Methanol Extract Of Fruits Research Articles

In vitro Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antiquorum Sensing Activity of Indian Rhododendron (Melastoma malabathricum) against Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Development and persistence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria is considered to be one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. Development of new antimicrobial agents and alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents to control the menace of AMR is the need of the hour. Plants based products can be effectively explored as potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing agents against major bacterial pathogens of human and animals. This present study was conducted to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf, flower, fruit and stem of Melastoma malabathricum against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.Methods: E. coli and S. aureus were isolated and identified from diarrhoeic pigs and poultry and mastitic milk of cattle of Mizoram, respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit and stem of M. malabathricum were collected from Mizoram and extracted by methanol and aqueous solvents. The antimicrobial activity and MIC was determined by using well diffusion method and 96 wells microtiter plate method, respectively. Antibiofilm activity of plant extracts was determined in 96 well tissue culture plate. Antiquorum sensing activity was determined by disc diffusion method.Result: Methanol leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against E. coli but not against S. aureus with 18 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Methanol flower extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but not against E. coli with 14 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibitions at 200 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Similarly, the aqueous leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but not against E. coli with 12 mm and 6 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC of M. malabathricum methanol leaf extract against E. coli was 3.125 mg/mL, whereas the MIC value of methanol flower and leaf extracts was 6.25 mg/mL against S. aureus. Antibiofilm activity of M. malabathricum methanol leaf, methanol flower and aqueous leaf extracts was recorded only against S. aureus isolates with maximum inhibition at 0.05 mg/mL concentration. Good antiquorum sensing activities was exhibited by the M. malabathricum methanol leaf, methanol flower and aqueous leaf extracts against S. aureus isolates at 200 mg/mL concentration.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity and GCMS Analysis of Zanthoxylum Ovalifolium Fruit Extracts

Herbal medicines have played a vital role in the evolution of humanity and civilization. The fruits of the plant Zanthoxylum were collected from the study field, washed, dried in the shade and powdered. Soxhlation method was used to make different solvent extract of fruit. The different fruit extracts were examined against P. aeruginosa, P. syringe, S. aureus, S. typhi, K. pneumonia and E. coli by agar well diffusion method and for the detection of biochemical components present in the Zanthoxylum fruit, methanolic fruit extract was analyzed using GC-MS. Results showed that, the methanolic extract of fruit is found to be exhibit activity against P. aeruginosa, P. syringe, S. aureus, S. typhi, K. pneumonia and E. coli when compared to the hexane and ethyl acetate. The discovery of 46 bioactive compounds in methanolic fruit extract was verified by their molecular formula, molecular weight, and area peak percentage. In which 6 bioactive compounds such as 6-octadecanoic acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Ethyl oleate, 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, Glycerin and 1, 2-dimethoxy-4-(2-methoxyethenyl) benzene compounds showed highest peak area percentage of 26.14, 13.61, 8.56, 6.12 and 6.08% respectively. The compounds found in this research may be responsible for some of the medicinal action of the Z. ovalifolium fruit and may be useful in the development of new medicines.

Investigation of Antibacterial and Anti-Diarrhoeal Activities of 80% Methanol Leaf and Fruit Extract of Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. F) Iwarsson (Lamiaceae).

