Gas Meter Research Articles

Black Carbon Emissions and Associated Health Impacts of Gas Flaring in the United States

Gas flaring from oil and gas fields is a significant source of black carbon (BC) emissions, a component of particulate matter that damages health and warms the climate. Observations from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite instrument indicate that approximately 17.2 billion cubic meters (bcm) of gas was flared from upstream oil and gas operations in the United States in 2019. Based on an emissions factor equation that accounts for the higher heating value of the gas, that corresponded to nearly 16,000 tons of BC emitted, though estimates vary widely across published emissions factors. In this study, we used three reduced-form air quality and health effect models to estimate the health impacts from the flaring-emitted BC particulate matter in the United States. The three models—EASIUR, AP3, and InMAP—predict 26, 48, and 53 premature deaths, respectively, in 2019. The mortality range expands from 5 to 360 deaths annually if alternative emission factors are used. This study shows that reduced-form models can be useful to estimate the impacts of numerous dispersed emissions sources such as flares, and that further research is needed to better quantify BC emissions factors from flares.

Gas exchange readjustments in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia exposure in Magadan region military service draftees

Our study identified gas exchange and external respiration characteristics during hypoxia and hypercapnia exposure in young men of the Magadan Region. Materials and methods. A comprehensive survey in young men of military age, 18-21 yr., permanent residents of the Russia’s Northeast, was conducted. A hypoxic-&-hypercapnic respiration test with no CO2 absorption was used. Before and after respiration, using indirect calorimetry method, we analyzed gas composition in exhaled air, external respiration variables, body energy expenditure at rest, respiratory quotient, ventilation equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide (Carbonic gas analyzer, Medgraphics VO2000 gas meter). Statistical data processing was performed with Statistica 7.0 package. Results. Significant post-respiratory dynamics in most indicators of gas exchange and external respiration was found. In response to hypoxia and hypercapnia effects, an increase in the energy consumption at rest, in minute volume of body temperature and pressure saturation, in carbon dioxide emission and oxygen consumption per minute was observed with significantly decreased oxygen utilization factor. Conclusion. Effects of hypoxic-&-hypercapnic test can be seen as pronounced readjustments in analyzed variables: intensed metabolism at the test peak and that reduced below baseline in the recovery period. In this case, breathing patterns are readjusted with pronounced increase in pulmonary ventilation and higher values in breathing depth in comparison with the baseline value at each stage of the recovery period, up to its 3rd minute.

Laboratory Atmospheric Levels of Formaldehyde in Selected Laboratories used by Medical Students in a Tertiary Institution in Edo State, Nigeria

This study was conducted to measure the laboratory atmospheric levels of formaldehyde in selected laboratories used by medical students in a tertiary institution in Edo state, Nigeria during the course of their medical training using a formaldehyde gas meter (EXTECH FM 200) ensuring that the laboratories served as the test groups while the lecture theatre served as the control. Data obtained from this study shows that medical students are exposed to various levels of formaldehyde in the different laboratories (Anatomy laboratory 1.71±0.11ppm; Histopathology laboratory 1.96±0.02ppm; Medical Biochemistry laboratory 0.07±0.003ppm and Physiology laboratory 0.05±0.002ppm) and these values are above the recommended limit prescribed by standard organizations. Hence, it was therefore concluded that measures should be taken to ensure reduction of formaldehyde air levels in the Anatomy and Histopathology laboratories in order to protect the medical students from the harmful effect of formaldehyde.

