Metaphorical Meaning Research Articles

Историческое и лексико-семантическое развитие цветообозначения al ‘алый, розовый’ в тюркских языках

Introduction. The article examines the color term al ‘pink; scarlet’ in Turkic languages. Goals. The study aims at considering the lexeme in comparative historical and lexical-semantic perspectives. This involves a number of objectives, such as to review and analyze hypotheses on etymology of the word, identify the functioning of the lexeme in ancient and modern languages, determine characteristics of use of the word’s meanings in certain Turkic languages, delineate common Turkic and specific (belonging to a separate subgroup) development trends of the lexeme al. Materials and Methods. To facilitate the latter, an extensive theoretical and source base on Turkic languages is employed: when it comes to origins of the word, special attention is paid to fundamental scientific works on Turkic and Altai etymologies; ancient Turkic, medieval written monuments, lexicographic works on particular Turkic languages are examined to reveal semantic features of the word in ancient and modern languages. In general, the work proves topical due to the absence of any comprehensive study dealing with etymology, development and functioning of the token in Turkic languages. Results. The study reveals that the al lexeme is essentially ancient: scholars have restored its Pre-Turkic (*Āl) and Pre-Altaic (*ŋiōle) forms, with its Nostratic origin identified. The word is frequently traced in written sources of the Turks from earliest monuments. The token al is integral to most Turkic languages, except for the Chuvash, Altai, Tuva, Karachay-Balkar, and Karakalpak ones. In Yakut and Khakass, the lexeme ālaj is perceived as a loanword. Thus, the gloss al was widely used mainly in Western Turkic languages. In ancient and modern Turkic languages, the word al has meanings as follows: ‘scarlet, pink, ruddy’, ‘orange’, ‘brown’, ‘red, bay (horse coat color)’, ‘young’, ‘yellow’, ‘noble’, ‘magical’, ‘bright, motley’, and some substantives ― ‘seal, credential issued by Khans’, ‘rouge’, ‘woman’s headwear’. Conclusions. The ancient Turkic colour term al is (was) not universally distributed in all Turkic languages. The wide (though uneven) use of the word and further development of its semantics occurs in the Kipchak and Oghuz languages where the gloss al has a number of additional connotative and metaphorical meanings.

Grotesque in the direction of E. Vakhtangov, A. Granovsky, Les Kurbas, Vs. Meyerhold

The purpose of the article is to highlight the formative principles of the grotesque in the practice of innovative directors E. Vakhtangov, A. Granovsky, Les Kurbas, Vs. Meyerhold. The methodology of the study is based on analytical, historical, comparative, and comparative typological methods. These methods were useful in understanding the specifics of stage grotesque, the analysis of socio-political processes of the first third of the twentieth century, and to identify the key trends in the directing and acting of the 1920-1930s. The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that the grotesque is the basic tool of figurative theatrical language, and its fundamental principles of contrast and struggle of opposites allow us to find new metaphorical meanings in the stage work in accordance with the demands of time. As a result, the authors of the article note that the grotesque stylistics in the 1920s-1930s, which is inherent in the work of the leading directors of the USSR and Europe, caused a certain tendency to search for the actual grotesque “key”, such as the example with artists N. Altman and G. Gross, influenced the formation of many actors' performing style. Conclusions. In the creative work of directors E. Vakhtangov, A. Granovsky, Les Kurbas, Vs. Meyerhold's grotesque stylistics emphasized the author's vision of both the post-revolutionary reality and the overall picture of the world. In addition, the grotesque as a principle of constructing stage imagery was an indicator of their aesthetic, artistic, and formative pursuits. With the help of stage grotesque it was possible to bring actual social problems to the point of absurdity, that is, to either dilute the atmosphere around this or that phenomenon or vice versa – to exacerbate it to the limit. In this way, the theater was able to diagnose the “diseases” of society and perform prognostic functions.

