Methanol Extract Of Stem Bark Research Articles

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of extracts from Leucosidea sericea

Summary Introduction: Leucosidea sericea finds applications in the treatment of herpes and HIV. Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and determine the total flavonoid contents (TFCs) and total phenolic contents (TPCs) of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol crude extracts obtained from leaves and stem-bark of L. sericea. Methods: Maceration and hot solvent extraction methods were used to obtain various crude extracts. DPPH and ferric reducing power assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Colorimetric aluminium chloride and Folin-Ciocalteu methods were used to determine the TFCs and TPCs, respectively. Results: The methanol leaf extract showed highest radical scavenging activity of 82.00±0.93% at a concentration of 3000 µg/ml followed by ethyl acetate leaf extract and methanol stem-bark extract with 79.40±5.21 and 75.16±1.15%, respectively. Acetone stem-bark extract showed highest ferric reducing power of 0.539±0.004 at 700 nm at a concentration of 100 µg/ml followed by hexane leaf extract and hexane stem-bark extract with 0.474±0.014 and 0.437±0.013 at 700 nm, respectively. Ethyl acetate stem-bark extract showed highest TFCs of 655.6±0.1111 mg QE/g of DW of the extract followed by acetone stem-bark extract with 450.0±0.00711 mg QE/g of DW of the extract. Acetone stem-bark extract showed highest TPCs of 891.9±0.657 mg TAE/g of the DW of extract followed by methanol stem-bark extract with 878.3±0.029 mg TAE/g of DW of the extract. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts from leaves and stem-bark of L. sericea was evaluated. L. sericea could be a source of potent antioxidants.

In vivo antitrypanosomal activities of Acacia nilotica stem bark methanol extract in Wistar rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Background: Trypanosomiasis is a disease of vertebral animals caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. It is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affecting about 36 countries of Sub-saharan Africa, threatening more than 60 million people and 70 million animals. Chemotherapy is the major means of controlling African trypanosomiasis is limited by rapid drug resistance, toxicity and high cost. There is an urgent need for therapeutic agents that are effective, affordable, and accessible to the rural poor people in Africa who are greatly affected by the disease. This study aimed to determine the in vivo effect of stem bark methanol extract of Acacia nilotica (A. nilotica) on experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in Wistar rats. Methods: Phytochemical analysis, and LD50 determination were carried out using standard procedures. Three (3) days pre-patent period was observed after inoculating the rats with the parasite. Parasitemia was monitored daily while the Parked Cell Volume (PCV) was determined at one-day intervals during the infection course. Results: The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of carbohydrates, steroid/triterpenes, saponin, alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, glycosides, and anthraquinones. The toxicity of the stem bark methanol extract was tolerable at 1200 mg/kg body weight. Methanol extract of A. nilotica (stem bark) showed promising curative potential in vivo against Trypanosoma brucei brucei at 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg body weight. These doses completely cured the experimental T.b.b infection in Wistar rats after 3 days of treatment. Significant reduction (p<0.05) in the parasite burden confirmed by the absence of anaemia (PCV 48.1% ±1.5% and 46.4% ±1.3% respectively) was observed when compared with the “infected but not treated” control group (normal saline group). Conclusion: Based on these observations, it was therefore deduced that the methanol extract of Acacia nilotica stem bark extract possessed the active ingredient that cures experimental T. brucei brucei infections in Wistar rats.

Oleanane and Stigmasterol-Type Triterpenoid Derivatives from the Stem Bark of Albizia gummifera and Their Antibacterial Activities

Chromatographic separation of methanol extract of stem bark of Albizia gummifera led to the isolation of two oleanane-type triterpenoids (1 and 2), a stigmasterol derivative (3), and stigmasterol (4). The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and comparing with reported literature values. The crude extract and the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against five bacterial strains. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 showed marginal antibacterial activity with the growth inhibition zone ranging from 6.8 to 13.2 mm against the tested bacterial strains, with compounds 2 and 4 showing significant inhibition (13.0 and 13.2 mm) against S. flexneri and S. typhimurium, respectively. While, the standard drug, gentamycin showed inhibition zone 20.0 and 24.0 mm against S. flexneri and S. typhimurium, respectively.

Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Ficus platyphylla Protects Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Damage in Wistar Rats

Ficus platyphylla (Gutta percha tree) is used in Nigerian traditional medicine for treating pain and psychosis. This study evaluated the protective effect of methanol stem bark extract of Ficus platyhylla (MEFP) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in Wistar rats. Rats were allotted into six groups namely normal control, negative control, standard drug (silymarin) and extract treated (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. respectively) groups. Treatment was administered for 7 days. Animals in groups II-VI received a single dose of CCl4 (1:1) p.o. in olive oil at 1.5 ml/kg body weight after last treatment. Experimental rats were sacrificed after 24 hours of CCl4 administration and blood samples collected for determination of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Supernatant of liver homogenate was used to determine activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Results indicate increased activities (p < 0.05) in CAT, SOD and GPx in samples of MEFP treated rats while levels of ALT and AST in serum samples of treated groups differ significantly (p<0.05) when compared with negative control group (Group III). Treatment with methanol stem bark extract of Ficus platyphylla may have offered protection against CCl4 induced liver damage in experimental rats.

Evaluation of the toxicity profile of Bridelia ferruginea methanol stem bark extract

The present research was carried out to investigate the toxicity profile of Bridelia ferruginea methanol stem bark extract. Acute toxicity study was carried out in mice using the modified Lorke’s method to determine median lethal dose (LD50). For the subacute toxicity study, animals used were albino rats while extract was administered at dose levels of 100, 1000 and 2500 mg/kg daily for a period of 28 days. Blood samples were taken at the end of the study period for estimation of biochemical and haematological parameters. Histopathological examination of sections of the liver and kidney was also carried out. No mortality was recorded in acute toxicity study and also no any change in general behaviour of rats was observed up to dose of 5000 mg/kg. Similarly, daily administration of the stem bark extract for 28 days did not produce significant changes in body weight, haematological and biochemical parameters of treated rats across all doses except at dose of 2500 mg/kg where significant change was observed in the parameters studied when compared with values obtained from the control group. However, slight histopathological changes were observed in the liver and kidneys sections of rats treated with the methanol stem bark at dose of 1000 mg/kg and 2500 mg/kg. In conclusion, based on results of acute and subacute toxicity study studies, the methanol stem bark extract of Bridelia ferruginea may be considered safe for medicinal use especially at lower doses.

HR-LCMS and In vitro cytotoxicity analysis of Alseodaphne semecarpifolia stem bark and leaf methanol extracts

A. semecarpifolia (Lauraceae) has been employed by Indian traditional healers to treat various human cancers. The cytotoxic property of A. semecarpifolia was evaluated by extracting secondary metabolites from stem bark and leaves. The stem bark methanol extract (SBME) and leaf methanol extract (LME) were subjected to HR-LCMS analysis, followed by evaluating their cytotoxic potential against MCF-7, SCC-9, HeLa, A-549 and L6 cells by MTT assay. The phytochemical screening of SBME and LME revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, phenolics and glycosides. HR-LCMS analysis of SBME and LME revealed the presence of 31 and 28 active compounds respectively. Among them Cucurbitacin A and Gambogic acid are the two compounds identified with anticancer properties. SBME showed potent cytotoxicity on MCF-7 and SCC-9 cells, whereas LME showed significant cytotoxicity only on MCF-7 cells. Vinblastine sulphate was used as a reference standard, even though Vinblastine is an efficient anticancer drug it affected the viability of normal cells. In comparison with Vinblastine, both SBME and LME showed very less toxicity on normal cells. Hence, the present study suggested that stem bark and leaves of A. semecarpifolia are the possible chemotherapeutic agents having potential cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and SCC-9 cells.

