Form Of Metaphor Research Articles

국어 관념적 은유의 종류와 특징: 체계기능언어학의 문법적 은유 이론에 기반하여

Objectives The purpose of this article is to identify the types of ideational metaphors in Korean and their characteristics. Methods The research method of this paper is the ideational metaphor theory of systemic functional linguistics, and the research object is the ideational metaphor expressions in Korean. Ideational metaphors are further subcategorized into empirical metaphors and logical metaphors. Empirical metaphors, also known as Transitivity system metaphors, are realized by the transition of semantic elements within a clause from congruent to incongruent (metaphorical type), whereas logical metaphors are realized by the transition alike between clause complex and Transitivity systems of other clauses. Results We found that there are 10 different types of ideational metaphors in Korean. They are as follows ‘process’ → ‘thing (noun)’ (<1.>), ‘process’ → ‘other process (verb)’ (<2.>), ‘circumstance’ → ‘thing(noun)’ (<3.>), ‘circumstance’ → ‘circumstance(multiword expressions)’ (<4.>), ‘figure’ → ‘figure(other clause)’ (<5. >), ‘relators’→‘thing (noun phrase)’ (<6.>), ‘relatiors’→‘process(verb)’ (<7.>), ‘relators’→‘circumstance(adverb or multi-word expressions)’ (<8.>), ‘relators’→‘relators(other clause complex)’ (<9.>), and ‘empty form(∅)’→‘thing(noun)’ (<10.>). In the process, we put forward two criteria for identifying ideational metaphors: the “two-level condition” and the “metaphoric form reorganization condition”. Conclusions The ten types of ideational metaphorical expressions identified in this paper indicate that there are various lexico-grammatical expressions with the same meaning in Korean. It is expected that these ideational metaphor expressions can be utilized in various ways in the field of Korean language education if they are organized into levels using rankshift or transitive types in discourse semantic elements.

An Unheimlich Wanderer: Mick’s Spatial Anxiety in Carson McCullers’s The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter

ABSTRACT Space and anxiety are intimately intertwined, as is reflected in Carson McCullers’s The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter. This article focuses on one of the main characters Mick Kelly, who, throughout the novel, is beset by spatial anxiety which in essence stems from the unhomely feeling. It firstly defines the German terms, namely heimlich and unheimlich, examining the way in which spatial anxiety is represented in and out of the house. Furthermore, the possible causes pertaining to politics in the house and the conflict between private and public spaces are determined. It is worth noting that spatial anxiety is a universal experience of humans, which resonates with Lukács’s “transcendental homelessness.” By explicating Mick’s various strategies for dispelling spatial anxiety, it is concluded that mapping, in the metaphorical form of projecting and wandering, constitutes an effective way to cope with spatial anxiety, when a sense of disorientation permeates the modern labyrinthine world.

Systemic Functional Linguistics to stylistics Analysis of Beloved novel by Toni Morrison

This paper examines the stylistic effects of nominalization, a form of ideational grammatical metaphor (IGM), in Toni Morrison's novel Beloved. It employs Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) by Halliday and Matthiessen as the analytical framework. The aims are to identify the types of processes, participant roles, and circumstances used in the story based on the transitivity system, and to connect the author's choice of these elements to her personal experiences and the message she conveys about slavery and racism in America. The methodology involves analyzing the first chapter of Beloved to identify instances of nominalization and their metaphorical nature, comparing metaphorical wording with its possible congruent wording to understand the impact, and calculating the frequency of IGMs while classifying process types according to the transitivity system. The findings reveal numerous examples of nominalization in the first chapter, with Morrison achieving a more abstract, formal, and objective tone through nominalizing processes, particularly verbs turned into nouns. This also leads to the condensation of information, increased focus on concepts rather than actions, a more vivid and expressive style, and a means to comment on historical and ideological messages. The paper demonstrates how Morrison's use of IGM through nominalization contributes significantly to the stylistic effects and thematic concerns of Beloved, strengthening the novel's ability to convey the struggles and experiences of Black Americans in a context of slavery and racism.