Метафорические модели символа уот ‘огонь’ в современных якутских кинотекстах

The paper aims to reveal semantics of the symbol ‘yот’ - ‘fire’ in the context of the Sakha mythology and folklore. The study is conducted within the framework of the semiotic approach to analysing a literary text. The movie is considered as a “text” in its broad meaning. Scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that the modern Yakut film text has not been previously investigated in the semiotic aspect. The conducted analysis allows concluding that the symbol ‘yот’ - ‘fire’, one of the key symbols of the modern Yakut film text, possesses the following metaphorical meanings: ‘fire - security’, ‘fire - life’, ‘fire (smoke) - procreation’.

The Buryat Body Parts Names: Face

AbstractThere are six different terms to refer to the ‘face’ in Buryat. The aim of the present paper is to clarify the difference in the usage of all these various terms: which one is used as a body part anatomically, which one is used mostly with metaphorical meanings, which one has a common meaning as appearance, or whether all of them are used equally in all categories. The terms are explored from etymological, semantic and morphological aspects.

Performing Clandestinity: The Religious Underground, the Secret Police and the Media in Communist Eastern Europe

The Cold War was frequently cast in the West as a religious war, a conflict between Christianity and atheism of the Marxist-materialist kind. Propaganda narratives produced by the opposing sides pitted faith against godlessness or science and progress against superstition and exploitation. The religious underground, which was at the centre of much of this propaganda activity, had both a metaphorical and literal meaning. With the opening of the secret police archives in the region, scholars of religions have been presented with important new sources to understand the relationship between anti-religious propaganda, western projections of religious life under communism and the actual clandestine practices of underground religious groups. Whilst the textual materials found in the archives have been the primary focus of attention for both historians and transitional justice projects, the search for ‘truths’ about the past has largely overlooked the visual and material traces of religion produced by and about religious groups. In this article, I explore the complex intersection of the religious underground and the secret police and how this was reflected in the public media and film during communism. Through an exploration of photographic and filmic representations of religious clandestinity produced by or with the help of the secret police, this article illustrates how such imagery, despite its complicity in the construction of a certain image of the religious underground, nevertheless also reveals aspects of the lived reality, creativity and agency of underground communities. This research is based on the findings of the European Research Council Project, Creative Agency and Religious Minorities: Hidden Galleries in the Secret Police Archives in Central and Eastern Europe (project no. 677355).

The Persuasive Power of Religious Metaphor in Selected Qur’anic and Biblical Verses

ان تحديد الاستعارات في معظم النصوص الدينية ليست يسيرة (Charteris-Black, 2005). فبالنسبة للاستعارات التي يتم التعامل معها من خلال النصوص الدينية مثل حياة الإنسان كرحلة أو لعبة ، الصلاة نهر متدفق ، الشهداء الأحياء ، طعم الموت ، رحلة الموتى و "يموت ، ومع ذلك يجب أن يعيش" هي أمور روحانية في الغالب يعد التقييم الأكاديمي لها ضروريًا (Lakoff, 1980 & Johnson؛ Gibbs,2008). أي أن نوعية التفسيرات التي تقدمها مثل هذه الاستعارات تحتاج إلى تحقيق مكثف بصفة الوظيفة الرئيسية للاستعارة في النصوص الدينية. علاوة على ذلك ، قد يُساء الحكم على الاستعارات في النصوص المقدسة بسبب: غياب الصورة في اللغة المستهدفة واختلاف المعاني الرمزية للاستعارات في المصدر. لذا ، نهدف إلى معالجة هذه المشكلة من خلال تحليل الأشكال والوظائف المختلفة للاستعارات

BENTUK DAN MAKNA REDUPLIKASI ADJEKTIVA DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU DIALEK SUNGAYANG DI KAB.TANAH DATAR