Protective Effects of Methanolic Stem Bark Extract of Commiphora kerstingii Engl. on Pancytopenia and Hyperlipidemia Induced with CdCl2 in Male Wistar Rats

Protective Effects of Methanolic Stem Bark Extract of Commiphora kerstingii Engl. on Pancytopenia and Hyperlipidemia Induced with CdCl2 in Male Wistar Rats

Antibacterial Activity of <i>Psidium guajava</i> Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts on Selected Bacteria in Ugbokolo, Benue State, Nigeria

Aim: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents from various sources to combat microbial resistance. The study was aimed at determining the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antibacterial activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava leaves and stem bark on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus sp. in Ugbokolo, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical screening of the plant materials for various bioactive components was conducted between July and December, 2019 using standard laboratory techniques. The extracts were purified using column chromatography. The identity of the test isolates were confirmed using morphological characteristics, gram stain, motility and appropriate biochemical tests such as indole, catalase, coagulase, triple sugar iron agar. The susceptibility of the isolates to each bioactive component was determined using the agar well diffusion method. The broth dilution method was employed for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts. Results: The result of the study showed the presence of phenol, tannins, flavonoids and saponins as bioactive compounds. The antibacterial susceptibility of the isolates to aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf and stem bark of Psidium guajava varied significantly (P Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible isolate at 200 mg/ml concentration with average zone of inhibition of 13.05 mm for leaf extract and 15.34 mm for stem bark extract. Proteus sp. is the least susceptible with average zone of inhibition of 8.88 mm for the leaf extract and 12.36 mm for the stem bark extract respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of aqueous and methanol extract of P. guajava leaf and stem bark showed that dilutions of various concentrations of aqueous and methanol extracts can inhibit and/or kill the isolates. Lower MIC (3.125 mg/ml) was shown by methanol extract than aqueous extract. MBC of methanol extract ranges between 6.25 - 25.0 mg/ml. Statistical analysis of the result showed methanol extract is more effective than aqueous extract while the stem bark of the plant showed higher efficacy than the leaf. Conclusion: The findings of the study imply that the extract of Psidium guajava has shown promising properties against tested microorganisms. Further study of the extract is therefore recommended.

Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Lanceolata (Ochanaceae) Van Tiegh Ex Keay

Plants have been the mainstay of many traditional cultures for their low cost and wide accessibility for preventive and therapeutic uses. Lophira lanceolata van tiegh ex keay. is a plant belonging to the family Ochnaceae. It is a medicinal plant commonly used in west and central African regions. In Nigeria it is found in the North western region. This plant is well known and has been employed in the treatment of dermatosis, toothache, arthritis, headache, Cardiovascular diseases and many others. In this study, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the methanolic stem bark extract of L. Lanceolata methanolic leaf extract was investigated by determining the total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity using varied concentrations (31.25-500µg/ml) of the plant extract at absorbance of 515nm using ELISA plate reader. Ascorbic acid was used as the standard. From the results of the study, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of major Phyto-compounds like Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins. The highest absorbance value that presents with the highest concentration revealed that the plant possesses radical scavenging activities. The present study indicates that, Lophira lanceolata has significant antioxidant activity and thus, support the claimed ethnomedical uses of the plant in the management of conditions associated with oxidative stress.

Comparative In vitro Anti Inflammatory Study on Alpha Amyrin Isolated from Bark Extracts of Ficus benghalensis. Linn and Alstonia boonei. De Wild

Background Ficus benghalensis and Alstonia boonei are two good sources of triterpenes like alpha amyrin and other bioactive compounds possessing anti-inflammatory activity.Objective The present study was conducted to compare the potential in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of alpha amyrin isolated from methanolic stem bark extracts of Ficus benghalensis Linn Fb and Alstonia boonei. De Wild Ab and to identify a better source for isolation of alpha amyrin.Methods The compound alpha amyrin was identified by Thin layer chromatography TLC method followed by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry LCMS and Fourier transform infrared FTIR studies of the extracts and with High performance liquid chromatography HPLC determination. Furthermore the compound was studied for its in vitro anti-inflammatory effect by testing its role on inhibition of albumin denaturation anti-proteinase and anti-lipoxygenase activities and the results were compared with standard aspirin 100 microg mL.Results The results showed dose dependent activity in all the three in vitro models but showed non-significant variation among the isolated alpha amyrin from two different plants.Conclusion Amount of isolated alpha amyrin was higher in Fb source 0.42 mg than Ab plant 0.23 mg and hence Fb was identified as a better source for isolation of alpha amyrin for further investigations.

