Meta Theory Research Articles

Verified Lock-Free Session Channels with Linking

Type systems and program logics based on session types provide powerful high-level reasoning principles for message-passing concurrency. Modern versions employ bidirectional session channels that (1) are asynchronous so that send operations do not block, (2) have buffers in both directions so that both parties can send messages in parallel, and (3) feature a link operation (also called forward) to concisely write programs in process style. These features complicate a low-level lock-free implementation of channels and therefore increase the gap between the meta theory of prior work—which is verified w.r.t. a high-level semantics of channels (e.g., π-calculus)—and the code that runs on an actual computer. We address this problem by verifying a low-level lock-free implementation of session channels w.r.t. a high-level specification based on session types. We carry out our verification in a layered manner by employing the Iris framework for concurrent separation logic. We start with an abstract specification of (unidirectional) queues—of which we provide a linked-list and array-segment based implementation—and gradually build up to session channels with all of the aforementioned features. To make a layered verification possible we develop two logical abstractions—queues with ghost linking and pairing invariants—to reason about the atomicity and changing endpoints due to linking, respectively. All our results are mechanized in the Coq proof assistant.

A Shout‐out for the Value of Management Education Research: ‘Pedagogy is not a Dirty Word’

AbstractManagement Learning Education (MLE) research and curriculum and pedagogy innovation are urgently needed to lead our world out of crisis. If we are to take responsibility for educating future leaders of business, third‐ and public‐sector organizations with the skills, competences and knowledge to deliver sustainable futures for the planet and people, then pedagogy cannot be a dirty word. In this essay, we consider the state we're in by looking at the juncture of [climate] crisis, with the lack of investment in MLE research and innovation, and management education market misfires – which together, constitute MLE as undervalued, underfunded and underdeveloped. We discuss advances in MLE theory to reveal a missing middle of understanding, namely between meta theories of pedagogic philosophies and values and infra theories of programme, course and project insights, as we work toward developing ‘responsible’ and ‘civic’ management schools. Drawing on our own experience as researchers, educators and pedagogy developers, and as past and present vice‐chairs of the Management Knowledge and Education initiative at the British Academy of Management, we call for investments in supporting infrastructures to accelerate MLE and curriculum and pedagogy innovation, implicating learned societies, governments and higher education institutions.

Dependent Session Protocols in Separation Logic from First Principles (Functional Pearl)

We develop an account of dependent session protocols in concurrent separation logic for a functional language with message-passing. Inspired by minimalistic session calculi, we present a layered design: starting from mutable references, we build one-shot channels, session channels, and imperative channels. Whereas previous work on dependent session protocols in concurrent separation logic required advanced mechanisms such as recursive domain equations and higher-order ghost state, we only require the most basic mechanisms to verify that our one-shot channels satisfy one-shot protocols, and subsequently treat their specification as a black box on top of which we define dependent session protocols. This has a number of advantages in terms of simplicity, elegance, and flexibility: support for subprotocols and guarded recursion automatically transfers from the one-shot protocols to the dependent session protocols, and we easily obtain various forms of channel closing. Because the meta theory of our results is so simple, we are able to give all definitions as part of this paper, and mechanize all our results using the Iris framework in less than 1000 lines of Coq.

Investigation of Developmental Theories of Giftedness According to Meta Theory

Üstün yetenek doğası gereği tanımlanması çok kolay olmayan bir kavramdır. Ancak bu kavramla ilgili kuramların bazı ölçütler çerçevesinde incelenebilmesi, bilimsel açıdan bakıldığında önem taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle kavramı tanımlamak zor da olsa kuramlar, belli ölçütlere dayanmalıdır. Bu çalışmada gelişimsel üstün yetenek kuramlarının meta kuramda öne sürülen dört kritere göre incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Ziegler ve Heller (2000) tarafından ortaya konan meta kuramda yer alan bileşenler açıklanmıştır. Bunlar geçici öncelik, inus, kişisel özellikler ve meta kuramsal önem koşulları olarak sıralanabilir. Ardından gelişimsel üstün yetenek kuramları olan ayrımsal üstün zekâ ve üstün yetenek kuramı (Gagne, 2004,2009), yıldız modeli (Tannenbaum, 1983,2003) ve bulanık kuram (Sak, 2020) ele alınmıştır. Bu üstün yetenek kuramları meta kuram ölçütlerine göre incelenmiştir. Böylece üstün yetenek alanındaki kuramsal çalışmalar belli standartlarla göre eleştirel şekilde değerlendirilebilmiştir. İncelenen kuramlarda ortak olarak potansiyele, potansiyelin gelişimine ve bunu etkileyen koşullara değinildiği görülmüştür. Bunlar meta kuramdaki geçici öncelik, inus ve kişisel özellik koşullarıyla ilişkilendirilebilir. Ancak meta kuramsal önem standardının sağlandığından emin olmak için kuramlarla ilgili çalışma kanıtlarının sunulması yararlı olabilir. Dolayısıyla incelenen gelişimsel üstün yetenek kuramlarında hali hazırda meta kuramsal önem koşuluna ilişkin belirsizliklerin yer aldığı belirtilebilir.

ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF THE CODE OF ETHICS OF AGRICULTURAL ACCOUNTANTS USING QUANTITATIVE METHODS

This paper investigates the possibility of applying the meta theory of strategic games in the domain of the ethical code of conduct of agribusiness accountants. The focus is on the case when an accountant detected incorrect financial reporting by the client’s management of material nature. As a generally quantitative method, the model of strategic games in such a case allows to quantify and find a balanced relationship between the interests of management and accountants in the world where, there is constantly sustainable problem of ethics and unethics of accountants, which is an extremely important issue in the agricultural sector, which is a developing branch.

Deming-based Lean Six Sigma stewardship

This paper describes the synergistic style of stewardship created by integrating the meta theory of management developed by W. Edwards Deming, the tools and methods of Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma Management, and the administrative systems of the Japanese Way of Total Quality Control to improve the welfare of all shareholders of an organization: investors, employees, customers, vendors, regulatory agencies, buildings and grounds, the environment, etc. It is called Deming-based Lean Six Sigma Management (DBLSS). It also expands Dr. Deming’s meta theory of management by adding a fifth discipline which is the Theory of Communication. Its purpose is to spread DBLSS and any other new idea within and between organizations and people. Further, the paper presents a major change to the purpose of the Japanese Way of Total Quality Control by restating the purpose of JTQC from “improve customer satisfaction” to “improve customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction.” Finally, the paper explains that Lean thinking and Six Sigma Management are sets of tools and methods with no philosophical guidance to ensure they are used to improve the satisfaction of all shareholders. It clarifies that traditional management’s purpose is to optimize stockholder welfare, while DBLSS management’s purpose is to optimize all shareholders’ welfare.

On the symbolic in the meta theory of the guaranteed realist paradox of Luigi Ferrajoli

La meta teoría del derecho, desde el enfoque garantista, es abordar y reconocer la problemática del poder y las libertades a través de la norma, ello implica dada la compleja red de axiomas creadas por Ferrajoli una forma importante de atender a la posibilidad de observar los límites, de una teoría paradójica como la realidad misma y dadas las características isomórficas del derecho, preguntarnos se el enfoque simbólico dado por la meta teoría mantiene un enfoque que pudiera estudiarse con la profundidad debida, exigida por lo colectivo. De tal manera que se pretende en el presente trabajo de investigación abordar mediante un método deductivo, inductivo, abductivo y analítico, analizar las posibles variables de una teoría simbólica del derecho. Los resultados son en definitiva polémicos y apasionantes, pues dotan de alma aquello que pareciera únicamente producto del intelecto, desmarcando lo absoluto y demostrando los límites reales de la meta teoría. De tal manera, a las conclusiones a las cuales llegamos es que la metateoría del derecho vista desde el aspecto simbólico de la psique humana, contiene lagunas e incluso contradicciones las cuales pueden ser disminuidas mediante el análisis simbólico, lo cual indica desarrollar una meta metateoría del derecho.

