Meta-synthesis Method Research Articles

Identifying and Evaluating Factors Affecting User Privacy in the Smart City Using the Meta-Synthesis Method and the Fuzzy Dematel Technique

Smart cities are becoming increasingly popular today due to various digital technologies in their infrastructure. One of the most critical challenges in the proper implementation and establishment of these cities is the violation of the security and privacy of users, which leads to citizens’ distrust and pessimism about smart city services. Many factors can affect the protection of users’ privacy. Identifying these factors helps developers understand what dimensions and aspects affect users’ privacy, through which they can provide appropriate solutions to protect the privacy of the user. Therefore, this study identifies and evaluates these dimensions. The authors proposed a novel methodology for identifying factors influencing user privacy in smart cities using the meta-synthesis method and the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL). As a result of the meta-synthesis application, the authors identified seven dimensions of interest, specifically, Awareness and understanding, Trust, Self-control and personalization, Transparency, Reference standards frameworks and rules, Data management, and Security requirements. Moreover, using the DEMATEL technique and expert-based reviews, those seven dimensions were classified as cause and effect. As a result, the authors discovered that security requirements (D7) are the only cause dimension. As effect dimensions, “awareness and understanding (D1),” “data management (D6),” “trust (D2),” “frameworks and standards (D5),” “personalization and self-control (D3),” and “transparency (D4)” have been identified. Furthermore, the authors discovered that transparency is the most effective dimension in terms of affecting user privacy in smart cities. These findings may serve as guidelines for implementing the smart cities initiatives and protecting users’ privacy. This study also provides a discussion and insights for smart city developers.

The perception of life and death in patients with end-of-life stage cancer: A systematic review of qualitative research

PurposeThis study aims to clarify the perceptions on life and death among patients with the end-of-life stage cancer through a systematic review. MethodsThe search strategy combined MeSH terminology with free text searches, and was applied to the PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and ICHUSHI (Japan Medical Abstracts Society) databases covering from 2010 to 5/2022. To ensure the quality of the research included, the Critical Appraisal Skills Program Qualitative Studies Checklist was used. Data relating to the perceptions of life and death of patients with the end-of-life stage cancer was extracted and analyzed with reference to qualitative meta-synthesis methods. ResultsUltimately, 50 studies were included. Five themes were derived based on the perceptions of life and death of patients with the end-of-life stage cancer: despair, making sense of death, how to live the rest of life, special feelings for loved ones, and fluctuation. By making sense of death in their own way, and reconciling it with their current situation, patients with the end-of-life stage cancer, even in despair over their impending death, look ahead into the future and their surroundings and consider how they would live the remaining time they have. During this time, the special feelings they have for their loved ones make an impact. ConclusionsAn important new finding from this study lies in the fact that the patients’ desire to live as ordinary people who were not patients were expressed as a face that they hid from their families. Further research is needed in low-income countries/regions.

META SYNTHESIS OF STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT BETWEEN INDONESIA AND AUSTRALIA BASED ON CONSTANT MARKET SHARE PERSPECTIVE

The conditions of intense competition in the international market have encouraged Indonesia to be able to compete with other export products from other countries. One of the simple solutions is that the export products that are sold must be of very high quality and take advantage of the empty gaps in the international market. The main way is to fully optimize from viewing and analyzing market strategies. So the nature of our trade will look more offensive to the industrial economy. The use of FTAs is only for reducing tariffs and helping the flow of goods, but Indonesia must also be able to provide encouragement intensively so that these goods can win in one of the FTA areas. The solution presented is directing or piloting starting from one type of export goods. The author observes that the strategy or stages planned with method of meta synthesis. Indonesia are effective in the potential to increase and win Indonesian export products. First, studies by providing solutions on how Indonesian export products can compete and win in one of their destination countries. Second, deepening in the export market shows market power and sends market intelligence to make observations to the micro scale regarding export products and analysis of every policy and solution issued to that country. Third, the overall implementation and application of policy solutions to win Indonesian export products. One of the mistakes made at the implementation stage was said to be exports that were not quite right by Australia.