BackgroundLeonotis ocymifolia (Burm.F) Iwarsson (Lamiaceae) is among the medicinal plants that are claimed to have various pharmacologic activities. However the leaves and fruits of L. ocymifolia have not yet been explored scientifically for antibacterial and anti-diarrhoeal activities. This study was aimed at investigating the anti-diarrhoeal and antibacterial activities of 80% methanol leaf and fruit extract of Leonotis ocymifolia in mice and selected diarrhea causing bacterial species.MethodsThe leaves and fruits of Leonotis ocymifolia were extracted using 80% methanol through maceration technique. The anti-diarrheal activity was evaluated using a castor oil induced diarrheal model, prostaglandin induced anti-enteropooling, and castor oil induced charcoal meal test in mice of either sex. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey post-hoc test. The antibacterial activity was evaluated on using an agar well diffusion assay. Bacterial species used were Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. For anti-diarrhoeal activity, the extract was tested at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Positive and negative control groups were treated with loperamide (3 mg/kg) and 2% tween 80 (10 mL/kg), respectively.ResultsA significant (p<0.05) reduction in frequency of wet stools and watery content of diarrhea as well as in delaying onset of diarrhea as compared to controls was observed in mice at the stated doses. The extract showed a dose-dependent inhibition in all used models. L. ocymifolia leaf and fruit extract also showed antimicrobial activity against all tested organisms.ConclusionResults from this study collectively indicated that 80% methanol leaf and fruit extracts of L. ocymifolia possessed significant anti-diarrhoeal activity and antibacterial activities, hence provides the scientific base for its traditional use as a diarrhea treatment.

Nutritional assessment, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potential of traditionally used wild plant, Berberis tinctoria Lesch.

This study divulges a comparative analysis of Berberis tinctoria Lesch. leaf, stem, and fruit towards proximate contents assessment, e.g., moisture, crude-ash, crude-fibre, crude-lipid, crude-protein, nitrogen-free extract, energy followed by ICP-MS analysis which revealed that fruits have a higher amount of essential minerals. The primary metabolites were higher in the fruit extract, whereas more secondary metabolites were observed in the methanolic extracts in the hierarchy of leaf and fruit then stem, respectively. Likewise, a higher amount of antioxidant activities were observed in ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts. The fruit ethyl acetate extract showed a maximum of 95.27% anti-inflammatory activity. The fruit methanolic extract exhibited an antidiabetic activity with IC50 values of 75.5 ± 6.8 μg/mL and 45.4 ± 11.1 μg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. A significantly positive correlation was identified between the secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities. The principal component analysis implies ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts as pivotal extracts of B. tinctoria.

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Bacterial Activities of Sinapis alba L. (Leaves, Flowers and Fruits) Grown in Syria

This research aims to determine the phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts of the Sinapis alba L. parts and to calculate the free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity of them. The highest phenolic content was 28.302 mg/g dry plant, the highest flavonoid content was 2.072 mg/g dry plant in the methanolic flower extract. In interaction with diphenyl picryl hydrazyl, the inhibitory concentrations of half of free radicals ranged from 2.836 mg/mL in the methanolic fruit extract to 17.853 mg/mL in the chloroform flower extract. Methanolic extracts showed a zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, the diameters of the inhibition zone were 17.2 mm in leaf and fruit extracts, and 15 mm in flower extract at a concentration of 700 mg/mL. The study showed that the methanolic extracts of Sinapis alba L. have good phenolic and flavonoid contents, good free radical scavenging activity and have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

The High Potency of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles to Prevent the Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice.