Probabilistic Resource-Aware Session Types

Session types guarantee that message-passing processes adhere to predefined communication protocols. Prior work on session types has focused on deterministic languages but many message-passing systems, such as Markov chains and randomized distributed algorithms, are probabilistic. To implement and analyze such systems, this article develops the meta theory of probabilistic session types with an application focus on automatic expected resource analysis. Probabilistic session types describe probability distributions over messages and are a conservative extension of intuitionistic (binary) session types. To send on a probabilistic channel, processes have to utilize internal randomness from a probabilistic branching or external randomness from receiving on a probabilistic channel. The analysis for expected resource bounds is smoothly integrated with the type system and is a variant of automatic amortized resource analysis. Type inference relies on linear constraint solving to automatically derive symbolic bounds for various cost metrics. The technical contributions include the meta theory that is based on a novel nested multiverse semantics and a type-reconstruction algorithm that allows flexible mixing of different sources of randomness without burdening the programmer with complex type annotations. The type system has been implemented in the language NomosPro with linear-time type checking. Experiments demonstrate that NomosPro is applicable in different domains such as cost analysis of randomized distributed algorithms, analysis of Markov chains, probabilistic analysis of amortized data structures and digital contracts. NomosPro is also shown to be scalable by (i) implementing two broadcast and a bounded retransmission protocol where messages are dropped with a fixed probability, and (ii) verifying the limiting distribution of a Markov chain with 64 states and 420 transitions.

Is cut-free logic fit for unrestricted abstraction?

Without cut the paradoxes of unrestricted abstraction do not yield the empty sequent, so would it be a viable option to give up cut in order to be able to accommodate unrestricted abstraction without the risk of triviality? My answer will be in the negative and that by applying a system LKλ− of cut-free logic with unrestricted abstraction as a meta theory to a rudimentary formal system Σc (“C” for Curry) which is tailored to prove a version of Curry's paradox with a minimum of technicalities. Now, a proof predicate for Σc can be simulated in LKλ− confirming the existence of a deduction of ⊥ in Σc while, on the other hand, a kind of reflection principle can be established for Σc which asserts that every deduction in Σc actually implies the wff of which it is a deduction. This then leads to the result that the deduction of ⊥ is not a deduction in Σc. In view of the primitive recursive character of the proof predicate for Σc we thus arrive at a provable contradiction in LKλ− far more devastating than those established by Russell's or Curry's paradox because it concerns (simulated) primitive recursive predicates, not just a naive notion of set.

M Equilibrium: A Theory of Beliefs and Choices in Games

We introduce a set-valued solution concept, M equilibrium, to capture empirical regularities from over half a century of game theory experiments. We show M equilibrium serves as a meta theory for various models that hitherto were considered unrelated. M equilibrium is empirically robust and, despite being set-valued, falsifiable. Results from a series of experiments that compare M equilibrium to leading behavioral game theory models demonstrate its virtues in predicting observed choices and stated beliefs. Data from experimental games with a unique pure-strategy Nash equilibrium and multiple M equilibria exhibit coordination problems that could not be anticipated through the lens of existing models. (JEL C72, C90, D83)

Mapping student engagement using a theoretical lens

ABSTRACT This article explores how an integrated concept map of student engagement could improve its use in higher education (HE). In doing so it addresses three problems: (i) there is no consistently accepted understanding of student engagement; (ii) no meta-theory integrates engagement’s diverse and complex concepts, nor does the literature identify a clear process of what triggers engagement; and (iii) no integrated concept map that addresses these problems is available. The first problem is rooted in diverse research perspectives that prevent a widely accepted understanding. The second is tackled by using George Ritzer’s meta-theory of social analysis that helps integrate the subject matter of engagement and Jack Mezirow’s transformative learning theory (TLT) that explains what triggers engagement and disengagement. The third difficulty is addressed by combining meta theory and TLT to offer for discussion an integrative concept map of this complex construct.

M Equilibrium: A Theory of Beliefs and Choices in Games

We introduce a set-valued solution concept, M equilibrium, to capture empirical regularities from over half a century of game-theory experiments. We show M equilibrium serves as a meta theory for various models that hitherto were considered unrelated. M equilibrium is empirically robust and, despite being set-valued, falsifiable. We report results from a series of experiments comparing M equilibrium to leading behavioral-game-theory models and demonstrate its virtues in predicting observed choices and stated beliefs. Data from experimental games with a unique pure-strategy Nash equilibrium and multiple M equilibria exhibit coordination problems that could not be anticipated through the lens of existing models.

