Metaphorical Meaning Research Articles

Verbal Group Complexes Application In Palang Tamak Text Systemic Functional Linguistics Perspective

Pan Balang Tamak text is one of Balinese narrative texts developing in Balinese communities. This text contains very deep moral value that is very useful for communities to achieve happiness in the world. The moral values embed in the clauses constructing the text in metaphorical meaning. Many clauses constructing the text contain verbal group complexes in which describe kinds of actions done by the participants. This paper analyzes the application of verbal group complexes in Pan Balang Tamak text written by Suptra (2014). The theory used to analyze the verbal group complexes is the theory of group complex from Systemic Functional Linguistics from Halliday (2014). The paper used qualitative research, namely by the theory approach, the technique used is based on syntagmatic and paradigmatic based on field, tenor, mode. The result of the research suggested that both verbal group complexes in paratactic and in hypotactic were found in the text. Paratactic can be found in the way of the communities respect their bad behavior and the real condition happening to all animal living in the forest. The hypotactic were found the clauses which contain the effort to trap Pan Balang Tamak and the advantages obtained by Pan Balang Tamak from the efforts which be trap Pan Balang Tamak. Projection verb can be found in verbal process in which mean proposal, namely, the willing to trap Pan Balang Tamak

조류 은유의 의미 연구

본고의 목적은 은유의 특성을 표상하기에 적합한 은유 의미의 기술 방안을 살피고, 이를 바탕으로 조류 은유의 의미 양상을 구체적으로 확인하는 데 있다. 은유 의미의 기술 방식은 나열적 방식과 유형화 방식으로 구분되며, 유형화 방식에서는 은유 의미의 가치와 목표 영역의 범주를 분류 기준으로 삼고 있었다. 목표 영역의 범주를 이용한 유형화는 근원 영역 간의 관련성을 드러내는 데 적합한 방식이라 할 수 있다. 본고에서는 별개의 범주에 해당되는 다수의 목표 영역이 근원 영역의 특성을 공유하는 은유가 매우 일반적이라는 사실에 주목하여 근원 영역의 특성 역시 은유 유형화의 주요 분류 기준으로 수용하여야 한다는 점을 강조하였다. 이를 조류 은유에 적용하여, 조류 은유를 근원 영역의 특성에 따라 크게 본유적 특성 기반 은유와 상대적 특성 기반 은유로 분류하고 각각의 실현 양상을 구체적으로 확인하였다. 본고의 연구 결과가 한국어 은유의 특성과 구조를 파악하는 데 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다.

Интерпретация эмоциональной речи пациента как элемент коммуникативной компетенции врача

The relevance of this study is due to the desire to propose one of the criteria that contributes to improving the effective communication with a patient: analyzing and interpreting patient’s emotional speech. The aim of this paper is to consider the usage features of figurative and expressive means in a patient’s speech which may characterize both the sick state and his attitude to health problems. To achieve this aim the following methods are used in the paper: distributive, contextual, semantic and stylistic methods. The material for analysis is the patent’s phrases taken from the various sources: real and designed for classes communication situations, mass media, teaching aids and science articles on the medical discourse. A patient is an equal partner in the communication with a doctor that is why the consideration of linguistic and paralinguistic factors influencing the patient’s choice of speech means is no less important. When studying the patient’s speech expressive means can be distinguished at all levels of the language: phonetic, morphemic, lexical and grammatical. Doctor’s understanding the explication of the patient’s intentions and analyzing the patient’s speech expressive means contribute to correct interpreting the patient’s story about himself and his state of health. We believe that the patient’s thinking creativity being expressed in using the emotional means is due to, on the one hand, his inability to describe internal pain sensations properly in detail. On the other hand, in the situation of a strong pain it is due to the patient’s desire to quickly find the right metaphor or other means to express his thought by a non-standard way that implies more emotionally and thus increases the function of influencing the interlocutor and creates more positive emotional background in communication with a doctor.