The Rights of Disabled People in Iran: A Meta-synthesis Study

Objective There are so many people with disabilities worldwide. This condition has led to taking various national and international measures regarding the rights of people with disabilities. Protecting the rights of people with disabilities in the context of international methods is an important issue that has been explored for years. This study aims to explain the dimensions of the rights of people with disabilities in Iran. Materials & Methods In this study, the meta-synthesis method was used, and the statistical population of the research articles was extracted from various research databases, such as Magiran, Normgaz, Regional Information Center for Science and Technology, Science Net Database, Nematan, Civilica, and Humanities Portal were selected. In this study, based on the inclusion criteria, such as title, abstract, content, and quality assessment of studies, 14 articles were finally selected for study analysis. In addition, the time frame of this research is from 2009 to 2020. Also, this study used the 7-step method of Sandelowski and Barros (2007) to analyze the research data. Results The most important rights of the disabled are employment, human value and dignity, education, belonging, proper design of urban furniture, access to health services, elimination of social discrimination, recreation and leisure, social security, freedom, and transportation. By reviewing and integrating the initial findings in this study, after going back and forth between sub-fields, 7 main fields of disability rights were obtained: cultural, economic, political, architectural and urban rights, social, medical, and legal rights. This study examined the content validity ratio and content validity index. The opinions of 8 experts in this field have been used to calculate this ratio. Concerning the content validity ratio, it should be said that it was acceptable for all dimensions. The Kappa index has been used to measure the reliability of the designed model; the kappa coefficient is calculated to be 87%, which is at a high level of the agreement due to the status of the kappa index. Conclusion Legally, people with disabilities have cultural, economic, political, architectural, urban, social, medical, and legal rights. Different and negative views of managers and individuals in society have led to disregarding the rights of people with disabilities. Lack of proper knowledge about people with disabilities and subsequent marginalization will have negative consequences. Proper knowledge of this phenomenon and awareness of the capabilities of people with disabilities is an effective step toward developing a country. Most people with disabilities have been deprived of their basic social, economic, political, and cultural rights. In this regard, pervasive stereotypes, attitudes, and discrimination have reinforced this injustice. It is worthwhile that by changing the perspective of the international community, government, and citizens, able-bodied people can live a just life alongside others. The Iranian government can assist people with disabilities in enacting and enforcing various laws on the rights of persons with disabilities.

Sustainable Behaviors Conceptualization for Forest Adventures Tours: The Case of Cloud Ocean Sites in Hyrcanian Forests Listed as UNESCO’s World Heritage Property

The Cloud Ocean phenomenon in the Hyrcanian Forests, listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List, is one of the most stunning yet lesser-known ecotourism destinations that has recently attracted the attention of adventure tours. However, the increasing number of ecotourists visiting these sites is expected to threaten the sensitive ecosystem of the Cloud Ocean sites. Therefore, this study aims to conceptualize sustainable behaviors for off-road forest tours in the Cloud Ocean sites of the Hyrcanian Forests. A combined qualitative-quantitative approach was adopted to achieve this aim, using the meta-synthesis method to cover the qualitative part and Smart PLS software for the quantitative data analysis. The qualitative assessment involved 19 participants, while the quantitative study included 240 experts who helped monitor and evaluate the indicators as components of the model. Previous literature has given little attention to the Cloud Ocean sites. Therefore, the conceptualization of sustainable behavior for forest adventure tours in these sites is considered the most significant contribution of this study. Paying attention to the dimensions of the proposed model can significantly reduce damage to these sites.

