden of alcohol abuse on the healthcare system and overall quality of life.

Solubility and thermodynamic properties of flonicamid in pure and binary solvents in the temperature range of 283.15–323.15 K

The solubility data of flonicamid (FA) in twelve mono-solvents (methanol (MA), ethanol (EA), n-propanol (NPA), isopropanol (IPA), n-butanol (NBA), isobutanol (IBA), ethyl acetate (EAC), butyl acetate (BAC), acetone (AT), acetonitrile (AN), tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4-dioxane (DX)) and a binary solvent of EA + EAC were experimentally measured by using a gravimetric method under atmospheric pressure. The tested temperature range for the studied solvents was from 283.15 K to 323.15 K except of 288.15–323.15 K for DX. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was applied to evaluate the crystal form of FA, and no solvate or new form formation were observed during the whole experiment. The experimental results show that the rising temperature leads to the increase of the FA solubility in all the studied mono and mixed solvents at the tested ranges. For mono-solvents, the solubility of FA at 293.15 K increases in the order: IBA (0.002641) < IPA (0.004243) < NPA (0.004361) < NBA (0.004750) < BAC (0.006844) < EA (0.006864) < EAC (0.01342) < MA (0.01394) < DX (0.01747) < AN (0.02455) < THF (0.03433) < AT (0.04645). For EA + EAC mixed solvents, the solubility of FA increases and then decreases with the rising mole fraction of EAC. That means addition of EAC to EA can alter the FA solubility. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to analyze the interactive energy between FA and the solvent molecules. Furthermore, the Apelblat equation, van’t Hoff equation, λh equation are applied to correlate the experimental solubility data of FA in mono and mixed solvent systems, while NRTL model and Wilson model are selected for mono-solvents, CNIBS/R-K model and Jouyban-Acree model for mixed solvents. Correlated results demonstrate that the Apelblat model provides the best regression. In addition, the dissolution thermodynamic properties of FA in chosen solvents are analyzed by the van’t Hoff equation. It suggests that the dissolution processes of FA are non-spontaneous, endothermic and entropy increase in these studied systems.

Acidity Reduction of Bio-Oil by Methylic Esterification Reactions

An alternative to fossil fuels is the use of triglyceride biomass for conversion to biofuel by the thermal cracking process, also known as pyrolysis. The liquid phase, called bio-oil, has physicochemical properties like petroleum-derived fuels. One of the undesirable characteristics of bio-oil is the high acidity index, due to the presence of short-chain carboxylic acids in its composition. This feature makes refining and use inviable. The objective of this work was to perform esterification reactions using bio-oil, produced from soybean oil pyrolysis already characterized, in order to reduce its acidity index. Besides that, the esterified bio-oil was submitted to different washing experiments to decrease even more the final acidity. For the esterification reaction 25 g of bio-oil was used at a temperature of 64 °C, using from 0.8 to 2.2% sulfuric acid and 0.5 to 99.5% mass ratio of methyl alcohol and bio-oil. The highest acidity index reduction after 20 min was 81.2%, the esterified bio-oil reduced from 129 to 32.4 mg KOH g-1. Esterification reaction followed by washing and neutralization can decrease even more those values and, the acidity index can reach zero.

Acidity Reduction of Bio-Oil by Methylic Esterification Reactions

An alternative to fossil fuels is the use of triglyceride biomass for conversion to biofuel by the thermal cracking process, also known as pyrolysis. The liquid phase, called bio-oil, has physicochemical properties like petroleum-derived fuels. One of the undesirable characteristics of bio-oil is the high acidity index, due to the presence of short-chain carboxylic acids in its composition. This feature makes refining and use inviable. The objective of this work was to perform esterification reactions using bio-oil, produced from soybean oil pyrolysis already characterized, in order to reduce its acidity index. Besides that, the esterified bio-oil was submitted to different washing experiments to decrease even more the final acidity. For the esterification reaction 25 g of bio-oil was used at a temperature of 64 °C, using from 0.8 to 2.2% sulfuric acid and 0.5 to 99.5% mass ratio of methyl alcohol and bio-oil. The highest acidity index reduction after 20 min was 81.2%, the esterified bio-oil reduced from 129 to 32.4 mg KOH g-1. Esterification reaction followed by washing and neutralization can decrease even more those values and, the acidity index can reach zero.

Additive-free aerobic C-H oxidation through a defect-engineered Ce-MOF catalytic system

Ce-UiO-66 MOF, namely cerium-organic framework was prepared through a fast and efficient method under ultrasonic radiation. After preparation, it was identified using some different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques such as PXRD, FT-IR, TG/DTA, BET, BJH, and FE-SEM. The catalytic activity of Ce-UiO-66 MOF was checked in aerobic oxidation of methyl arenas, alcohols and styrene derivatives in a sustainable circumstance with no additives. Moreover, its catalytic activity was surveyed influenced by a number of variables in the ultrasonic synthesis method. Some parameters such as solvent, base, temperature, amount of the catalyst and time were also tested to optimize the aerobic oxidation reaction. After the 10th run, the recycled Ce-MOF showed an acceptable efficiency, which proved its high reusability and stability under optimized conditions. Furthermore, the Ce-UiO-66 was investigated structurally by PXRD method which demonstrated the catalyst stability after the aerobic oxidation reaction. • Aerobic oxidation of methyl arenes, alcohols, and styrene derivatives. • Simple and efficient synthesis method for defect-engineered Ce-MOF preparation. • Using a non-precious metal catalyst for the aerobic oxidation process. • Air as a green oxidant for the oxidation process. • Using inert solvents to increase oxygen solubility and efficiency.