세계금융위기 이후 미중관계에 대한 한국의 인식 : 연구 경향 분석과 메타이론적 평가를 중심으로

본 연구의 목적은 2008년 세계금융위기 이후 일정 시기 동안의 미중관계에 대한 한국 학계의 연구 내용을 검토해서 그 연구 경향을 분석하고 이를 메타이론적 관점에서 평가하는데 있다. 이를 위해 우선 2008년 세계금융위기 이후부터 20014년까지 미중관계의 전개과정을 살펴보았다. 그리고 연구 내용을 검토하기 위한 이론적 분석틀을 제시하고, 이것에 의거해서 한국 학계의 연구 내용들을 분석했다. 분석 결과에 의하면, 한국 학계의 연구들은 현실주의적 접근, 이론복합적 접근 등이 주요 접근 이론들이었으며, 분석적 절충주의, 이론적 다양성 부족, 미중관계 미래에 대한 비관적 혹은 병존적 입장 등의 연구 경향을 보여주고 있다. 이 주요 경향들에 대한 메타이론적 평가를 통해 첫째, 현실주의와 자유주의의 특수성과 그 비판적 주체화, 둘째, 실증주의의 문제와 그 극복의 필요성, 셋째, 분석적 절충주의의 문제와 그 극복을 위한 이론에 대한 철학적 성찰과 방법론적 재구성 등의 연구 과제를 제시하였다.

An Adaptationist Framework for Personality Science

The field of personality psychology aspires to construct an overarching theory of human nature and individual differences: one that specifies the psychological mechanisms that underpin both universal and variable aspects of thought, emotion, and behaviour. Here, we argue that the adaptationist toolkit of evolutionary psychology provides a powerful meta–theory for characterizing the psychological mechanisms that give rise to within–person, between–person, and cross–cultural variations. We first outline a mechanism–centred adaptationist framework for personality science, which makes a clear ontological distinction between (i) psychological mechanisms designed to generate behavioural decisions and (ii) heuristic trait concepts that function to perceive, describe, and influence others behaviour and reputation in everyday life. We illustrate the utility of the adaptationist framework by reporting three empirical studies. Each study supports the hypothesis that the anger programme—a putative emotional adaptation—is a behaviour–regulating mechanism whose outputs are described in the parlance of the person description factor called ‘Agreeableness’. We conclude that the most productive way forward is to build theory–based models of specific psychological mechanisms, including their culturally evolved design features, until they constitute a comprehensive depiction of human nature and its multifaceted variations. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

A Study on the Thought of Bowoo(����) as the Meta Theory of Conflict Transformation

이 논문은 보우의 사회활동과 활동의 근거가 된 불이사상에 대한 관심에서 시작되었다. 갈등전환의 관점에서 보우의 활동과 사상을 분석하였고, 현대 한국사회에서 그의 사상을 갈등전환이론으로 활용하기 위해 필요한 과제는 무엇인지도 검토하였다. 보우는 불이사상에 기반한 갈등전환, 보다 구체적으로는 관계전환을 통해 유교와 불교의 갈등, 선종과 교종의 갈등을 극복하려 하였다. 비록 그의 시도는 실패하였지만, 그의 활동과 사상을 재해석하고 재구조화한다면 오늘날 한국사회의 갈등구조에 적용할 수 있는 갈등전환이론으로 활용할 수 있을 것이라 연구자는 기대한다. 이러한 연구 목적을 위해 보우의 사상을 인간론-수행론-사회론의 체계로 재구성하였다. 일정론은 본성의 차원에서 모든 인간이 동일하다고 주장하는 인간론으로, 일체론은 갈등하는 세력들의 화합을 추구하는 사회이론으로 이해할 수 있다. 이러한 이해를 바탕으로 보우 불이사상의 적용가능성을 살펴보았다. 우선, 일정론은 갈등당사자들이 공유하고 있는 보다 근원적 정체성을 확인하고 이를 소통과 협의, 타협의 근거로 활용하려는 이론적 근거로 재해석할 수 있다. 동양의 철학과 종교들은 인간의 본성은 자연의 본성을 담고 있다는 주장을 공유하고 있다. 이러한 주장을 받아들이고 소통과 협의의 근거로 삼는다면 모든 사람은 동일한 정체성을 공유하는 존재로 서로를 인정하고 받아들일 수 있다. 둘째, 일체론은 공동체를 강조하는 동양사회의 오랜 전통에 부합하는 갈등전환이론이다. 사회에 만연한 갈등을 극복하기 위해 일체론적 관점에서는 다양성과 함께 동질성에도 주목한다. 현대사회의 민주주의와 인권의 가치에 부합하게 집단의 다양성을 인정하면서도 대립하는 세력/집단들이 근원적인 정체성을 공유한다는 사실에 주목하고 서로를 포용하고 차이를 줄일 것을 제안한다. 갈등 관계에 있는 세력들 모두가 인정할 수 있는 공통점을 찾고, 이를 갈등전환, 즉 관계전환의 출발점으로 삼는 것이다. 이를 통해 빈곤층과 중·상층, 보수와 진보, 근로자와 고용주, 수도권과 지방, 개발과 환경보존, 노인층과 젊은 층, 남자와 여자, 종교, 내국인과 외국인, 성적 지향 등과 같이 남들과 구분되는 정체성을 토대로 하는 관계를 갈등당사자들이 공유할 수 있는 보다 근원적인 정체성을 토대로 하는 관계로의 전환을 시도할 수 있다. 마지막으로 개인과 사회를 매개하는 수행은 공동체에서 소외받고 상처 입은 사람을 치유하여 사회로의 복귀를 도와주는 프로그램으로 적극적으로 이해할 수 있다.