A corpus-based cognitive analysis of metaphors of gender issues in national media

The identification of conceptual metaphors of gender issues in the national media using corpus linguistic analysis has constructed a discourse based on the correlation between experience and linguistic feature phenomena. This research identifies and reveals three conceptual metaphors based on word frequency, collocation, and concordance. A combined method with an explanatory sequential design was used by collecting Koran Sindo news in 2022–2023 that represented gender issues; there were 210 news articles with 71,920 words. Data collection techniques are documentation, listening, and note-taking using data analysis in AntConc and interactive models. The results of this study are as follows: first, the highest frequency of words is significantly found in the words 'korban' and 'perempuan.' Secondly, collocations have a contradictory tendency to present gender issues. Third, concordance produces identifying forms of conceptual metaphors, such as: a) 4 structural metaphors, conceptually meaning sexual coercion, rape, provider power, and necessity; b) 2 orientational metaphors have conceptual meanings, such as urgency and period; c) 3 ontological metaphors with conceptual meanings include deterioration, qualification, and capacity. This research contributes to exploring cognitive semantic prosody through the phenomenon of lexical and linguistic features.

Lost in translation: The need for updated messaging strategies in invasion biology communication

Societal Impact StatementAs with any complex environmental challenge, information about the “invasive species problem” must be communicated effectively to generate widespread public trust, understanding, and engagement in solutions. However, there is growing recognition that conventional messaging strategies can be ineffective or even detrimental at activating the broader public. Flawed communication practices can have harmful societal impacts by perpetuating misinformation, propagating feelings of panic and fatalism, and disaffecting audience members within historically marginalized communities. In this article, we draw attention to existing communication barriers in invasion biology and attempt to address the flawed messaging strategies which perpetuate negative societal outcomes.SummaryEffective communication about introduced, invasive species is necessary for the public to engage in productive dialogue and participate in solutions. Best practices in communication are more essential than ever before, as the harmful environmental and societal impacts of invasive species are exacerbated by globalization and anthropogenic disturbance. In this article, we review how public misunderstanding and mistrust present persistent barriers to invasion biology communication. We then describe three flawed messaging strategies that underlie these barriers. These strategies include fear appeals, simplified invasion metaphors, and militaristic and xenophobic language. Though intended to inspire a public sense of urgency and action, these strategies more often stoke sentiments of confusion and mistrust when employed in practice. Efforts to develop new best practices in communication are already underway. However, there is a great need for efficacy testing and wider adoption among science and education professionals alike. We draw from the interdisciplinary literature to recommend specific forms of value appeals, metaphors, and language that are a promising foundation for improvement.

Olympism through the Eyes of Coaches: Metaphorical Texture and Colors of Sport

This study aims to explore coaches' metaphorical perceptions of the concept of “Olympism.” The research sample consists of 170 coaches (86 male, 84 female) from various sports disciplines, working in both public and private organizations in Turkey during the 2023-2024 academic year. Data were collected using a “metaphor form,” where participants were prompted to complete the sentence: “Olympism is like ...; because …”. Content analysis was employed to examine the responses, leading to the development of categories and themes. The metaphors were organized into five categories, each comprising eleven themes. The most prominent category was ‘values of sport,’ followed by ‘abstract concepts and spiritual development’ and ‘universal values.’. The most frequent metaphors included life, Olympiad, summit, success, harmony, spirit, and sport. These findings indicate that coaches view sport as both a physical and a spiritual journey, emphasizing that Olympism supports athletes' personal and professional development. In the category of “Sport and Ethical Competition,” coaches highlighted that Olympism encompasses ethical values and social contributions in addition to achieving success. In the “Abstract Concepts and Spiritual Development” category, coaches described Olympism as a spiritual journey and a philosophy of life. Meanwhile, in the “Universal Values” category, they conveyed that sport serves as a means of fostering global unity and understanding. Overall, the study highlights that metaphors are an effective means of expressing the complex and multifaceted nature of Olympism.