Phytochemical Screening, gc-ms Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Cassia Sieberiana DC

The over production of free radicals in the human body is known to cause oxidative stress which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Therefore, the search for natural antioxidants would continue to be a major area of research for many decades. This study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activities and to determine the phytochemicals present in Cassia sieberiana. The methanol stem bark extract of C. sieberiana was subjected to phytochemical screening and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Its antioxidant activities were assayed in vitro using nitric oxide scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant potential assay, lipid peroxidation inhibitory assay and 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay. The phytochemical screening of the stem bark extract of C. sieberiana showed saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, phlobatannins, terpernoids, cardiac glycosides, phenolics and reducing sugar. The GC-MS Table revealed that the methanol extract has 51 bioactive compounds with 3-0-Methyl-d-glucose having the highest percentage of 12.16 % while 5.alpha-Androstan-3-beta-ol,4,4-dimethyl- having the lowest percentage of 0.09 %. The antioxidant study showed concentration-dependent radical scavenging activity of the methanol stem bark extract of C. sieberiana. This concentration-dependent result was also observed when compared with ascorbic acid used as the standard drug. The presence of different phytochemicals such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, among other things, might be responsible for C. sieberiana antioxidant activity. The study concluded that the methanol stem bark extract of C. sieberiana contains 51 bioactive compounds and showed good antioxidant activity which could be therapeutic in several human diseases. Key words: Cassia sieberiana, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Pharmaceuticals

Phytochemistry and antimicrobial studies of the solvent partitioned portions of methanolic stem-bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii (burseraceae)

Phytochemistry and antimicrobial studies of the solvent partitioned portions of methanolic stem-bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii (burseraceae)

Kajian Literatur: Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Tanaman Cempedak (Artocarpus champeden Spreng)

Antioxidants are compounds that can counteract free radicals. One of the plants that have antioxidant activity is cempedak, because cempedak contains flavonoids compounds. This writing aims to determine the antioxidant activity of cempedak plants based on a review of several literatures. The method of writing a literature review uses a journal search from Google Scholar. Based on the literature review that has been carried out, the leaves and bark of cempedak have antioxidant activity. Based on the literature review of antioxidant activity of cempedak, methanol extract of stem bark had antioxidant activity of 100,26 ppm, leaf methanol extract 8,88 ppm, leaf ethanol extract 52,7706 ppm, leaf ethyl acetate fraction 4,282 ppm. The part of the cempedak plant that has the highest antioxidant activity is found in the leaves with the ethyl acetate fraction which shows an IC50 value of 4,282 ppm. Based on the IC50 value obtained, the ethyl acetate fraction of cempedak leaves has a very strong antioxidant activity because the IC50 is below 50 ppm.

Steroid, Triterpenoid and Phenylpropanoid From Stereospermum Suaveolens (Roxb.) DC Growing in Bangladesh

The study was carried out to investigate the composition of natural compounds of methanol extract of leaf and stem bark of Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC by repeated chromatographic separation and purification processes over silica gel. The phytochemical investigation resulted in the isolation of a total of three compounds, which were identified as stigmasterol (1), β-amyrin (2) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (3). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by analyses of their physical properties, acquired 1H NMR data and comparison with published reports. Among these, compounds 2 and 3 are first report of their isolation from this plant species. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(4): 1191-1194, 2021 (December)

Evaluation of anxiolytic and anti-depressant activity of Neolamarckia cadamba in mice