Managing a high-tech startup: A case of machine vision for the poultry industry

High-tech startups face a number of insurmountable problems that prevent them from turning innovative ideas into new products. The article investigates the managerial aspects of implementation and commercialization of high-tech startups in Russia using the case of an automated computer vision analytical system for industrial poultry farming. Entrepreneurship theory and the concept of strategic management constitute the theoretical basis of the study. Among the research methods used in the paper are the POCD framework in combination with SWOT analysis involved in the formation of startup management strategies, as well as Sandelovsky and Barroso’s Meta-Synthesis method applied to identify factors that determine the successful implementation of a startup. The empirical evidence of the work was a bank of video data collected at the VNITIP Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences and covering the full life cycle of broiler chickens. The paper established three main sources of funding for high-tech start-ups to introduce machine vision systems in the poultry industry: the state, industrial corporations, and venture capital. At that, none of the enterprises, including the global leaders, has yet reached the IPO stage. We identify two central lines to launch and commercialize a Russian start-up in poultry farming, these are association with developers of integrated digital solutions and/or integration with poultry meat producers. Recommendations are formulated regarding the implementation of a high-tech start-up: to form a public-private partnership, actively interact with research centers and universities, cooper ate with business angels, expand the entrepreneurial competencies of startupers, and clarify the business model of the project. The mass introduction of machine vision technology in the poultry industry is possible due to the acceleration of technological progress and the elimination of the main obstacle, i.e., the high cost of components for machine vision systems.

A framework of accelerator design: harmonizing fragmented knowledge

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to develop an integrative framework of accelerator design to answer the question of what activities accelerators perform and how they function within a structured framework. Research on the functioning of accelerators as a mechanism for startup engagement produced multiple empirical results. However, the comparability of relevant research is strongly limited, currently hindering theoretical developments. Existing accelerator design models often differ and only partially overlap, which leaves extant literature with a fragmented and discordant conceptual understanding.Design/methodology/approachBased on a meta-synthesis method using qualitative analysis of 36 accelerator design articles, an integrative framework is developed. After identification of relevant literature, a renowned method for extracting, coding and synthesizing data on individual and cross-study level is applied to identify accelerator design constructs. Eventually, identified accelerator design constructs are integrated into a framework resting on the activity system lens of business model design.FindingsThe article reconciles fragmented knowledge on accelerator design and shows how accelerator design can be holistically conceptualized by 32 key activities clustered in eight design dimensions. The framework is complemented by an initial guideline for measurement. The findings further highlight formerly disregarded aspects of governance and community formation from a processual and structural perspective.Originality/valueThis article is the first to present a comprehensive picture of accelerator design integrating multiple empirical findings of prior research into a single coherent framework. This framework offers a shared foundation for future research exploring the delineations, functioning and impact of accelerators. From a practical perspective, the article provides managers of accelerators a guide to design, review and improve programs according to their value creation goals.

Interaction in Distance Education: Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Studies

Interaction in distance education processes; It has a very important place in the learner's academic performance, attitude and motivation, participation in the lesson and the acquisition of instructional goals and behaviors. According to the data obtained as a result of the analysis in this study, in which the interaction in synchronous and asynchronous distance education processes was investigated by qualitative meta-synthesis method; In the synchronous and asynchronous distance education processes, themes emerged about the purposes for which interactions are established, which features and functions can increase interactions in distance education, and which factors negatively affect this process while the interactions are established. According to these themes, which also constitute the aims of the research, interactions in distance education processes are established for cognitive, affective and collaborative purposes. Cognitively oriented interactions; ask questions-answer, asking for and expressing opinions, feedback, making explanations, sharing knowledge and experience, participating in discussions, suggesting solutions, directing, while affectively focused; encouragement and support, sharing personal information, cooperation and emotional support, collaborative interactions; It is established for the purpose of determining group qualifications (members and work area), coordination among group members, distribution of tasks within the group (expertise), group work processes. The categories on how to increase interactions were examined as learner-teacher, learner-learner, learner-content and multiple interaction. Teaching strategies that encourage peer consultation for learning, course contents with detailed and explanatory demonstrations, the learner's sense of belonging and commitment to the group, reducing social and psychological distance with a quick reply to the e-mail sent by the learner, the learner's questions and There is in-depth and explanatory feedback on the students' comments, and asynchronous student-teacher interaction using alternative web resources. Among the factors that negatively affect the interaction process are; during the process, there are negative experiences, slow connection or disconnection, conflict between learners, insufficient online course time to interact due to the intensity of the content, the dominant student being at the forefront when the teacher cannot manage the interaction process, and pedagogical inadequacy that negatively affects the cooperation between learners.