Analysis of the effectiveness of the technological system for the development of the XXIII layer of the Goyt-court

The analysis, development of the XXIII reservoir of the Goyt-Kort field, the choice of the field as a priority object for high-pressure gas injection to enhance oil recovery is well substantiated by the geological and production characteristics of the reservoir, technological features of the developed process and economic needs. The relevance of additional development, restoration and arrangement of the field, study of the current state of the reservoir, conducting research of wells, designing technology and techniques for the process of stimulating the reservoir. The reservoir of the XXIII layer of the Goyt-Kort field is characterized by low permeability, significant heterogeneity and clay content. The process of displacement by water in such conditions is very difficult, and therefore attempts to master the injection of water into the XXIII reservoir were unsuccessful. The active mode of injection of compressed hydrocarbon gas into the reservoir has been carried out for more than twelve years and during this time about one and a half billion cubic meters of gas have been injected into the reservoir. The main oil production at the field is currently carried out from the XXIII layer. The field tested and implemented the technology of continuous injection of the inhibitor into the annulus of the well. To remove the clay bridging agent of the pore matrix of high-temperature terrigenous objects, the use of reagents based on boronfluorinehydrogen acid is recommended.

Design features of technological functional components of stationary automobile gas filling compressor stations (CNG stations). Part 1

The characteristics and parameters of the main technological functional components and systems of CNG filling stations are given. The composition and characteristics of CNG filling station systems and units are given. The analysis of the technical and operational characteristics of the technological components of the CNG filling station is given. The characteristics of the inlet cranes and the gas flow metering system are given. The basic technological scheme of the preliminary gas purification system is given. The requirements for the process equipment and functional systems of the CNG filling station are set out. The design and technological scheme of the gas adsorber and accumulator is given. A schematic diagram of the main components of a reciprocating compressor is given. The characteristics and the principle of operation of the shut-off and safety equipment of the CNG filling station are given. A schematic diagram of gas drying and purification is given. A schematic diagram of the refueling module and the means of ensuring the safety of its operation is shown. Keywords compressed natural gas, technological and functional components of CNG filling stations, input crane unit, gas metering unit, gas pretreatment unit, gas drying and purification unit, gas compression unit, gas accumulator unit, gas filling column

A Small Flow Point Signal Processing and Measurement Method for Ultrasonic Gas Meter

A Small Flow Point Signal Processing and Measurement Method for Ultrasonic Gas Meter

Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of polyoxymethylene nanocomposite for application in gears of diaphragm gas meters

Abstract Polyoxymethylene (POM) gears have significant roles in the accuracy, robustness and stability of diaphragm gas meters. Therefore, in an attempt to enhance the properties of POM, four different POM-Cloisite 20A nanocomposites were produced in this study. Later tensile and bending strengths, hardness and Vicat softening temperature test, TGA, DSC, SEM and XRD were employed to experimentally evaluate, compare and contrast the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of those nano-composites. The results proved that proper melt-mixing of 1% nanoparticle into the polymer matrix could lead to an exfoliated nanocomposite that enhanced the mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, yield stress, tensile and bending strengths and hardness) more than the other samples; however it reduced the degradation temperature. Finally, it did not significantly affect the melting temperature. These experimental results provide promising indications that the nano-based POM gears can exhibit better mechanical properties; hence ensuring an extended and robust performance of diaphragm gas meters.

DEVELOPMENT OF PRİORİTİES AND PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN AZERBAIJAN

DEVELOPMENT OF PRİORİTİES AND PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN AZERBAIJAN

Behavior of a gas bubble separating from a cavity formed in magnetic fluid in an inhomogeneous magnetic field

In this work, we report results of the experimental study of the dynamics of a gas bubble separating from the air cavity in a magnetic fluid placed in an inhomogeneous magnetic field created by a ring magnet. Two experiments were carried out for samples with different concentrations: video recordings of the interphase boundary in a flat channel and recordings of electromagnetic vibrations caused by the gas bubble oscillations in a magnetic fluid. It is shown that the bubbles have a stable size. The respective dependencies of the bubble size on the magnetic fluid concentration and the air supply argue that it is possible to use the considered setup as a microdoser or a gas meter in microfluidics applications.