Objective: Evaluation of anxiolytic and anti-depressant activity of Neolamarckia cadamba in mice.
 Material & Method: The aqueous and methanolic extract of “Neolamarckia cadamba” and chose low medium and high doses for therapy. The behavioral consequences of an oral acute or subacute (10 days) treatment. Neolamarckia cadamba (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o) aqueous and methanolic stem bark extract assessed in male and female Swiss mice (EPM). Diazepam (1 mg/kg) will also be evaluated. Anti-anxiety drug testing in the lab.
 Results: Neolamarckia cadamba, acute oral toxicity was detected with different extracts (ENC & AQNC) having dose (5, 50, 300, 1000 mg/kg ) via the oral route, shows no change in behavioral responses and observation shows no acute oral toxicity. Hence depending upon it, Dose was selected 250 mg/kg & 500 mg/kg for our experimental work.
 Conclusion: Neolamarckia cadamba has both anxiolytic and antidepressant properties, which likely operate through BZD receptors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The antidepressant and anxiolytic properties of Neolamarckia cadamba ethanolic and aqueous extracts were investigated in Swiss albino mice at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Both extracts (ANC & ENC) showed strong antidepressant and anxiolytic efficacy using TST and EPM parameters.

In vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Endemic Artocarpus nobilis Thw Found in Sri Lanka

Aims: To investigate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous, methanol, dichloromethane, and hexane extracts of Artocarpus nobilis Thw. leaves and stem bark using heat-induced protein denaturation test (egg albumin denaturation).
 Methodology: About 500 g of each matured, fully expanded leaves and stem bark of Artocarpus nobilis were collected, washed and air-dried. Leaves and stem bark parts were grounded to obtain a fine powder material. The extractions were obtained using the decoction extraction method. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the heat-induced egg albumin denaturation method. Diclofenac sodium was used as the positive control.
 Results: Results showed that Diclofenac sodium exhibited an IC50 value of 243.4 µg/mL and methanolic stem bark extract had an IC50 Value of 249.8 µg/mL) for heat-induced egg albumin protein denaturation test. R² and P values for aqueous, methanol, dichloromethane, and hexane extracts indicated that there was a strong, statistically significant correlation (P<0.01) between concentration and percentage inhibition for all extracts of A. nobilis Thw. However, methanol stem bark extract demonstrated the highest efficacy and potency with similar activity observed for the positive control Diclofenac sodium.
 Conclusion: Methanol stem bark extract of Artocarpus nobilis Thw. have marked in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Further studies are necessary to determine the mechanism and the active constituents responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant parts of Artocarpus nobilis Thw.

Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Bridelia tomentosa Blume Growing in Bangladesh

Bridelia tomentosa Blume is a small evergreen tree which has enormous folklore applications in the treatment of colic, traumatic injury, epidemic influenza and neurasthenia. The main purpose of this study was to isolate bioactive compounds from the stem bark of B. tomentosa growing in Bangladesh. Extensive chromatographic separation and purification of the methanolic extract of stem bark of B. tomentosa led to the isolation of four compounds. The purified constituents were identified as friedoolean-5(6),14(15)-dien-3-one (1), β-taraxerol (2), D4- stigmasterone (3) and lupeol (4) by extensive analysis of NMR spectroscopic data. While compound 1 is appeared to be new, the other compounds (2-4) have been isolated for the first time from this plant. β-taraxerol (2) demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity against the brine shrimp Artemia salina and moderate to strong antimicrobial efficacy with the highest inhibitory potential against Salmonella Typhi (zone of inhibition = 21.3 mm) and Sarcina lutea (zone of inhibition =20.8 mm). In conclusion, B. tomentosa has been found to be a rich source of secondary metabolites and thus it may be studied further in order to isolate of more bioactive constituents. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(2): 213-218, 2021 (December)

Methanol extract from kesambi (Schleichera oleosa (L.) oken) stem bark as a natural antioxidant to increase crude palm oil (CPO) quality