“Jacob’s Blessing” (Gen 49:1–28) in Targumic Interpretation

Genesis 49 shows the scene that takes place at the deathbed of the patriarch Jacob. In the face of his upcoming death, Jacob calls on all of his sons that they may listen to and accept his words of valediction. The patriarch addresses each of them individually. This piece of text serves an example of the biblical poetry in which metaphors play an important role. In the Hebrew text there are words and phrases that raise many doubts and questions. Not only contemporary translators and biblical scholars contend with these difficulties, but ancient and medieval commentators did as well. The Aramaic Targums testify to the early Jewish exegesis and interpretation of Gen 49. This article presents the paraphrase and discusses a few selected verses of the Aramaic version of Torah (Tg. Onq., Tg. Neof., Frg. Tg(s)., Tg. Ps.-J.). Based on the above examples, the development of principal Jewish views on eschatology (49:1-2) and of Messianic expectations in context of Jacob’s blessing of the tribe of Judah (49:8-12) is portrayed. The last part of this article comprises the rendering and the meaning of the Targumic animal metaphors based on the examples of Issachar (49:14-15) and of Benjamin (49:27) that significantly differ from the Hebrew text.

Borderline regionalisms in sociolect of Polish descent youth in Vilnius

The aim of the paper is introduction and analysis of regionalisms of Vilnian polish youth’s sociolect. Regionalisms and dialectical forms that are typical of Polish language of the North–Eastern Borderlands were given to the study. In the given collection the most substantial group constitutes lexical regionalisms. Morphological (word–formative and inflectional) and phonetical regionalisms appeared in the lower range. They represent different theme range. The analysis of regional lexeme meaning, given by the respondents, revealed that a part of them were used in their main regional meaning. However, there are frequent examples of neosemanticism that are used in a metaphorical meaning with a severe emotional tone.

Characters of Ancient Architectural Orders and their Mannerist Interpretation in Dietterlin’s Book from 1598

The aim of this paper is to explore a particular metaphorical pictorial language used by German mannerist painter Wendel Dietterlin in his book on architecture at the end of the sixteenth century. It was formed through personal imaginary interpretation of the Vitruvian notion regarding personal characters of the five ancient architectural Orders. In that context it has all aspects of the mannerist approach in inventing metaphorical meanings by combining ancient, mediaeval, and contemporary narratives. However, in that process Dietterlin unavoidably refers to cultural and social aspects of his time, particularly when reflecting on the issue of the invention of the ‘new [German] architecture’. By this, Dietterlin enters the group of the majority of German sixteenth and seventeenth century authors on architecture emphasizing one particular prerogative in their writings: to merge the ancient roots with the longing for a coherent German cultural identity. However, it seems that in the process of narration, used to ‘invent’ new forms of architectural expression, Dietterlin refers also on particularities related to the historical development of mankind in a personal manner.

The Day After, Batu Agriculture Creative Hub Agcrea Adaptive Façade Concept

The Day after means metaphorical meaning for hope, better architecture design that promotes a new design mindset. The Covid-19 crisis challenged and made us restart the perspective in architectural planning and design towards mitigating epidemic disasters. Design of Batu Agriculture Creative Hub (BACH), a creative and collaborative space for agriculture Start-Up, has considered adaptation strategies for these conditions. Inspired by the smart building strategy, especially the smart envelope for building performance toward resiliency. The smart envelope concept for BACH named agcrea (agriculture + creative), an adaptive facade design, transforms a visual representation of the identity of the local character of the Batu city logo. Kinetic moving panels respond to climate dynamics, it open and close follow the sun and wind conditions. Tested with Ecotect, the pattern of movement of the façade panels makes adjustments to the balance of natural light and ventilation to support health and comfort and energy use efficiency in buildings.

FEATURES OF THE COMPARISON OF UZBEK AND KOREAN LANGUAGES AND THE PROCESS OF EXPANDING THE MEANING OF COMPARISON EXPRESSIONS

This article will explore in detail the concept between Uzbek and Korean, the characteristics of comparisons, which are representative types of figurative expression, and the process of expanding the vocabulary meaning of words to the meanings of comparisons. Figurative expression means a deviation from the laws of everyday language and it shows the appearance of a connection between the dictionary meaning and the metaphorical meaning of words based on their forms or similarities of attributes. In particular, this article will examine the meaning of comparisons defined in the Uzbek and Korean languages ​​and the type of words connecting comparisons used when expressing comparisons, which will be confirmed by examples of comparisons in Uzbek and Korean. In addition, with the help of examples, it will be possible to find out that, unlike comparative connecting words in the Uzbek language, in Korean, comparative connecting words in a sentence, depending on the part of speech, can be interchanged, but there may be cases where they cannot be replaced. Comparative compounds in the Uzbek language can be interchanged without limitation. Also, with the help of examples, the phenomenon of vocabulary expansion of words when used in comparative phrases in Korean will be explained in detail.