THE FEATURES OF INTERVENTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF GAS METERS USING THE ACTION OF FOREIGN OBJECTS

This article is devoted to the study of the construction features of gas meters of the membrane type and the principles of their operation. Traces of the mechanical action of foreign objects discovered and studied in the process of expert practice, which arise when interfering with the measuring and counting mechanisms of membrane-type gas meters, were analyzed. With the help of which changes could be made in the construction of parts and assemblies of measuring and counting mechanisms of membrane-type gas meters. According to the authors, the complex of studies carried out gives grounds to summarize that in the expert-trasological study of membrane-type gas meters, it is necessary to take into account their design features and principles of operation in order to identify possible interventions in the measuring and counting mechanisms of membrane-type gas meters during the examination. Keywords: gas meter, the casing, measuring mechanism, counting mechanism, connecting fittings, deflector, meter valve, measuring mechanism rollers.

Final report "Key comparison CCM.FF-K1.2015 - water flow: 30 m3/h ... 200 m3/h"

Main textThe objective of the Key Comparison CCM.FF-K1.2015 for water flow measurement was to support and prove the Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMC) of the participating NMIs of Japan (AIST), Mexico (CENAM), Chinese Taipei (ITRI), Korea (KRISS), P.R. China (NIM), Germany (PTB), USA (NIST), Sweden (RISE), UK (NEL), Turkey (TUBITAK UME) and Netherlands (VSL). The comparison was organized as a round robin, started in December 2015 at PTB and finished in April 2018, also at PTB. As pilot laboratory, the national metrology institute of Germany (PTB) organised the comparison. A combined setup of a turbine meter and Coriolis meter was used as a transfer standard (TS), which was provided by the pilot laboratory. The nominal calibration conditions of the KC were defined within the flow range between 30 m3/h and 200 m3/h, 20 °C fluid temperature and 3 bar line pressure.A special focus of the comparison was to estimate the uncertainties of the transfer standard (u TS). Both transfer meters were subjected to extensive characterization measurements at pilot laboratory, with the following investigated parameters: fluid temperature, line pressure, repeatability, flow stability, meter sensitivity to varying inflow conditions and hysteresis effects.For turbine meter, all labs passed the E N criteria of ≤ 1.20. The calibrations of the turbine meter were strongly affected by the presence of the large values for u TS with > 0.12 % k =1) which were mainly caused by the meter sensitivity to disturbed inflow conditions. This effect led to inconclusive calibration results for all laboratories. The evaluation criteria u comp/u base exceeded the critical value of 2.00. Finally, the turbine meter was not suitable for a confirmation of all submitted CMC values.For Coriolis meter, all labs passed the E N criteria of ≤ 1.20. In contrast to turbine meter, the evaluation criteria u comp/u base exceeded the critical value of 2.00 for one laboratory, only. The maximum uncertainty u TS of Coriolis meter was estimated with 0.022 % (k =1).In summary, the comparison was successfully finished for a confirmation of the submitted CMC values, related to mass calibrations. For volume related CMCs this comparison was not suitable.To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

CFD analysis of the ultrasonic gas meter channel

This paper describes a process of numerical testing and optimization of the ultrasonic gas meter channel. A conventional ultrasonic flowmeter requires a large installation space due to the quality and stability of the velocity profile. Previously, the shape of the inner gas meter channel was optimized to reach a suitable flow field for ultrasonic measurement. The goal of this work is to find an optimal design of reduced size gas meter to achieve a stable velocity profile with minimum disturbances regardless of the entry conditions in the smallest possible space. Flow characteristics for volume flow rate in the range (1 to 250) m3/h were tested and the parameters of the gas meter were adjusted. Obtained results show good match with the requirements. Future work should aim to the measurement of transit time and the stability of measured values on the optimized design. Finally, it will enable to create the analogy between numerically obtained velocity fields and real transit time measurement.