Demarcation BUMN: Between Private Laws and Public Laws

The article titled “BUMN between Private Law and Public Law” aims to find the best solution for crossing the position of BUMN that meets in it two different legal regimes namely private law and public law in Indonesia. Until now it has not been found yet, the most appropriate measure to differentiate BUMN/BUMD is subject to state finance or whether it is subject to the private financial system. Law Number 17 of 2003 concerning state finance has a strong public law nuance representing Hobbes's thinking, while Law Number 19 of 2003 concerning BUMN is stronger in the spirit of private law which represents Grotius' ideas, the problem that arises, namely how to resolve the law dogmatically fairly between the two laws that contain the opposite spirit. The article uses normative legal research methods with a conceptual approach, a statutes approach and a legal case approach. This research resulted in recommendations for the use of legal philosophy as a meta theory for legal theory to be the settlement of the meeting point to find an equilibrium that fulfills a sense of justice.

Physical Indeterminacy in Digital Computation

[Church 1931] and [Turing 1936] developed equivalent models of computation based on the concept of an algorithm, which by definition is provided an input from which it is to compute a value without external interaction. After physical computers were constructed, they soon diverged from computing only algorithms meaning that the Church/Turing theory of computation no longer applied to computation in practice because computer systems are highly interactive as they compute, which inspired the development of the Actor Model in 1972 to characterize all digital computation. Indeterminate computation can be thousands of times faster than the parallel λ-calculus (cf. [Takahashi 1989]) or pure logic programs [Hewitt 1969]. This article presents metatheory for a universal theory of digital computation that is more general and powerful than Church/Turing computation [Church 1935, Turing 1936]. Meta[Actors] (meta theory of Actors) proves that theory Actors has the following properties: • The theory Actors is uniquely categorical, i.e., it characterizes Actors (including types) up to an unique isomorphism. • The theory Actors is model sound, i.e., every theorem of Actors of is true in the unique up to isomorphism model. • The unique up to isomorphism model has partial predicates and propositions because of indeterminacy. • Proof checking in the theory Actors is computationally decidable. • There are no “monsters” [Lakatos 1976] in models of the theory Actors such as the ones in 1st-order theories of computation in which there can be Zeno-like computations, which have an infinite number of computational steps between two steps. Consequently unlike 1st-order theories, the theory Actors is not subject to cyberattacks using “monsters” in models. • The theory Actors is algorithmically inexhaustible, i.e., it is impossible to computationally enumerate theorems of the theory thereby reinforcing the intuition behind [Franzen, 2004]. Contrary to [Church 1934], the conclusion in this article is to abandon the assumption that theorems of a theory must be computationally enumerable while retaining the requirement that proof checking must be computationally decidable. Thesis: Any digital system can be directly modeled and implemented using Actors.