Nowadays, due to the lack of an effective vaccine to prevent the toxoplasmosis, chemotherapy with the combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine is considered as the "gold standard" treatment for toxoplasmosis. Recent reports have exhibited that these synthesized chemical drugs are associated with some serious side effects. The present study aims to evaluate the prophylactic effects of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) green synthesized by Capparis spinosa fruit methanolic extract alone and combined with atovaquone against chronic toxoplasmosis induced by the Tehran strain of Toxoplasma gondii in mice METHODS: Mice were then orally administrated with CuNPs at the doses of 2 and 4mg/kg/day and in combined with atovaquone 50mg/kg for 14days. Male BALB/c mice were divided into two seven groups include C1 (non-treated non-infected); C2 (treated with normal saline); C3 (Infected mice treated with atovaquone 100mg/kg/day); Ex1 (treated with CuNPs 2mg/kg/day); Ex2 (treated with CuNPs 4mg/kg/day); Ex3 (treated with CuNPs 2mg/kg/day + atovaquone 50mg/kg/day); Ex3 (treated with CuNPs 4mg/kg/day + atovaquone 50mg/kg/day). On the 15th day, the mice were infected with the intraperitoneal inoculation of 20-25 tissue cysts from the Tehran strain of T. gondii. The mean numbers of brain tissue cysts and the mRNA levels of IL-12, IFN-γ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in mice of each tested group were measured. CuNPs were green synthesized by C. spinosa methanolic extract. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the particle size of CuNPs was 17 and 41nm with maximum peak at the wavelength of 414nm. The mean number of T. gondii tissue cysts in mice of tested groups of Ex1, Ex2, Ex3, and Ex4, significantly decreased as a dose-dependent response compared with control group. Moreover, in similar to the control group C3, no T. gondii tissue cysts was observed in mice of experimental group Ex3 and Ex4. The mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, and iNO was measured in mice of all tested groups. The mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, and iNO was increased in all mice of experimental groups in comparison with the control group C2; however, a significant enhancement was detected in mRNA level of IFN-γ, IL-12, and iNO in the tested groups of Ex3 and Ex4 when compared with control group C3. The obtained results revealed the high potency of CuNPs alone and combined with atovaquone to prevent toxoplasmosis in mice. Although, the prophylactic effects of CuNPs and other properties, such as improved cellular immunity and low toxicity, are positive topics; however, more studies are required to approve these findings especially in clinical settings.

DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL PARAMETERS FOR STANDARDIZATION OF A NOVELMUCILAGE OBTAINED FROM OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.) MOENCH) FRUIT

Objective: The main objective was to focus on qualitative and quantitative analysis of isolated okra mucilage by High-performance Thin Layer Chromatography to set up the quality control parameters for the isolated mucilage.&#x0D; Methods: High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) were applied for the identification of components present in methanolic and ethanolic fruit extract of okra at 254 nm and 356 nm. Quantitative analysis of amino acid ascorbic acid and total polyphenol content was determined.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the yield percentage for methanolic and ethanolic fruit extract of the okra fruit mucilage was found to be 13.5 and12.5% respectively. HPTLC determination of methanolic and ethanolic okra fruit extract showed the presence of 8 components with Rf values in the range of 0.14 to 0.62 and 0.14 to 0.54 respectively when detected at wavelengths 254 nm and at 356 nm. The total amino acid in okra fruit methanolic extract was found to be 11.45%w/w. The ascorbic acid content in methanolic okra fruit extract and ethanolic okra fruit extract was found to be 0.24 %w/w and 0.18% w/w respectively. The total phenolic contents (tannic acid equivalents, mg/g) in the methanolic and ethanolic okra fruit extracts were calculated to be 4.6 % w/wand 5.3% w/w respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The data revealed dual benefits like it can act as a potential novel functional ingredient with health-promoting application due to the presence of ascorbic acid and total phenolics contents and at the same time the data provided guidelines for quality control parameters for the isolated okra fruit

Characterization of Flavonoids and Saponins from Gleditsia triacanthos by LC-ESI/MS/MS Analysis: Pharmacological Assessment of the Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-ulcerogenic Activities of G. triacanthos methanolic Fruit Extract and its n-Butanol Fraction

Characterization of Flavonoids and Saponins from Gleditsia triacanthos by LC-ESI/MS/MS Analysis: Pharmacological Assessment of the Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-ulcerogenic Activities of G. triacanthos methanolic Fruit Extract and its n-Butanol Fraction

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous, Ethanolic and Methanolic Extracts of Areca Nut Fruit on Selected Bacteria.

Today, the tendency to use of natural preservatives to increase food security has expanded. In the present study, antibacterial effects of Areca Nut fruit extracts were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria using agar disc diffusion technique. Methanol, ethanol, and water were used as solvents for extraction by maceration method, and extracts were analyzed by GC-MS. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using microtiter broth dilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results revealed that all ATCC strains were significantly inhibited by ethanolic and methanolic extracts. Escherichia coli produced a significantly larger zone of inhibition for Gentamicin (35 ± 0.65 mm) and Penicillin (25 mm ± 0.56), while Enterobacter aerogenes produced smaller zone of inhibition for Gentamicin (20 ± 0.87 mm) and Penicillin (15 ± 0.87 mm). Also, methanolic extract had considerable antibacterial activity with MIC value of 1.56 mg/mL against Escherichia coli. All of extracts were used to evaluate antibacterial effects in prepared cake, and as a result, all pathogenies were the most sensitive by methanolic extract in 100 mg/L of concentration except Escherichia coli that were more sensitive by ethanolic extract. In conclusion, the Areca Nut fruit extracts may be used as a natural preservative in food industries. Future studies should focus on the effect of Areca Nut fruit extracts in bakery and drinking industries.