The content of active compounds in methanol extract of kesambi stem bark (Scheleicera oleosa) is known to have good antioxidant activity. Methanol extract of kesambi stem bark contain flavonoid and fenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methanol extract of kesambi in inhibiting the oxidation of crude palm oil (CPO). In this study, the extraction of kesambi stem bark was carried out with methanol solvent. Antioxidant activity test of methanol extract of kesambi using the DPPH method. The parameters observed were free fatty acids (FFA) values, acids value, and DOBI (Deterioration of Bleachability Index). The used concentration of natural antioxidant were 200; 400; 600; 800 and 1000 ppm. Based on the results of this study, the natural antioxidant of methanol extract of Kesambi stem bark (Schleichera oleosa) can reduce levels of free fatty acid numbers, acid value, and DOBI value. Actioxidant activity methanol extract of kesambi stem bark shown IC50 42.092 ppm. The lowest FFA levels and acid numbers were obtained from samples with addition of 1000 ppm natural antioxidants with free fatty acid (4.1%), acid value (7.7 mg KOH/g) while the DOBI value increased to 1.331. Furthermore, FFA value meets the CPO quality standard, according to SNI-01-2901-2006.

Effect of castration and testosterone administration on the analgesic efficacies of methanolic extract of Annona Senegalensis and Piroxicam in Wistar rats

Introduction: Analgesic potency of Annona senegalensis (crude stem-bark methanolic extract) and piroxicam on castrated and testosterone-treated male Wistar rats were evaluated. Methods: Twenty-five (25) mature male Wistar rats with average body weight of 184 ± 4.1 g were randomly allocated into five groups of five (n = 5) rats each. Groups I and II were non-castrated (NC) and treated as follows: group I (NC + Annona senegalensis {AS; 910mg/kg}), while group II (NC + piroxicam {PRX; 10mg//kg}). Rats in groups III, IV and V were castrated and treated as follows: castrated (CS) + distilled water {DW; 0.5ml/rat}); (CS + Annona senegalensis {AS; 910mg/kg}); (CS + AS + Testosterone 400µg/rat) respectively. The latent period of pain sensation (analgesic time) was determined using hot plate thermal method, and recorded in seconds. Results: Latent period of analgesia in rats was recorded at 0, 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-mins post treatment with A. Senegalensis and piroxicam. The serum concentration of testosterone post experiment showed higher levels in group II rats (NC+PRX; {4.3ng/ml}) while group III and V rats had the lowest concentration (CS+DW; CS+AS+TES {2.9ng/ml}) and group IV rats all died after the experiment (CS+AS). The findings of the study indicated that the analgesia effect of A. senegalensis is higher than the piroxicam-induced analgesia (3.8±1.2 vs 1.0±0.0sec, 2.0±1.4 vs 1.0±0.0sec) at 30mins and 60mins in groups I and II respectively. Significance: Castration and testosterone replacement did not affect the Analgesic effect of Annona senegalensis while castration enhanced the latent period of thermal pain sensation.

Synergistic evaluation of Moringa oleifera extract and ß-lactam antibiotic to restore the susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The antibiotic resistance has become a major threat to global health. The combinatorial use of two or more compounds to develop a new formulation may overcome the emerging cases of drug resistance. Moringa oleifera has been utilized as a strong nutritional, immunomodulator and therapeutic agent for decades. In this study, different parts of Moringa oleifera were screened for bioactive compounds that can act as a resistance modifying agent for multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs). Initially, the combined effect of stem bark extracts and ampicillin was calculated by checkerboard assay. Active compounds of effective extract were assessed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) were calculated to evaluate the synergistic behavior of stem bark extract with ampicillin. To study the blocking of resistance pathways of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) western blot was performed. The results revealed that stem bark has significant anti-MRSA activity. The methanolic extract of stem bark in combination with ampicillin showed the highest synergistic effect (FICI value ≤ 0.237) against MRSA. Killing kinetics and membrane potential of ampicillin alone and in combination revealed an increase in the inhibitory potential of ampicillin against MRSA. Decolourization in iodometric assay confirmed the inhibition of β-lactamase, western blot results confirmed the blocking of penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) expression with the restoration of MRSA sensitivity against β-lactams. It can be concluded that methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera stem bark has bioactive compounds and can be used as an adjuvant with antibiotics to modify the resistance of MDROs.