This study aims to describe the forms and meanings of adjectival reduplication in the Minangkabau language, the Sungayang dialect in Kab. Tanah Datar. One of the regional languages in Indonesia. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, the data source is from oral and written data with data techniques using the listening method and proficient method, then data analysis using the matching method and the separate method through the markup reading technique. The results showed that the form of adjective reduplication in the Minangkabau language, Sungayang dialect, was (1) whole repetition, (2) partial repetition (3) repetition with phoneme changes, and (4) affix repetition. The meaning contained in the Minangkabau language reduplication is (1) the reduplication of the Minangkabau adjective in the basic form shows the plural meaning, (2) the meaning of reduplication which states the nature of a person who states what is meant by the root word, (3) the reduplication of the adjective in the Minangkabau language which Showing someone stating facts about the inheritance of the root word, (4) reduplication of the adjective in Minangkabau which shows the plural meaning of the root in question. Besides having a grammatical meaning, the reduplication of the Minangkabau language adjective also has idiomatic, metaphorical meanings and for refining or obscuring statements.

Metaphors in the flesh: Metaphorical pantomimes in sports celebrations

Abstract When athletes make significant plays in sporting competitions, such as scoring a goal in soccer, a touchdown in American football, they often immediately express their joy by performing some bodily action for others to see and understand. Many sports celebrations are staged pantomimes that express metaphorical meanings as a part of athletes’ pretending to perform certain source-path-goal sequences of action from other competitive events. This article examines the possible metaphoricity in different sports celebrations and whether casual observers may understand these actions as conveying metaphorical messages. Studies 1 and 3 present analyses of some of the important, possibly metaphorical, characteristics of a corpus of sports celebrations, both those that are performed by individual athletes (Study 1) and those where several athletes jointly enact some celebratory action (Study 3). Studies 2 (individual athletes) and 4 (group performances) investigated whether casual spectators interpret some celebrations as conveying metaphorical messages beyond simply expressing an athlete’s positive emotions. These studies demonstrate that many sports celebrations express metaphorical meanings where athletes provide bodily commentary on the significance of what they have just accomplished.

Nandong Smong As Song Heritage From Tsunami Disaster In The Aceh Simeulue Culture: A Study Of Musical, Textual, Functional, And It’s Local Wisdom

The theme of this research is nandong smong, namely the singing of means of survival from the tsunami disaster in the culture of the Simeulue Aceh tribe. This research examines four aspects of nandong smong in Simeulue Aceh, namely: (1) musical, (2) textual, (3) functional, and (4) )local wisdom. In this study, to study the four aspects of nandong smong, separate theories are used: for musicals the weighted scale theory is used, for textual semiotic theory is used, for functional theory is used, and for local wisdom, ethnoscience theory (ethnomethodology) is used. The methods and techniques used are qualitative research methods based on field observations, direct involvement, interviews, and audiovisual data recording. The results of this study are as follows: (1) from a musical aspect, nandong smong uses a typical Simeulue microtonal scale, in the form of a semi-free meter, and a heterophonic texture; (2) from the textual aspect of nandong smong, it is included in the type of poetry, consisting of five stanzas, which as a whole tell about what a tsunami (smong) is and how to save oneself from the smong, the meaning contained in the smong text is mostly denotative and little metaphoric connotative meaning; (3) functionally, nandong smong has uses and functions. The use of nandong smong is: (i) to enliven the atmosphere of the wedding party, (ii) to enliven the atmosphere of the circumcision party, (iii) to enliven the welcoming ceremony for guests, (iv) to celebrate the anniversary of Indonesia's independence, (v) to inaugurate the government building, (vi) for tourism activities, (vii) cultural performances, and others, according to the times. While there are two main functions of nandong smong, namely: (a) to inform the symptoms and phenomena of the tsunami and (b) to tell how to save yourself from this tsunami disaster, plus other functions such as: (c) maintaining cosmological balance, (d) communication, (e) cultural sustainability, (f) strengthening Simeulue's cultural identity, (g) appreciation of Islam, (h) entertainment, and (i) socio-cultural integration. (4) From the aspect of local wisdom, nandong smong expresses the wisdom of the Simeulue people in dealing with disasters.