ROS-Mediated Apoptosis Induced by BSA Nanospheres Encapsulated with Fruit Extract of Cucumis prophetarum in Various Human Cancer Cell Lines.

In recent decades, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have been used as a nanocarrier for the delivery of anticancer drugs. In the present study, we synthesize bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanospheres and evaluate their ability to incorporate a plant extract with anticancer activity. The plant extract used was the methanol fruit extract of Cucumis prophetarum, which is a medicinal herb. The fruit-extract-encapsulated BSA nanospheres (Cp-BSA nanospheres) were prepared using a desolvation method at various pH values of 5, 7, and 9. The nanosphere formulations were characterized using various techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field-effect scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results show that the Cp-BSA nanospheres prepared at pH 7 were spherical with a uniform particle size, low polydispersity index (PDI), ζ-potential, and high entrapment efficiency (82.3%) and showed sustained release of fruit extract from Cp-BSA nanospheres in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 5. The anticancer activity was evaluated on A549, HepG2, MCF-7 cancer cell lines and HEK 293 normal cell lines. In vitro, antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial membrane potential were estimated. An in vitro cellular uptake study was performed using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dye at a different time of incubation, and DNA fragmentation was observed in a dose-dependent manner. The gene expression level of Bax and the suppression level of Bcl-2 were observed upon the treatment of Cp-BSA nanospheres. Thus, the Cp-BSA nanospheres triggered ROS-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis in different human cancer cell lines when compared to the noncancerous cell lines and could be used as a potential candidate for anticancer agents.

Evaluation of phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of ficus auriculata lour. (moraceae) – an traditional medicinal plant

Ficus auriculata is a huge tropical, deciduous and evergreen tree is cultivated in India for its edible fruits and also this plant fruits have been used for the treatment of diabetes, asthma, male and female infertility by Malayali tribals in Yercaud hills. The main aim of this study was to screening of phytochemical properties of the fruit of this plant and also evaluated their potency. The investigation of phytochemical has been done by chemical tests and using some chemical reagents and it showed the presence of various classes of compounds such as carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic compounds and Tannins, alkaloids, proteins and amino acids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, phytosterols and fixed oils and fat and absence of Anthraquinones. This study summarizes the information concerning the bioactive constituents present in methanol fruit extract which may be responsible for various therapeutically effects. Phenol content of the fruit extract was 1.03mg/g dr.wt, flavonoids content of the fruit extract was 0.64mg/g dr. wt., and alkaloids content was 0.15 mg/g dr.wt. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was established by disc diffusion method and the extract showed a clear zone of inhibition against Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermidies, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genetalium and Pseudonomos aeruginosa. The methanolic fruit extract of the F. auriculata showed a wide range of activity against all the bacterial studied. The zone of inhibition increased with the increase in concentration. Highest activity was seen in Mycoplasma genetalium and Staphylococcus epidermidies in a concentration of 60 µg. the results provide justification for the use of F. auriculata in folk medicine to treat various infectious disease.

Antioxidant And Antibacterial Activities Of Methanol Extract Of Fig Fruit And Leaves (Ficus Carica L.)