Schiff Base Modified Chitosan Iron(III) Complex as new Heterogeneous Oxidative Catalyst

A readily available biopolymeric chitosan has been shown to be a very promising supportive bioligand for the immobilization of catalytic metals. In this study, 3,6-diacetylnaphtalene-2,7-diol cross linked chitosan was used to synthesize Fe(III) complex, which was further used to catalyze the oxidation of methanol using molecular oxygen as oxidant. Both the cross linked polymeric ligand and its complex were characterized using FT-IR, UV-visible and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic methods as well as Scanning Electron Spectroscopy (SEM). Diacetylnaphtalene-2,7-diol cross linked chitosan showed an appreciable shift in O-H and N-H stretches around 3574cm-1 and 3227cm-1 while a new band attributed to imine –C=N stretching vibration appeared at 1614cm-1. The bending vibrations between 1000 cm-1 and 420 cm-1 were also observed for the metal complex indicating possible interactions. The UV-Vis spectrum of the ligand exhibited a distinct absorption peak (335 nm) at the range attributed to imine (C=N) n– * transition, which red shifted in the spectrum of the Fe(III) complex. The SEM micrographs of the polymeric ligand and its Fe(III) complex showed significant morphological differences on the surface, which also suggested metal ligand interaction. Application of this new complex for the catalytic oxidation of methanol yielded formaldehyde, confirmed by comparative study of the FT-IR spectra of synthesized formaldehyde and that of industrially produced formaldehyde.

INVESTIGATION OF DIAZINON DEGRADATION IN MODEL SOLUTIONS USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Aim of our war was to investigate the degradation of diazinon in the model mixture in comparison with the experimental preparation. Methyl alcohol was used as a basis for the manufacture of diazinon drops and the model mixture. The concentration of diazinon was determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography on the third, fourteenth and twenty-first day after preparation of the model mixture and experimental preparation when stored at room temperature.&#x0D; Despite the large number of publications studying the degradation of diazinon under the influence of various factors, there is a need to study this process in mixtures of a specific composition, in particular in new veterinary drugs that have not yet been studied. This article presents the results of determining the content of diazinon in 10% of the drug and the model mixture based on methyl alcohol.&#x0D; The analyzes were performed on a Knauer liquid chromatograph with a spectrophotometric detector equipped with a Luna® Omega Polar C 18 150 × 4.6 mm column filled with a 5 μm particle sorbent from Phenomenex with a universal C 18 pre-column 4 × 3.0 mm ID. Mobile phase: degassed mixture of acetonitrile: water in the ratio 65:35, flow rate was 1.1 ml/min, temperature of the column was ambient. Diazinone was detected at 245 nm. Injection volume was 0.050 ml and the time of one separation – 20 minutes.&#x0D; The appearance of an unknown peak on the 3 min chromatogram of the solution of the production experimental preparation was revealed. On the twenty-first day of storage of the experimental drug, the content of diazinon decreased to 34 % of the stated amount. On the third and twenty-first day of storage of the model mixture, a decrease in the content of diazinon by 16 % and 79%, respectively, and the appearance of an additional peak were observed.&#x0D; The use of methyl alcohol with other components is likely to be a factor in the breakdown of diazinon in the drug. According to the recipe of the drug, methanol is about half the content of ingredients. This composition does not provide stability of the proposed dosage form of the drug. The next step will be to study the effect of other solvents on maintaining the stated concentration of diazinon.

Date palm leaves extract as a green and sustainable corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel in 15 wt.% HCl solution: the role of extraction solvent on inhibition effect.

Date palm leaves (DPL) was extracted using acetone (ACE), ethanol (ETH), aqueous (AE), butanol (BUT), methanol (METH), isopropanol (ISO), and ethyl acetate (EHY ACT). The extracts were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The various solvent DPL extracts were screened for anticorrosion property against low carbon steel in 15 wt.% HCl solution at 25 °C. ACE, AE, and ETH DPL extracts are found to promote the corrosion of the low carbon steel while BUT, ISO, METH, and EHY ACT DPL extracts exhibit anticorrosion property. However, BUT DPL extract shows the best anticorrosion property with 400 ppm protecting the low carbon steel by 82%. Based on the results from the screening experiments, BUT extract was selected for a comprehensive corrosion inhibition study. Inhibition effectiveness of BUT DPL extract is found to increase with increasing concentration with 1000 ppm affording 97% protection at 25 °C. The inhibition performance increases up to 40 °C but slightly decreases as the temperature was raised to 50 °C and 60 °C. However, BUT DPL extract could afford 86% protection at 60 °C. Scanning electron microscope and atomic force spectroscopy results confirm that BUT DPL extract is indeed an effective inhibitor for X60 carbon steel in 15 wt.% HCl solution.