Modelling oil and gas flow rate through chokes: A critical review of extant models

Oil and gas metering is primarily used as the basis for evaluating the economic viability of oil wells. Owing to the economic implications of oil and gas metering, the subject of oil and gas flow rate measurement has witnessed a sustained interest by the oil and gas community and the academia. To the best of the authors' knowledge, despite the growing number of published articles on this subject, there is yet no comprehensive critical review on it. The objective of this paper is to provide a broad overview of models and modelling techniques applied to the estimation of oil and gas flow rate through chokes while also critically evaluating them. For the sake of simplicity and ease of reference, the outcomes of the review are presented in tables in an integrated and concise manner. The articles for this review were extracted from many subject areas. For the theoretical pieces related to oil and gas flow rate in general, the authors relied heavily upon several key drilling fluid texts. For operational and field studies, the authors relied on conference proceedings from the society of petroleum engineers. These sources were supplemented with articles in peer reviewed journals in order to contextualize the subject in terms of current practices. This review is interspersed with critiques of the models while the areas requiring improvement were also outlined. Findings from the bibliometric analysis indicate that there is no universal model for all flow situations despite the huge efforts in this direction. Furthermore, a broad survey of literature on recent flow models reveals that researchers are gravitating towards the field of artificial intelligence due to the tremendous promises it offers. This review constitutes the first critical compilation on a broad range of models applied to predicting oil and gas flow rates through chokes.

Screening Process Mining and Value Stream Techniques on Industrial Manufacturing Processes: Process Modelling and Bottleneck Analysis

One major result of the Industrial Digitalization is the access to a large set of digitalized data and information, i.e. Big Data. The market of analytic tools offers a huge variety of algorithms and software to exploit big datasets. Implementing their advantages into one approach brings better results and empower possibilities for process analysis. Its application in the manufacturing industry requires a high level of effort and remains to be challenging due to product complexity, human-centric processes, and data quality. In this manuscript, the authors combine process mining and value streams methods for analyzing the data from the information management system, applying the approach to the data delivered by one specific manufacturing system. The manufacturing process to be examined is the process of assembling gas meters in the manufacture. This specific and important part of the whole supply-chain process was taken as suitable for the study due to almost full-automated line with data about each process activity of the value-stream in the information system. The paper applies process mining algorithms in discovering a descriptive process model that plays the main role as a basis for further analysis. At the same time, modern techniques of the bottleneck analysis are described, and two new comprehensible methods of bottlenecks detection (TimeLag and Confidence intervals methods), as well as their advantages, will be discussed. Achieved results can be subsequently used for other sources of big data and industrial-compliant Information Management Systems.

In situ formic acid dehydrogenation observation using a UV-vis-diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy system.

By applying a simple method on the generated gas concentration in the center of a round cell through high-speed stirring, we succeeded in continuously monitoring catalytic formic acid dehydrogenation using a newly developed in situ/operando UV-vis-diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy system, which can exhibit a high S/N ratio and reliable spectra without any mechanical errors from gas meters.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ И АЛГОРИТМ ОЦЕНКИ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ВЛАЖНОГО КОКСОВОГО ГАЗА НА МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКОМ ПРЕДПРИЯТИИ

Accurate calculation of fuel consumption helps to correctly plan the operating modes of power equipment. The paper presents a mathematical model for calculating the arrival of heat with coke oven gas at a metallurgical plant. Amendments to the gas consumption for its composition have been introduced. For each consumer, the chemical and physical energy that comes with the gas is determined. This method does not require measuring the composition of the coke oven gas for each consumer; furthermore there is no need to measure the humidity of the gas. For gas metering units, it is only required to install a standard set of devices before gas-consuming equipment, which reduces the cost of system maintenance.

The research and development of technical and technological solutions for the operation of oil wells with increased gas content

In the practice of oil production, there are oil deposits with high values of gas content (gas factor), from tens to hundreds of cubic meters of gas per one ton of oil produced. Gas dissolved in oil and coming from the reservoir into the well along with the liquid phase (oil, water), under certain thermodynamic conditions, is capable of forming hydrates, which complicate the operation of downhole pumping equipment, reduce the efficiency of pumps and well flow rate. The formation of gas hydrate plugs in the well requires the total overhaul, which leads to an increase in non-productive time, financial costs and an increase in lost profits on lost oil. Considered in the article technologies and devices that prevent the formation of gas hydrates in marginal wells with a high gas content in oil have shown their unreliability and low efficiency. The authors propose for the consideration a new effective technology for the operation of such wells, which makes it possible to avoid the formation of hydrates. Keywords: well; gas content; hydrates; production; oil; valve; coupling; pump.

ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY IN AUTOMATED CONTROL OF WATER RESOURCES

Control of water resources is becoming an important strategic issue. That is why authorities set the goal for wa-ter agencies to manage the availability of water and create regulations to its rational use. The main point in water control is measurement. There are three important aspects of measurements of water resources: at water extraction from nature, at the consumption and at custody transfer. Control of water consumption sometimes is based not on measurements, but on preliminary estimation, for example, by pumping.
 Ultrasonic measurement technology as a key feature of automated control of resources has a potential role in this market. In contrast to mechanical (turbine) meters, ultrasonic meters have a priority because they also give a possibility to realize smart metering. In contrast to electromagnetic meters, which also measure with high accuracy and realize smart functions, ultrasonic meters much more suitable for rough water, wastewater and sewage. Such water resources are usually poorly controlled, which means that no one knows their exact cost.
 Measurement is mandatory to control cost and for billing. Accuracy is important issue, especially when we say about measurements in large pipe diameters. There is practically no alternative to ultrasonic flow meters. Market of diverse meters concentrated on diameters under 400 mm. For larger diameters, only ultrasonic meters are in use. They have many chords, difficult algorithms for data processing. Thus, they are applicable over a very wide flow range.
 In this paper, we discover transit-time ultrasonic flow meters to understand features of their measurement theory taking into account all factors affecting their work. This article describes errors inherent in these flowmeters during measurements.
 As far as accuracy is significantly important in billing, the cost of 1% measurement error in consumption of water resources for small (DN50÷DN150 mm) and large (DN200÷DN1200 mm) pipe diameters has been evaluated and analyzed. The losses from the installation of low-quality metering devices are demonstrated and discussed.

Impact of Hydrogen Injection on Natural Gas Measurement

Hydrogen is increasingly receiving a primary role as an energy vector in ensuring the achievement of the European decarbonization goals by 2050. In fact, Hydrogen could be produced also by electrolysis of water using renewable sources, such as photovoltaic and wind power, being able to perform the energy storage function, as well as through injection into natural gas infrastructures. However, hydrogen injection directly impacts thermodynamic properties of the gas itself, such as density, calorific value, Wobbe index, sound speed, etc. Consequently, this practice leads to changes in metrological behavior, especially in terms of volume and gas quality measurements. In this paper, the authors present an overview on the impact of hydrogen injection in natural gas measurements. In particular, the changes in thermodynamic properties of the gas mixtures with different H2 contents have been evaluated and the effects on the accuracy of volume conversion at standard conditions have been investigated both on the theoretical point of view and experimentally. To this end, the authors present and discuss the effect of H2 injection in gas networks on static ultrasonic domestic gas meters, both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view. Experimental tests demonstrated that ultrasonic gas meters are not significantly affected by H2 injection up to about 10%.

Review of metering and gas measurements in high-volume shale gas wells

Coriolis, turbine, V-cone, and orifice meters have been used in measurement of gas production in shale wells. Flange-tapped concentric orifice meters are commonly used in measurement of shale gas production volumes due to their low cost, accuracy, and ease of maintenance compared to other types of meters. However, shale gas wells are producing at high flow rates, high pressure, and possibly gas compositions change, which might affect volumetric measurement accuracy that was developed for conventional gas wells. Thus, it is critical to investigate the metering and measurements technologies that are being applied in shale gas wells to further understand and improve the accuracy of gas volumetric measurements. This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of background information, design, measurement, and uncertainties associated with Coriolis meters, turbine meters, V-cone meters, and orifice meters. We also discussed the lessons learned through our field experiences in computing gas volumes using SCADA information in shale gas and conventional gas production.