Metaphorical Analyses of Russian Verbs of Thinking Activity Meaning

The study of cognitive semantics of verbs is an important topic in contemporary linguistics. Taking Russian metaphorical thinking meaning verbs as the object, this article discusses the cognitive semantics of verbs. First of all, the paper combs out the subconscious thinking activity verbs derived from the metaphors of prototype actions of volitional and non volitional activities, and the autonomous thinking activity verbs from the prototype action metaphor of will activity; then focusing on the cognitive similarity and semantic violation, the article separately analyses the metaphorical semantic derivation of these two kinds of thinking activity, meanwhile, it correspondingly discusses the problem of polysemy of Russian verbs. Relevant research will be helpful to further investigate the metaphorical performance and mechanism of the unique thinking activity verbs, at the same time, it is beneficial to promote the theoretical exploration of semantic derivation of Russian polysemous verbs. The relevant study will be helpful to further investigate the cognitive semantic attributes and operational characteristics of Russian verbs with metaphorical thinking meaning, and it is beneficial to promote the research of lexical semantic theory of Russian language on the cognitive level.

Phy-inside-psych adjectives

Contrairement aux adjectifs comme amusing et touching, certains adjectifs en ing/ant sont psychologiques sans être dérivés d'une base verbale psy, comme jaw-dropping 'surprenant' et marrant. Il est un fait que les émotions déclenchent des réactions physiques, et les verbes de ces adjectifs nomment ces réactions. Le présent article asserte que, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, les langues peuvent avoir des constructions de ce type, c'est-à-dire un objet formel à lecture psy enchâssant un V nommant la réaction physique à la cause psy : une construction phy-dans-psy. L'article traite d'adjectifs de cette forme dans deux langues différentes, qui montrent des similitudes et des différences en fonction de leurs grammaires individuelles, et il propose une analyse originale des adjectifs comme f…ing en anglais selon cette voie.

Processing of literal and metaphorical meanings in polysemous verbs: An experiment and its methodological implications

This paper discusses methodological issues related to the implementation of experimental studies that investigate the processing of literal and metaphorical expressions. The first and central aim of the paper is to discuss methodological questions arising from current experimental research on figurative language, such as use of heterogeneous stimuli and their suitability for investigating research questions related to the processing of figurative language. At the center of the methodological discussion is the contextual and cognitive dominance of literal and metaphorical meanings in polysemous words as an important variable in experimental research on figurative language. In this paper, we discuss its importance and propose a possible way of controlling for this variable. The second aim of this paper is to present experimental results that complement the methodological discussion and show that metaphor processing in polysemous words (i.e. very conventionalized figurative meanings) is not necessarily more difficult or special in comparison to processing of literal language if the stimuli are properly balanced. In this paper, we suggest a way to design stimuli that are balanced both in terms of traditional lexical measures as well as dominance of the literal and metaphorical meanings retrieved from corpus data.

BƏDƏN ÜZVLƏRİ İLƏ BAĞLI OLAN İDİOMLAR VƏ ONLARIN AZƏRBAYCAN DİLİNDƏ QARŞILIĞI

This article deals with the everyday English idioms with Azerbaijani equivalents in use. However, mostly body idioms are mentioned in this article. The lexicology gives us significant information about idioms. What is an idiom? Why do you need to learn it? The answers to these questions can be found in this article. The idiom contains a special place in word combinations. English is rich with idioms and idiomatic expressions. Idioms can be found in all styles: writing, speaking, fiction, and so on. Even newspapers are rich with idiomatic expressions. The words that make up the idioms lose their real meaning, thus creating a new meaning in the combination. Most words that make up the idioms are of a literal meaning. In the modern English, metaphorical meanings of the words are used more than their true meanings. Idioms are used in almost all styles of literary language. These issues are covered in this article. This topic is distinguished by its actuality. Recently this topic is becoming more actual. Key words: idioms, true meaning, metaphorical meaning,idiomatic expressions