Background: Fig plants (Ficus carica L.) have phytochemical contents such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins which are relatively high. The content of this active compound can be used as an antioxidant and antibacterial. Objectif: The study aims to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of methanol extracts fruit and leaves of fig (Ficus carica L.). Methods : DPPH method was carried out to determine the antioxidant fruit and leaves of fig (Ficus carica L.) by observing the change in colour of the test sample after incubation with DPPH solution using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 517 nm. The antibacterial test uses disc paper diffusion test to see the inhibition zone formed and continued with the MIC and MKC tests. Results : The antioxidant test results showed the IC50 values in methanol extracts of fig fruits were 13.402 ppm and 7.9875 ppm for fig leaves. From the IC50 value, both the fruit and fig leaves are classified into a solid antioxidant compound. The antibacterial test results showed that the highest inhibitory diameter was found at a 100% concentration of 28.5 mm. The quantitative antibacterial activity test showed that the methanol extract of fig fruit had a MIC value at a concentration of 80% and a MKC value at a concentration of 100%. The optimal strength as an antibacterial from fruit extracts and leaves is 100% concentration. Conclusion : The results showed the methanol extract of fig (Ficus carica L.) has potential as an antioxidant and antibacterial compound.Keyword : Antioxidant, Antibacterial , Fig Plants

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Ficus carica Plant Extract

The development of antibiotic resistant bacteria causes many harmful effects on human and animal lives. In developing countries many expensive synthetic drugs are being used to cure diseases but they have many side effects. Therefore, there is need to develop new strategies to control microbial infections. Therefore, we decided to work on extracts of different parts of Ficus carica which have good activity against gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria and fungal species. Methanol and chloroform extracts of root, stem, leaves and fruits were prepared and zone of inhibition was measured by using well diffusion method against gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) two gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and two fungal species Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae. methanol extract of leaves has high % yield (5.86%) and high zone of inhibition (23mm) against bacteria Escherichia coli and fungus Aspergillus niger (34mm). Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was highly sensitive to chloroform extract with zone of inhibition 74mm while Escherichia coli was highly sensitive to metabolic extract with zone of inhibition 82mm. Chloroform extract has average zone of inhibition (56mm) and methanolic extract has average zone of inhibition (63mm).

Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of Zanthoxylum armatum DC extracts

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of three different extracts (acetone, methanol, and n-hexane) of Zanthoxylum armatum fruits and leaves were investigated. The maximum inhibition zone was shown by methanolic leaf extract against K. pneumonia (20.51 ± 0.93). The minimum inhibition zone (12.01 ± 0.93) was exhibited by methanolic fruit extract against S. typhi. The highest antioxidant activity was recorded at 1000 ppm. Methanolic leaf extract was the most antioxidant (89.8%) among all the extracts, followed by methanolic fruit extract (88.6%). The methanolic and acetonic extracts showed good antibacterial activity as compared to n-hexane extracts and n-hexane was less antioxidant.

Phyto-constituents profiling of Luffa echinata and in vitro assessment of antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anticancer and anti-acetylcholine esterase activities.