Sensual accesses to Chemistry (Part 1)

The “German Festival 2017” was coordinated by the German General Consulate of Ho Chi Minh City. This event has been realized by different German hosts and supported by important German enterprises. Of course it was an occasion to illustrate and to transfer German ideas for Vietnam also concerning educational ideas in general and in particular for chemistry education. Scientific literacy is important for the future society. In this meaning it is necessary that conveying through education system and school needs to extend by public events. The project “German Festival” shows, in how far Chemistry Methodology can be taught at university. A “Didactics of Chemistry Methodology” must create possibilities for students to co-design didactical learning contents by their own knowledge, emotions, imaginations and meta theories. Individual insights will be developed by their experiences. This researching approach is successful. Knowledge of chemistry methodology will be acquired in a meaningful way. Cognitive conflicts between individual imaginations and experienced reality are learning impulses.

Metateoria de la educacion superior.

Una de las labores de los académicos e intelectuales, es la de cuestionar todo lo escrito, redactado, lo discursivo no está enaceptación general; esta razón o sin razón, se debe a la inconformidad de las ideas, de los conceptos de las temáticas, por la singularidad de laspersonas en sí y por sus intereses en unos casos altruistas y en otros de orden egocéntrico y por tanto egoístas.Al respecto, un sin número de especialidades, más no ciencias, están día tras día en constante diatribas en la cual están enfrentado supuestoscriterios-teorías e ideas; esto se debe a la casi singularidad de algunas hipótesis que en ciertas circunstancias son producto de hechos aislados ycasi locales, por ello su trascendencia del dato o de la cualidad es casi temporal en un determinado espacio geográfico y en un tiempocronológico. Con respecto a la posición de la ciencia requiere ser revisada desde varias ópticas: (a) como conjunto, (b) como facultad y (c) comométodo. Con respecto, a la primera como conjunto de conocimiento exacto e incuestionable, como facultad que tiene el ser humano de encontrarrespuestas a sus interrogantes y como método capaz de segmentarse dividirse y fraccionarse en técnicas y pasos para su revisión.¿Y en que apoya esta incertidumbre? En el continuo cambio de las ideas, de los pensamientos y las indagaciones que debe ser promovidopor toda escuela, toda corriente y generación de académicos e intelectuales. Al respecto, darán luces supuestos, definiciones, teorías y sobreellas Metateoria.¿Pero, porque surgen las Meta teorías?, cuando la incertidumbre o las debilidades en los fundamentos de las diversas propuestas científicas,especialidades y hasta las mismas instituciones que permiten el desarrollo en la sociedad presentan vacíos y debilidades en sus bases-estructurasy sus fundamentos. Al respecto, las anomalías, las contradicciones, los desaciertos, darán inicio siempre a un sistema completo y libre decontradicciones, pero de carácter temporal, lo cual es una utopía es un ideal, es casi soñar despierto.

A new approach to research and theory development for financial firms-building a “house with windows”

PurposeThe paper aims to rethink empirical models and theory used in explaining banks and financial institutions (FIs) and to enhance the process of theory construction. This is a provisional response to Colander et al. (2009) and Gendron and Smith-Lacroix’s (2013) call for a new approach to developing theory for finance and FIs.Design/methodology/approachAn embryonic “behavioural theory of the financial firm” (BTFF) is outlined based on field research about banks and FI firms and relevant literature. The paper explores “conceptual connections” between BTFF and traditional finance theory ideas of financial intermediation. It does not seek to “integrate” finance theory and alternative theory in “meta theory” and has a more modest aim to improve theory content through “connections”.FindingsThe “conceptual connections” provide a means to develop ideas proposed by Scholtens and van Wensveen (2003). They are part of a “house with windows” intended to provide systematic means to “take data from the outside world” whilst continuously recognising “the complexities of the context” (Keasey and Hudson, 2007) to both challenge and build the core ideas of FT.Research limitations/implicationsThe BTFF is a means to create “conversations” between academics, practitioners and regulators to aid theory construction. This can overcome the limitations of such an embryonic theory.Practical implicationsThe ideas developed create new opportunities to develop finance theory, propose changes in banks and FIs and suggest changes in the focus of regulation.Originality/valueRegulators can use the expanded conceptual framework to encourage theory development and to enhance accountability of banks and FIs to citizens.