An Investigation of Metaphoric Perceptions about the Concept of Creative Drama

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the perceptions of the participants selected from English teachers about creative drama reflect the general characteristics of creative drama by using metaphor method. Design/Methodology/Approach: Phenomenological research is concerned with how people experience the world at a given time and in a specific context. In other words, phenomenological research aims to describe, understand and interpret the structure of phenomena arising in mind as a result of the interaction of the individuals with the World. “A metaphor form” was used as the data collection tool to determine the perceptions of the teachers about the concept of creative drama. In the form, there is an expression “ creative drama is (a)... because.....”. the participant selection was based on purposive sampling and particiapants were sixty English teacher. Findings: The obtained data were analyzed through content analysis. Results showed that there occured 30 metaphoric expressions and 7 categories. These metaphors were based on game, roleplaying, several themes, creativity, real life, its developmental aspect and wasting time. Highlights: Metaphors direct, shed light and guide our practices. This situation translates into “If a picture is worth a thousand words, a metaphor is worth a thousand pictures; Because a picture just presents a static image, a metaphor provides a mental framework for being about a phenomenon.” (Shuell, 1990) is also clearly reflected. This quote effectively reveals how metaphors are a powerful tool in recording and indicating the general distribution of the human profile and especially the educators themselves.

A Study of Chinese Translation of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language from the Perspective of Grammatical Metaphor

In Systemic Functional Linguistics, grammatical metaphor is categorized into ideational and interpersonal types. Translation, as a process of code-switching, involves choosing between congruent and metaphorical forms, each serving different communicative purposes. Distinguishing these forms clarifies their distinct functions. This paper explores the use and importance of grammatical metaphors in translating The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language based on the author’s independent translation practice. Given this, the study achieves three objectives through quantitative and qualitative analysis: (1) examining the distribution of grammatical metaphors in the translation of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language; (2) exploring the reasons behind their emergence; and (3) analyzing the role these metaphors play in the translation. Translation strategies were classified into two types based on the retention of grammatical metaphors: congruent translation, which simplifies the text and reduces metaphors, and metaphorical translation, which sustains a formal, academic, and concise style. The study reveals that the same translation techniques can be applied across various word, sentence, and text types, with different contexts requiring different methods even for identical grammatical and semantic units. Regardless of whether metaphors are retained, it is essential to ensure faithfulness, fluency, and aesthetics of the translation. Translators should avoid rigid application and decide on metaphor preservation based on the specific context and text type to best convey the original meaning.

SEARCH FOR THE LINGUOCULTUROLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF TRANSLATING METAPHORS IN STEPHEN KING’S SMALL WORKS (BASED ON STORIES “THE APT PUPIL” AND “RAINY SEASON”)

This article analyzes the creative heritage of the American writer Stephen King who has become famous for his works in the genres of horror literature and dark fantasy. In the course of the study, the authors study semantic, functional, structural metaphors, their stylistic and linguocultural features using the example of Stephen King’s stories “The Apt Pupil” and “Rainy Season”. The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of the original works and translations by Russian linguists S.E. Task, M.V. Opaleva, V.V. Antonov, I.G. Pochitalin, B.G. Lyubartsev, V.A. Weber. The chronological framework of the study covers the period of the conceptualization of Stephen King’s work (translations by S.E. Task and I.G. Pochitalin) from 1991 to the latest experiments in the linguocultural rethinking of the comparative method (translation by V.V. Antonov) in 2012-2013. The main course of the study directed at analyzing the characteristic features of original metaphors and their translation forms, which lose and gain unique cultural features in comparison with the context in English. This approach clearly demonstrates not only the diversity of the author’s idiostyle, which touches on both the mystical-religious and personal feelings of the modern man, but also the acute social problems of modern society. It allows us to trace the emergence of new meanings in translated forms of metaphors. The results of the study show that quite often translators of Stephen King, trying to adapt the text, lose flexibility.