Luffa echinata Roxb. is one of the neglected medicinal plants. It is an important source of bioactive metabolites and used in several Ayurvedic formulations. In the present analysis, mature leaves and fruits were extracted with acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile, methanol and water. Phytochemicals like total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), tannin (TTC), alkaloid (TAC) and terpenoid (TTEC) content were analysed. Further, antioxidant (AOX) activities like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging, metal chelating activity (MC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and phosphomolybdenum assay (PMA) were studied. Highest TPC and TFC (189.57 ± 1.9 mg TAE/g extract, 30.48 ± 0.7 mg CE/g extract, respectively) were reported from acetone extract of the leaves. Ethanolic fruit extract showed the highest TTC (13.79 ± 0.2 mg CE/g extract). Acetone and acetonitrile fruit extract revealed maximum TTEC (602.79 ± 3.5 mg UAE/g extract) and moderate TAC (19.96 ± 0.9 mg GE/g extract), respectively. In AOX, highest DPPH (50.52 ± 0.03 mg AAE/g extract) and ABTS (26.78 ± 0.03 mg TE/g extract) radical scavenging reported in methanolic extract of fruit; however, acetone extract of leaf showed highest FRAP (376.89 ± 1.95 mg Fe(II)/g extract) and PMA (326.54 ± 4.73 mg AAE/g extract). In contrast, aqueous extract of leaf and fruit revealed highest metal chelating activity (41.67 ± 0.49 mg EDTA/g extract). In anti-diabetic studies, acetonitrile extract of leaves and fruits exhibited appreciable inhibition of α-amylase (83.33%) and α-glycosidase (77.42%) enzymes. Similarly, acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was highest in water (88.91%) and acetone (81.87%) extracts of leaf and fruits. Fruit extracts showed potent anticancer activity against breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines (LC50 329.36 and 385.17 µg/mL, respectively). RP-HPLC analysis revealed highest cucurbitacin B (CuB) (196.24 ± 1.4 mg/g DW), followed by cucurbitacin I (CuI) and cucurbitacin E (CuE) in the fruits (57.14 ± 4.9 and 2.03 ± 0.03 mg/g DW, respectively). RP-HPLC analysis of extracts revealed presence of gallic acid (GA), catechin (CA), vanillic acid (VA), chlorogenic acid (CHLA) and coumaric acid (COA), in which highest GA found in the fruits (1.26 ± 0.07 mg/g DW). Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed presence of bioactive compounds from various groups. Based on the present findings, it was revealed that the fruit and leaf of L. echinata can be used as potent bioresource for natural antioxidants, anti-diabetic, and anticancer drug.

Phytochemical composition and in -vitro pharmacological evaluation of Emex australis Steinh: A natural source of enzyme inhibitors

The current research investigated the chemical profiling and biological activities of Emex australis Steinh. aerial and fruit parts (methanol and dichloromethane-DCM extracts). Chemical composition was established by determining the amounts of phenolic and flavonoid contents, HPLC-PDA polyphenolic quantification, and UHPLC-MS secondary metabolites profiling to understand the observed biological activities. Antioxidant evaluation was performed utilizing six different assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelation). Moreover, enzyme inhibition abilities against cholinesterases, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase were also determined. The fruit methanol extract contained the highest phenolic (157.96 mg GAE/ g extract) and flavonoid contents (41.43 mg QE/g extract), which could justify the observed significant antioxidant (except metal chelating), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase inhibitory potentials. The other extracts were active against cholinesterases and tyrosinase. The HPLC-PDA polyphenolic analysis quantified a number of 11 phenolic secondary metabolites. The fruit-MeOH extract was found to quantify the maximum phenolics with catechin (4.27 μg/g extract) and gallic acid (4.84 μg/g extract) in higher amounts. Similarly, rutin present in maximum quantity in the aerial-MeOH extract (2.93 μg/g extract). Furthermore, the UHPLC-MS study of aerial and fruit methanol extracts reveals the existence of 22 secondary metabolites, most of which were flavonoid derivatives. Besides that, Pearson coefficient analysis (PCA) was also carried to determine a possible correlation between bioactive contents and observed biological assays. Thus, it is concluded that E. australis extracts contain important classes of secondary metabolites and also exhibited considerable antioxidant and inhibition potential against clinically relevant enzymes.

SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibition by compounds isolated from Luffa cylindrica using molecular docking

In this study, chemical investigation of methanol extract of the air-dried fruits of Luffa cylindrica led to the identification of a new δ‐valerolactone (1), along with sixteen known compounds (2–17). Their chemical structures including the absolute configuration were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and electronic circular dichroism analysis, as well as by comparison with those reported in the literature. For the first time in literature, we have examined the binding potential of the isolated compounds to highly conserved protein, Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 using the molecular docking technique. We found that the isolated saponins (14–17) bind to the substrate‐binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with docking energy scores of –7.13, –7.29, –7.47, and –7.54 kcal.mol−1, respectively, along with binding abilities equivalent to an already claimed N3 protease inhibitor (–7.51 kcal.mol−1).