FLORONYM МАК / POPPY IN THE NATIONAL WORLD CONCEPTION OF UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH SPEAKERS

The article is an attempt to study the semantics of floronyms мак / poppy in the Ukrainian and English languages. It focuses on the study of the inner form of idioms and paroemias that have the analysed component-flower as a part of their structure. Universal characteristics of the semantics of the given floronyms have been researched. Specific national features of the semantics of the analysed floronyms are singled out for both languages under research. The concepts that are phraseologically actualized in the Ukrainian and English languages due to the semantic components of floronyms мак / poppy have been deduced. Metaphoric meanings of the floronyms under analysis that serve as constituents in idiomatic units and paroemias of the contrasted languages have been scrutinized. Cultural significance of the flowers poppy / мак has been revealed for both linguocultures. Symbolical meanings of the analysed floronyms have been examined in the Ukrainian and English linguocultures.

Metaphorical meanings of colour in abstract art

ABSTRACT The present paper focuses on the figurative senses of abstract art, which can be rooted in human bodily experiences, interconnections between cognitive domains as well as mental concepts arising from the perception of colour. We take a closer look at the works of art created by, among others, Wassily Kandinsky, Yves Klein, Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman and analyse particular uses of colour in search of their deeper meaning expressed beyond the purely material surface. The concepts of physiognomic perception, emotional responses to art, and synaesthesia are briefly discussed as well. However, it is Joseph Grady's theory of primary metaphors which is the main point of reference for the undertaken discussion and interpretation of colour applications and their possible meanings. Even if declared abstract and non-semantic, the discussed works of art evoke certain emotions and reactions due to basic cognitive operations resulting from correlations in experience (they constitute an essence of primary metaphors). As proved in the body of this paper, they render some works of art metaphorical.

A Study on Metaphorical meaning in Science fairy tale

이 연구는 과학 동화에 나타난 은유의 의미를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 우리는 새롭거나 어려운 개념을 이해할 때 종종 이미 알고 있는 지식을 동원하여 쉽게 이해한다. 특히 새로운 개념과 기존에 알고 있던 개념 사이의 ‘유사성’을 찾으며 이해하려고 한다. 이런 사고의 방식을 개념적 은유(conceptual metaphor)라고 한다. 이렇듯 은유는 특별한 문학적 표현이 아닌 일상에서 사고하는 방식을 이르는 말이며, 언어, 그림, 음악, 영상 등으로 표현된다. 아동을 위한 과학 동화는, 과학이라는 주제를 동화라는 형식으로 표현한 텍스트이다. 아동을 수용 대상으로 한다는 점에서 언어적 설명만으로는 한계가 있고 이를 삽화로 보완하고 있다. 이 연구는 이런 아동용 과학 동화의 특성을 고려하여, 언어 표현과 삽화에서 나타나는 은유를 분석해 보았다. 세상에 대한 배경지식을 경험과 교육을 통해 체계적으로 쌓아가는 초등학교 시기의 아동들이 은유를 이해하고 표현하는 방식을 살펴봄으로써 인간의 은유 능력이 발달하는 과정을 탐구해 볼 수 있다는 점에서 의미 있는 연구가 될 것이다.

Metaphorical Conceptualizations of Language: Networks of Meanings and Meta-functions

This paper employs the innovative method of Elicited Metaphor Analysis to present original research in Malaysia into students’ metaphors for ‘language’. We summarize reasons why language and first/ second language learning are centrally important in education, and show patterned features of language metaphors in proverbs and in teacher talk about literacy. These may be one strand of student socialization into language-literacy conceptions. We then report our study of 408 university students in Malaysia who gave 977 metaphors for ‘language’. Using a socio-cultural extension of conceptual metaphor theory from cognitive linguistics, we analyse these data into thematic clusters and metaphor networks of meanings. In student voices, this presents a surprisingly rich picture of language and shows evidence of linguistic meta-functions: student metaphors for language can be seen not only cognitively with affective and socio-cultural meta-functions, but also with moral-spiritual and aesthetic functions. These meta-functions accord with some educational theories. To show wider insider metaphor perspectives we cite our research with ‘teacher’ and ‘learning’ metaphors in Malaysia, and ‘language’ findings from China, Iran, Lebanon and the UK. The metaphor meanings and meta-functions broaden our conception of language as a medium of learning with strong implications for the teaching of languages and literacy.