Nakshi kantha – bengali traditsioonilise tikitud teki valmistamise ja tähenduse muutumine ajas / Nakshi kantha: changes in the making and meaning of a traditional Bengali embroidered blanket

Nakshi kantha is a traditional quilt typical of Bengal, a cultural-historical area in South Asia now divided between Bangladesh and India’s West Bengal. Rural women make richly-embroidered quilts by stitching together rags embellished with various stitches to form motifs and designs that have been deliberately taken from the maker’s own habitat. The composition of the motifs renders the perception of the artisans visible, and thus it becomes the maker’s autobiography.
 Once made only by joining rags embellished with endless running stitches, nowadays modern technologies (for making and decorating) and materials have been added as the blanket has reached public realms from its domestic sphere. This transition and commodification tends to elicit certain reactions either overtly or covertly.
 This article is based on my MA thesis, defended at the University of Tartu, entitled ”Transformation of a Traditional Textile Craft: A Case Study of Nakshi kantha” in which I have discussed the commodification of a traditional quilt, Nakshi kantha, focusing on how a piece of domestic craft has turned into a commercialised product, how this raises questions regarding conventional thinking about the authenticity of heritage production and how this carries the essence of its historical purposes in its contemporary form. For my thesis, I have collected qualitative data by conducting interviews with the users, artisans, and the entrepreneurs, who all shared stories of their affiliation with this form of heritage production and its transformation.
 With its various functions and metaphorical meanings, this embroidered textile craft has been valued as a part of Bengali heritage. Since undergoing commercialisation in the recent past, the quilt has become very popular as a memento of its recipient’s origins and attachment. It has enjoyed substantial market success, albeit at the price of its traditional vernacular meaning.
 Keywords: Nakshi kantha, quilt, Bengal, traditional handicraft, commercialisation, heritage

“누룩과 유월절 양”의 메타포 - 고린도전서 5:7의 번역과 해석 -

This paper will explore the meaning of metaphors leaven and Paschal Lamb in 1 Corinthians 5:7 in Korean Bible translations. Corinthians 5:7 is an important verse that contains metaphors of the Christology from early Christianity.BR When the verse is divided into 5:7a and 5:7b, both parts are connected through καὶ γάρ which entails the metaphors of leaven and Paschal Lamb respectively. The conjunction καὶ γάρ has the function to exhibit the latter as the cause of the first metaphor. However, this important conjunction is often omitted in Korean Bible translations including the 『개역개정』(New Korean Revised Version). Of course, it is included in the first complete version of the Korean Bible, 『예수셩교젼셔』(Corean New Testament) in history.BR However, this καὶ γάρ is a phrase that is not easy to interpret so the majority of later manuscripts and some modern translations try to understand it by adding ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν. It is also the only passage in the New Testament that explicitly refers to the death of Jesus as the Paschal Lamb. The addition by later generations is therefore seen as a paraphrase and an interpretation of the understanding that Jesus Christ is the Sacrificial Lamb and correctly the Paschal Lamb.BR As the Jewish community already shows the functional integration of the Paschal Lamb and the Sacrificial Lamb by the time of prophet Ezekiel, it can be speculated that in early Christianity, the interpretation of Jesus’ death was strengthened to include the concept of Sacrificial Lamb and Paschal Lamb. It is therefore consequently obvious to Paul that Jesus Christ, who was the Sacrificial Lamb is also the Paschal Lamb. This is why Paul only wrote καὶ γάρ between Leaven and Paschal Lamb without any additional explanation.