Theoretical Dimension of Modern Designers’ Conceptual Forms of Creativity

The aim of the article is to identify key characteristics of artistic and design practices interaction; to define directions of conceptual design development based on the results of analysing scientific and theoretical foundations of conceptualism as a special form of the artists’ creativity in the 20th century. Results. It is demonstrated that the focus of modern designers on conceptual forms of creativity is explained by the fact that they contribute to forming unique authors’ projects of aesthetic and value content, innovative searches in the context of cultural and civilisational shifts. A conceptual costume of the beginning of the 21st century is a kind of mediator between art practices of conceptual art and design practices in the sphere of project culture, synthesising social and psychological aspects of fashion, social and symbolic functions of clothing. A conceptual design narrativises philosophical, artistic and technological aspects of design, enriching design products with an expressive metaphoricity. It is revealed that in modern art history a clear definition of the term system of the conceptual direction in design has not been formed till now. The research of this complex phenomenon, synthesised by fashion and artistic clothing design, requires a complex interdisciplinary approach. The conceptual costume is studied as an art-design object from the standpoint of global and local tendencies in the society development, which declare certain worldview values in the form of a visual metaphor. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the theoretical understanding of the conceptual costume grounds on the interaction of design with culture and art as a special space of its direct functioning, which makes it possible to form project conceptualism as a special methodology. Conclusions. The authors’ concepts in the costume are extrapolated in different ways: as visual quotations or metaphors; as a transformation of the art object idea into the form of the costume. Actually, they need in-depth and detailed studying.

Technology: metaphors of "machine" and "mechanism" in the history of philosophical thought

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of "technology" in the history of philosophical thought. The authors have consistently analyzed the psychological, symbolic and socio-cultural factors of influence on the processes of the origin and evolution of technology, which is represented in the history, primarily of classical philosophy, in the form of metaphors of "machine" and "mechanism". This research focus makes it possible to study the interaction of human and technical in a historically and culturally mediated philosophical discourse. In conclusion, a brief overview of the models of representation of technology and the image of a person associated with it as a machine or mechanism dominating in modern information culture is given, epistemological philosophical and natural scientific factors of the functioning of this process are highlighted, and a conclusion is made about the dominant concept of technology as a "supporting structure" of modern culture Using the comparative method, ancient, medieval, and modern concepts of technology, as well as the binary opposition of "man–machine" formed by it, are studied. For the first time, the reconstruction of the concept of technology was carried out through the analysis of socio-cultural discourse in philosophical constructions. The role of these constructions in culture is determined. The authors came to the following conclusions: 1.The genesis of the concept of technology was associated with the understanding of technology as technology, but technology in ancient thought was a broader concept, denoting the totality of artificial human activity represented in technology (specific objects, images) as a means of defining reality. 2.The "supporting structure" of the concept of technology in Western European culture are the metaphors of "machine" and "mechanism", which laid the foundations for understanding man in a post-industrial society. 3.Modern culture can be considered as a technical and technological reality that continues the reconstruction of the metaphor of the "machine" that has developed in the history of philosophical thought.

Hubungan Ranah Sumber dan Ranah Target dalam Ungkapan Metaforis Tentang Pendidian di Media Sosial X

This study aims to identify conceptual metaphors about education on the social media platform X, as well as the types of metaphors that emerge from observing the phenomenon of educational development in Indonesia, which prompts people to express their emotions on Twitter. Because the use of conceptual metaphors likely occurs unintentionally, resulting in diverse forms, this study seeks to explore the relationship between the source domain and the target domain in metaphorical expressions unintentionally produced by individuals about education. The data in this study is qualitative; data collection was done by documenting and observing data on the social media platform X, aided by note-taking techniques to record the data found, which was then analyzed using the conceptual metaphor theory of Kovecses (2006), which divides metaphors into three types: structural, orientational, and ontological. The study's results show the forms of conceptual metaphors found include education as a place, education as wealth, good as up, bad as down, and education as an entity.