EKSPRESI METAFORIS DALAM PUISI-PUISI MARDI LUHUNG

This research aims to explore poem based on Michael Halley's space of metaphorical expression. It consistof nine metaphor category: human, animate, living, terrestrial, substance, energy, cosmic, being. Meanwhile, based on philosophic, there are etos, logos, and patos. The theory space of metaphorical expression Michael Halley is used on this. It says, hierarchy of human perception regarding space, start on his/her own perception. Because human and his/her action reflect the interaction with environment. That interaction is explained on metaphor. Meanwhile, the philosophic poin of the methaphor is about life. The message of life comes from the analysis of whole meaning, start on the explisit meaning or outside structure to the inplicit one. To find out the meaning, this research uses Friedrich Schleirmacher's hermeneutic and Pierce Semiotic approach. Those two theory support each other to analyze poem which consist of symbol and metaphor. This research uses analysis descriptive method. It describes the facts then analyzes those directly. On Mardi Luhung poems, researcher describes facts which form diction. After that, the diction which consist of metaphor is analyzed by observing the philosophic meaning. The result, the poet often to use methaphor which relate on space perception, in human category. This is the way to express his idea through poems. He uses nature symbols, animals, and myth, those have metaphoric and symbolic meaning as the way to express idea through poems.

A Metaphoric Analysis of Miriri’s Ekegusii Pop Song Ebunda

The study undertakes a metaphoric analysis of the animal metaphors in Miriri’s Ekegusii pop song “Ebunda” (a donkey) to reveal meaning. The meaning of the animal metaphors in the song might be elusive to the majority of the fans because metaphor is principally a matter of thought and action which is often situated in a specific context. The study employed the descriptive research design to describe the metaphors as used in the song. First, four coders (including the researchers) were employed to identify the metaphors in the song through the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit. Secondly, the metaphors in the song were classified into animal metaphors based on the levels of the principle of Great Chain of Being metaphor (GCBM). The animal metaphors in “Ebunda” were then explained using the Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The study reveals that animals are stratified source domains used to effectively conceptualize human beings as highlighted in the song. In addition, the animal metaphors in “Ebunda” are used on a cognitive basis to reveal the perceptions Abagusii (the native speakers of Ekegusii) have about some animals in society. Metaphors are crucial ways of communication and are best explained using the Cognitive Linguistics paradigm.

The Role of Literal Features During Processing of Novel Verbal Metaphors.

When a word is used metaphorically (for example “walrus” in the sentence “The president is a walrus”), some features of that word's meaning (“very fat,” “slow-moving”) are carried across to the metaphoric interpretation while other features (“has large tusks,” “lives near the north pole”) are not. What happens to these features that relate only to the literal meaning during processing of novel metaphors? In four experiments, the present study examined the role of the feature of physical containment during processing of verbs of physical containment. That feature is used metaphorically to signify difficulty, such as “fenced in” in the sentence “the journalist's opinion was fenced in after the change in regime.” Results of a lexical decision task showed that video clips displaying a ball being trapped by a box facilitated comprehension of verbs of physical containment when the words were presented in isolation. However, when the verbs were embedded in sentences that rendered their interpretation metaphorical in a novel way, no such facilitation was found, as evidenced by two eye-tracking reading studies. We interpret this as suggesting that features that are critical for understanding the encoded meaning of verbs but are not part of the novel metaphoric interpretation are ignored during the construction of metaphorical meaning. Results and limitations of the paradigm are discussed in relation to previous findings in the literature both on metaphor comprehension and on the interaction between language comprehension and the visual world.

Framing metaphor use over time: ‘Free Economy’ metaphors in Hong Kong political discourse (1997–2017)

Diachronic studies on metaphor use in public discourse have primarily focused on Inner Circle English and European languages. However, the usage patterns of specific metaphorical frames over time is universal or cultural-specific remains underexplored. This article investigates the diachronic changes of economic metaphors focusing on the concept of free economy in a corpus of Hong Kong political discourse spanning two decades (1997–2017). We analyzed fundamental changes (transformations of source domains) and incremental changes (transformations of source-target mapping principles) in free economy metaphors. We found that free economy metaphors have slightly decreased over time. No fundamental changes were found in the use of the four frequently occurring source domains: journey, living organism, sport, and building. The meanings of free economy metaphors either remained mostly constant (living organism and sport metaphors) or underwent incremental changes (journey and building metaphors). We argue that the constancy and the incremental change were two rhetorical strategies political leaders used to frame their political agenda for achieving full economic liberalization in Hong Kong. Given the complex socio-historical background of Hong Kong, this study provides a distinct East–West perspective on diachronic economic metaphor use in an Outer Circle English context.