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Cedrela toona Roxb. Leaf Extracts

Antioxidant potency of fruits of Cedrela toona Roxb. crude methanol and its fractionated extracts (hexane, acetone and water) have been investigated, employing three different established in vitro testing systems, such as scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, reducing power assay and β-carotene method. The methanol extract of fruits of Cedrela toona Roxb. showed the best DPPH scavenging activity with the lowest EC 50 34 μg/ml, followed by the acetone (EC 50 39 μg/ml), hexane (EC 50 48 μg/ml) and water extract (EC 50 54 μg/ml). The reducing power of Cedrela toona Roxb. fruit extracts increased steadily with increasing concentrations and varied significantly with different concentrations. The methanol and acetone extracts appeared to possess the highest significant reducing activity among the extracts. The stronger reducing power in the methanol and acetone extracts was probably due to the concentration of antioxidant compounds like flavonoids and phenolics in the extract. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, the antioxidant activities of all the fruits extracts gradually increased with increasing concentration of the extracts and varied significantly with different concentrations. The water extract showed the lowest significant antioxidant activity, while the methanol extract showed the highest significant antioxidant activity. The high antioxidant activity of methanol extract tested using β-carotene model may be correlated with the high phenolic content of the methanol extract. In conclusion, antioxidant study suggested that fruits of Cedrela toona Roxb. are potential source of natural antioxidants. However, further investigations on in vivo antioxidant activities are highly recommended.&#x0D; In the present study, the antioxidant potency of Cedrela toona Roxb. crude methanol and its fractionated extracts (hexane, acetone and water) have been investigated, employing three different established in vitro testing systems, such as scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, reducing power assay and β-carotene method. There is no antioxidant study reported for Cedrela toona Roxb.Thus, antioxidant activity of Cedrela toona Roxb. was evaluated as it had not been determined previously.

Phytochemical Profiling of Methanolic Fruit Extract of Gardenia latifolia Ait. by LC-MS/MS Analysis and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity.

Gardenia latifolia Ait. (Rubiaceae) is also known as Indian Boxwood is a small deciduous tree often growing in southern states of India. In the present study, phytochemical profiling of methanolic extract of G. latifolia fruits were carried out using FTIR and LC-MS/MS analysis. Besides, its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential have been analysed using DPPH activity, differential pulse voltammetry and resazurin microtiter assay, respectively. Phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of 22 major diversified compounds and main were 3-caffeoyl quinic acid (chlorogenic acid), 3,4-Di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, 6-O-trans-feruloylgenipin gentiobioside, 10-(6-O-trans sinapoyl glucopyranosyl) gardendiol, isoquercitrin, scortechinones, secaubryenol, iridoids and quercetin 3-rutinoside (rutin). The extract showed antioxidant activity (IC50 = 65.82) and powerful antibacterial activity with lowest minimum inhibitory concentration against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (15.62 µg/µL), Bacillus subtilis (31.25 µg/µL) than gram negative Escherichia coli (62.5 µg/µL), Klebsiella pneumoniae (62.5 µg/µL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (31.25 µg/µL). This study shows that the fruits of G. latifolia have tremendous potential to be used in food industries, phyto-therapeutics and cosmetic industries.

Estimation of total tannins, total phenolics and total flavonoids of different extracts of cedrela toona roxb. Fruits.

Air dried powdered material of the fruits of cedrela toona Roxb. was successively extracted with petroleum ether, hexane, acetone, methanol and water extract by soxhlet extraction and subjected to various qualitative chemical tests to determine presence of various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenolics and tannins, phtosterols, fixed oils and fats, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, saponins etc. Total flavonoids content was measured with the ‘Aluminium Chloride Colorimetric Assay Method’. Total Phenolic content in the aqueous and methanol extracts of fruits of Cedrela toona Roxb. were determined using the Folin Denis Method and expressed as mg of tannic acid equivalents per gram dry weight of extract. This study helps researchers for developmentof isolation method of active ingredient having vast pharmacological effects.&#x0D; Keywords: Cedrela toona, total flavonoids, total tannins and phenolics, Tannic acid