Sociolinguistic Investigation of Euphemisms in Yorùbá and Ẹ̀dó

Euphemisms are an essential lubricant and catalyst for interpersonal communication, used by individuals to deliver complex and somewhat provocative messages in a more placid and thoughtful manner. Therefore, they play a crucial role in social interactions and daily conversations. This study investigates the sociocultural nuances that influence the use of euphemisms among Yorùbá and Ẹ̀dó speakers, as well as how the speakers employ the rewording system to navigate or manage intricate social relationships in culturally sensitive environments, and sustain harmony within their communities. Unlike previous research focusing broadly on African and Nigerian languages, this research uniquely compares the nuanced use of euphemisms among speakers of these specific cultural and linguistic groups. Drawing from Politeness Theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) and the Connotative Theory of Meaning (Trask, 1999), the study employs an eclectic framework. Qualitative data, gathered through recordings and transcriptions of interviews with adult native speakers, were thematically analyzed. The findings reveal that both Yorùbá and Ẹ̀dó languages feature euphemisms characterized by shared traits, yet they also exhibit distinct differences in composition and semantic features. In Yorùbá discourse, euphemisms often take the form of indirect references or metaphors, particularly when discussing sensitive subjects like sexuality, death, or social misconduct. Conversely, Ẹ̀dó speakers tend to employ more direct and straightforward euphemistic expressions. Despite these differences, both cultures share a common emphasis on social hierarchy and respect, using euphemisms as a culturally sanctioned means to delicately broach diverse topics. In all, both cultures prioritise social hierarchy and respect, and euphemisms provide a culturally accepted means of discreetly discussing diverse topics. Overall, This study highlights the significance of euphemisms in facilitating effective communication and nurturing interpersonal relationships within linguistically diverse communities. It enriches our understanding of how language choices reflect and uphold cultural norms, offering insights that contribute to broader discussions on communication strategies and cultural sensitivity.

A study in scarlet: cultural memory of the tropes related to the color red, female countenance, and onstage makeup in the Sinophone world

Abstract In a high-context culture like Chinese, the linguistic code encompasses only part of the message and is incomplete without context. One of the implicit codes embedded in high-context communication is color tropes. Highly recognizable in the Sinophone world, color tropes often manifest themselves in the forms of metaphor, metonymy, allusions, and similes and are often related to the conveyance of emotional content. This paper provides a selection and discussion of such color tropes, demonstrates that color in a language inspires associations and connotations that are often very subtle and determined by deep cultural memory, and, giving several Chinese examples, shows how the primary semasiology of a color term often influences its subsequent semantic extension.

Metaphor as a resemblance phenomenon

Abstract Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) departed from tradition in metaphor studies by treating this phenomenon as an ordinary one used in everyday reasoning. From its inception, this theory made emphasis on the role of experiential correlation in accounting for metaphorical thought to the detriment of its long-standing treatment in terms of similarity. This experientialist thesis was later strengthened by making it part of a broader theoretical framework that treated correlation metaphor as an embodied phenomenon where an essential part of its role in reasoning was due to its ability to give rise to conceptual conflation. Against the background provided by this theoretical context, this article reexamines the role of correlation, conflation, and embodiment in terms of two distinctions: low and high-level similarity, on the one hand, and structural and non-structural similarity, on the other hand. The analytical categories that support these distinctions are used to provide an improved understanding of the nature of metaphorical thought, including correlation metaphor, structural metaphor, several forms of analogy, synesthetic metaphor, and metaphorical amalgams.

Perceptions of Science Teachers towards Some Concepts Related to Inclusive Education: Metaphor Study

Introduction: This study was conducted to determine the science teachers' perceptions towards the concepts of inclusive education, inclusive students, and individualized education programs (IEP) related to inclusive education. Method: 234 science teachers participated in the study, which was carried out in the phenomenological design. The metaphorical form developed by the researchers was used to collect the data within the scope of the research, and the obtained data were analyzed by the content analysis method. Findings: In the study, "integrative", "practice competence", "negative connotation", "fulfillment of needs", "difference", "supporting effect", "process" and "other" categories were created for the concept of inclusive education; "externally dependent", "promising", "positive connotation", "negative connotation" and "other" categories for the concept of inclusion student; and "supporting effect", "content", "formality" and "fulfillment of needs" categories for the concept of IEP. Discussion: The metaphors created by the teachers for the concept of inclusive education were mostly collected under the "integrative" category; the metaphors created for the inclusive student mostly under the "external dependent" category, and the metaphors created for the concept of IEP mostly under the "supporting effect" category. It has been concluded that inclusive education generally provides integration and is perceived positively by teachers, inclusive students are perceived as needy and demanding more as externally dependent individuals, and IEP has a guiding perception by providing overall support to both teachers and students in the education and training process.