Visitors’ attendance motivation and meaning making at a public science event

ABSTRACT Opportunities to engage with science exist in a variety of non-formal educational contexts, but rarely have studies examined ways to leverage science interest and learning at community science events and other single-attendance occasions. This study builds on Yeager and Walton’s (2011) concept of brief, wise interventions by using open-ended prompts to explore attendees’ engagement during a solar eclipse viewing event. Written responses from 79 adults revealed multiple motivations for attendance. Further, these responses illustrated that attendees expanded their literal and metaphorical meaning making about the eclipse. We explore the utility of brief intervention prompts in the context of existing theories of informal science engagement and discuss implications for supporting and understanding visitors’ motivation and engagement at public science events.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНАЯ МЕТАФОРА В КОГНИТИВНО-СЕМИОТИЧЕСКОМ ОСМЫСЛЕНИИ

The article presents an attempt to view the phenomenon of conceptual metaphor in the cognitive-semiotic aspect. The object of the study is the conceptual metaphor, the subject matter is its cognitive-semantic essence and the forms of its representation. The main thesis that forms the theoretical basis of the article is that the conceptual metaphor understood as the ability of our consciousness to think of one, more abstract entity in terms of another, more concrete, entity, presents a mental phenomenon that may have not only verbal, but other forms of its representation. The main objective of the article is to carry out the analysis of visual, artefact and ontological metaphors in the cognitive-semiotic aspect and the ways of their representation in the text. The main methods of analysis conditioned by the theoretical aspect chosen for analysis are introspection, or metacognition aimed at reconstructing the work of consciousness in the process of metaphorical thinking, and the inferential method aimed at reconstructing implicit metaphorical meanings. The analysis of visual (artistic), artifact and ontological metaphors reveals that they are characterized by the same qualities as verbal metaphors: dynamism, contextual variability and existence of two their varieties: trite metaphors which reflect ordinary thinking and original ones which are the product of artistic thinking. When ontological and artefact metaphors are presented in the text, their metaphorical meanings can be presented both explicitly and implicitly and, in the latter case, their metaphorical meanings must be inferred by the reader or the linguist. The participation of nonverbal codes in the expression of metaphorical meanings does not diminish the significance of the verbal code which is another proof of the leading role of language in conceptualization and interpretation of the world. The analysis undertaken enables to confirm the main thesis as well as to reveal the explanatory potential of the cognitive-semiotic approach to the study of metaphor and, most probably, other language phenomena.

English phraseology and its integration with terminology

The article is devoted to the study of English semi-idioms (a term suggested by A. Kunin), units with both terminological and metaphorical meanings. These units were studied from different angles but here their dual nature is viewed through the possibility of providing an experiment. The paper shows how a linguistic experiment can reveal not only the meaning of some unit, but the peoples’ attitude towards the use of these phrases, their individual level of understanding, interpreting and realising. As cognition is very important in the understanding of semantics, as well as a new perspective in the study of phraseology, a synergetic approach as well as a cognitive one is becoming one of the ways to scrutinising the nature of terminological phraseological units. The paper focuses on the possible ways of showing that terms can develop metaphorical meanings though sometimes people have no ideas of the etymology of some units. An experiment to show the dual nature of such units as terminological phraseologisms was provided on the bases of a specially created questionnaire. The result of the experiment proved that some terms can acquire new metaphorical meanings and function in the language and speech as phraseological units. The results of the experiment as well as various references to the matter of the study - semi-idioms - may turn to be useful in language studies, learning English as a second language, investigating English Terminology and Phraseology.

A Corpus-based Study of the Use of Adjectives in Spoken and Written Registers

The present study is designed to investigate the use of adjectives in spoken and written registers. The word “strong” is taken as an example and its synonyms are retrieved from TV/Movies Corpus and Academic Journals Corpus for analysis in terms of word frequency and semantic preferences. The results indicate that there are significant differences in the word frequency and semantic features of the adjectives between oral and written registers. 1) Adjectives in written register generally occur with higher frequency than those in spoken register. 2) The polysemy of adjectives is not determined by the word frequency, but consistent with linguistic registers. The adjectives used in written English carry a wider range of extended and metaphorical meanings than those in spoken English. 3) Nouns in adjective-noun collocations tend to be abstract and indirect in written register, but concrete and direct in spoken register. 4) Nouns influence the negative, neutral or positive semantic prosody of the collocations. As a corpus-based empirical research, the study also offers a few constructive suggestions for improving the efficiency of vocabulary acquisition and teaching by using authentic data from balanced corpora.