Interpersonal and Ideational Metaphors in the Writing of Thesis Texts of Undergraduate Students of English Study Program: A Systemic Functional Linguistic Approach

This study describes how interpersonal and ideational metaphors were realised in th writing of theses texts written by undergraduate students of English study program. This study is a documentary analysis of descriptive method. Data in the form of corpus data were randomly taken from 15 theses among 70 theses in population. Data were analyzed by focusing on the semantic functions covering interpersonal and ideational metaphors. The results showed that interpersonal metaphor was realised in mood system and modality. Mood system was realised mostly in declarative clauses than interrogative and imperative ones. This fact was caused by the channel of text, written text. Modality was least used in the texts. Ideational metaphor was sin transitivity system in which material process was mostly applied than mental, behaviour, existential, relational and verbal processes. Nominalisation was selected as the mostly used property of linguistic feature in writing theses. Ideational metaphor was more used than interpersonal metaphor. This fact happens due to the text channel, written text. Therefore, it is suggested that lecturers in their teaching should consider their teaching by including metaphorical meaning, especially ideational and interpersonal metaphors. Besides, it is suggested to conduct research by comparing languages, national or international languages such as between Indonesian and English or else.

THE LANGUAGE OF WAR vs THE LANGUAGE OF PEACE

The article is devoted to the opposition of the language of war and the language of peace which proves the tendency of language militarization manifested in active use of military terms, military metaphors, in wide typology of war. There is a certain shift in understanding and treating the meanings of the lexeme «war» from armed conflict to struggle, actions and competition to solving urgent problems, questions in different spheres of social life: economics, politics, medicine, sport, food, etc. Pragmatic meanings of war metaphors, military lexis, are connected with the definition of modern reality as the war and aggressive struggle against everybody and everything in which politicians, businessmen, ordinary people are not interested in joint solution of problems. In such conditions the language of peace is loosing its position. Peace is the conception, based on creation, not on negation, on useful and productive actions.

WASTE AND DIRT IN SHORT FOLKLORE FORMS

The article examines the concept and metaphorical meaning of waste and dirt in short folklore forms, including archival material (phrasemes, proverbs, and beliefs) and also internet memes as a new, contemporary folklore form. Waste and dirt are traditionally conceptually linked to metaphors of unwanted, used, lower-quality, or even immoral. Slovenian proverbs and phrasemes, on the other hand, do not thematize waste management or handling dirt; only beliefs show some part of this. New forms, on the other hand, emphasize environmental pollution directly, using concepts of waste and pollution combined in words and images intended to persuade the viewer or recipient to change their behavior into environmentally responsible behavior. Waste and dirt reveal themselves as important metaphorical elements, as well as a contemporary topic for new folklore genres.

Considerații lingvistice privind fitonimele românești construite cu ajutorul termenului „vânt” (II)

In the folkloric creations of the Romanians the wind has deep mythological implications. Our paper aims to reveal an inventory, an interpretation and a statistical analysis of Romanian names of plants which implicates the word „wind”, spread through the botanical terminology, a phenomenon which, as considered by E. Coşeriu is not enough highlighted (given that the individual speaker became creator of language / poetry whenever he named a flower. Botanical popular terminology has primarily a practical value, designating, distinguishing and categorizing elements of the plant kingdom within the given natural reign, but also has a high theoretical significance, especially for linguists, both by the ethimons to which they send back and by the metaphorical meanings the phytonims mostly have.

Individual Differences in Comprehension of Contextualized Metaphors

ABSTRACT We report a study examining the role of linguistic context in modulating the influences of individual differences in fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of literary metaphors. Three conditions were compared: no context, metaphor-congruent context, and literal-congruent context. Relative to the baseline no-context condition, the metaphor-congruent context facilitated comprehension of the metaphorical meaning whereas the literal-congruent context impaired it. Measures of fluid and crystalized intelligence both made separable contributions to predicting metaphor comprehension. The metaphor-congruent context selectively increased the contribution of crystalized verbal intelligence. These findings support the hypothesis that a supportive linguistic context encourages use of semantic integration in interpreting metaphors.