Abstract
Hydrogen is increasingly receiving a primary role as an energy vector in ensuring the achievement of the European decarbonization goals by 2050. In fact, Hydrogen could be produced also by electrolysis of water using renewable sources, such as photovoltaic and wind power, being able to perform the energy storage function, as well as through injection into natural gas infrastructures. However, hydrogen injection directly impacts thermodynamic properties of the gas itself, such as density, calorific value, Wobbe index, sound speed, etc. Consequently, this practice leads to changes in metrological behavior, especially in terms of volume and gas quality measurements. In this paper, the authors present an overview on the impact of hydrogen injection in natural gas measurements. In particular, the changes in thermodynamic properties of the gas mixtures with different H2 contents have been evaluated and the effects on the accuracy of volume conversion at standard conditions have been investigated both on the theoretical point of view and experimentally. To this end, the authors present and discuss the effect of H2 injection in gas networks on static ultrasonic domestic gas meters, both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view. Experimental tests demonstrated that ultrasonic gas meters are not significantly affected by H2 injection up to about 10%.
Highlights
This paper presents an overview on the effect of hydrogen injection in natural gas measurements
These analysers are equipped with thermal conductivity detectors (TCD) and a flame ionization detector (FID), which is the third measurement channel enabling the determination of the content of hydrogen and other basic components of natural gas-hydrogen mixtures up to 100%
The results obtained show that injection of H2 into natural gas significantly impacts the relative density, specific heat and higher calorific value and speed of sound, while the Wobbe Index is less affected
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The third and last phase aims to deploy large scale renewable hydrogen technologies to reach all hard-to-decarbonise sectors by 2050 To achieve such goals, it will be effective to consider the reuse of the existing natural gas (NG) infrastructure. 1.4–16%; (iv) the Wobbe index reduces by 0.49–5.7% It is affirmed no particular substitution of components, nor modifications in the algorithms for calculating physical parameters of the gas mixture and volumetric flow (volume) are needed when about 10% hydrogen is injected into natural gas, allowing for maintaining substantially unaltered existing management practices in gas transportation and consumption systems. Łach [14] investigated the issues of H2 injection on the compressibility factor, which is critical for the volume conversion at standard conditions To this aim, tests were carried out to compare SGERG-88 and AGA8-DC92 algorithms with increasing H2 contents, due to the fact that both algorithms present the application limit of H2 = 10% (mol/mol). The impact of the hydrogen injection on the accuracy of static ultrasonic domestic gas meters has been experimentally investigated for the first time to the best knowledge of the authors, and the related results have been presented and discussed
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