Grammatical Metaphor in the C-E Translation of Jing Ye Si

In translation, translators are often confronted with the choice between congruent form and metaphorical form, which is closely correlated with grammatical metaphor theory in systemic functional linguistics. This paper attempts to apply grammatical metaphor theory to Jing Ye Si and its seven translations to assess poetry translation quality and provide guidance for translators from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics. It strives to elucidate the grammatical metaphor in the C-E translation of Jing Ye Si and the way to evaluate its seven translations via grammatical metaphor. In this context, six steps brought forward by Huang Guowen (2004) are taken in the functional discourse analysis of Jing Ye Si and its seven translations. After elaborating the characteristics of the seven translations, the study evaluates their overall translation quality. According to functional equivalence to the source text, the translations of Xu Yuanchong and Amy Lowell outperform other translations. In translation practice, translators are advised to choose between the congruent form and metaphorical form based on the context, original author, target readers, aesthetic value, translation purpose, and so on. Essentially, it is necessary to manipulate the transitivity system, mood system, modality system, and Theme system to realize the equivalence of the translations to the source text in terms of ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions.

Older Adults' Metaphorical Perceptions of Aging in Turkey.

To determine older adults' metaphorical perceptions of the concept of aging. Participants in this qualitative study comprised 57 older adults as determined using convenience and criterion sampling methods. Data were obtained using a personal data form and the metaphor form and analyzed with descriptive and content analysis techniques. Fifty-seven metaphors were identified within three themes: 24 within Mental Aspect, 18 within Physical Aspect, and 15 within Psychosocial Aspect. The fact that most metaphors appeared within the Mental Aspect theme was interpreted as an indication that participants felt the effects of aging more in the mental dimension. Results of the research show that aging is perceived as experience and accumulation mentally, as inadequacy physically, and as the end or loneliness psychosocially. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 50(5), 27-34.].

Perceptions of Women in Turkey on the Concepts of “Caesarean Section” and “Vaginal Birth After Caesarean Section”: A Metaphor Analysis

Background Determining how women make sense of their birth preferences with metaphor analysis will be an important step in determining perceptions about birth options.
 Objective The aim of this study is to examine the perceptions of women who had cesarean section regarding the concept of “cesarean birth” and “Vaginal birth after cesarean section” with metaphor analysis.
 Materials and Methods: This study is a qualitative research based on the philosophy of Husserl’s phenomenology, which was carried out between June and November 2022. Within the scope of the research, 50 women who had a cesarean section were interviewed face to face. The metaphor form prepared in line with the international literature was used to determine women’s perceptions of the concept of “Cesarean section” and “Vaginal birth after cesarean section”.
 Results 25 metaphors for cesarean birth and 28 metaphors for vaginal birth after caesarean section were identified. Considering the common features and analogy aspects of the metaphors obtained, three themes were determined within the scope of cesarean section and vaginal birth after caesarean section.
 Conclusions This study took a unique approach to revealing women’s birth experiences and perceptions. Vaginal birth after caesarean section is a very valuable birth method for women who have had a cesarean section and are curious about the feeling of vaginal birth.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 02 April’24 Page : 418-428

Когнитивные метафоры и сравнения в удмуртских загадках о пчелах

The work is devoted to the consideration of riddles about bees in the Udmurt linguistic culture. The article aims to study comparisons and metaphors, as well as analyze the image of an insect in riddles. The material was riddles reflected in special folklore publications and lexicographic sources. During the analysis, linguoculturological, semantic, etymological, and conceptual methods were used. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the bee in riddles is presented in the form of complex metaphors, comparisons and euphemisms. The bee and the hive in Udmurt culture are revealed in different categories. The hive is most often associated with a house, a pit and a syulyk (a woman’s headdress). The sounds made by a bee and a bee colony are compared to the crying of a baby, the whining of a dog, or the growling of a motor. The bee itself or the bee family is associated in popular fantasy with a daughter-in-law, who is sad about parting with her parents and expecting hardships in the new family. Riddles about bees are typically compared to a huge number of people or a flock of sheep. In quantitative terms, the sound or hum of a beehive corresponds to a hundred or a thousand. Along with crying, the flight of bees from the hive is compared to sifting flour. Fairy tales also reflect the bee's ability to sting, build honeycombs, and make honey.