Identifying and Prioritizing Social Determinants of Population Health in Iran: A Mixed Method Research

Background and Purpose: In recent decades, research has shown that social determinants of health (SDH) affect population health more than medical care. Therefore, identifying the SDH has become a top priority. Materials and Methods: It is an explanatory-sequential mixed-method study. We used the meta-synthesis method in the first step to identify and prioritize social determinants of population health in Iran. Then, the identified factors were shown in a semantic map. Afterward, we used fuzzy Delphi to screen and determine each factor’s importance in Iran. Results: A total of 172 factors were identified and classified into 4 levels: individual, local, national, and global. After screening items, parental competence, hope, addiction, types of pollution, inflation, and unemployment rate (the crisp value of defuzzification 9-10) are generally the most important determinants of population health at the individual and national levels in Iran. Conclusion: The resulting semantic map of SDH demonstrates the substantial effect of non-health policies on the health of Iran’s population. This finding proposes health as a complex and comprehensive system needing an interdisciplinary approach to address its multiple determinants. Specifically, the comparative analysis of this research shows that among the determinants of health in Iran, parental competence, individual behaviors such as addiction, and spiritual and mental health, including depression, suicide, and stress, are the most important SDH in Iran.

How does social innovation generate social impact? Contributions from a meta-synthesis

Objective: To analyze how social innovation actions and practices presented in case studies, generate social impact. Methodology: The meta-synthesis was adopted, which, by identifying empirical research (case studies) and establishing comparative analyses, revealed new possibilities for investigation, deepening and theoretical expansion. Results: The results show the heterogeneity of the concept and actions of social innovation, identify its promoters, driving and/or enabling elements, actor networks, and forms of social impact, and link social innovation and impact to other approaches and opportunities for innovation. Theoretical/Methodological contributions: The study was able to synthesize preponderant elements to reach social impact from social innovation actions, themes little explored in an integrated way. In addition, it explored the meta-synthesis method, reinforcing the application of this research strategy as a tool for building theories and identifying findings that surpass the original conclusions of primary case studies. Originality: Given the differences in social impact detection and measurement, and the lack of a standard for social impact generation through social innovation, this study summarizes empirical findings, categorizes, and identifies aspects and elements that condition social impact generation through social innovation. Social / Management Contributions: In addition to portraying conceptual aspects, drivers and forms of social impact, this study offers a discussion on the integration between driving agents, boosters and networks of actors that can help practitioners of social innovation, public and social managers in stimulating and generation positive results (social impact) from this innovation.

An Analysis of Instructional Leadership Studies in Türkiye: A Meta-Synthesis Study

Instructional leadership has a remarkable importance in student learning and school development in the international literature. This situation enables researchers to examine different aspects of instructional leadership. This study aims to synthesize qualitative research findings examining the instructional leadership behaviors of school principals in Türkiye. Meta-synthesis method was employed; thus, 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using this method. The studies constituting the study's data source were accessed by scanning the databases of ERIC, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, YÖKTEZ (Council of Higher Education, National Thesis Center), and ULAKBİM (Turkish Academic Network and Information Center). As a result of the research, three themes were obtained: Instructional leadership behaviors, effects of instructional leadership, and factors hindering instructional leadership. Although the research results indicate positive relationships between instructional leadership and organizational effectiveness and development, the roles of school principals as instructional leaders in the Turkish education system, which has a centralized structure, are reflected in their actual daily practices to a limited extent. To this end, there is a need for more comprehensive empirical studies and evidence-based models of exactly how instructional leadership affects organizational development in the Turkish literature.

A Meta-Synthesis Review of Occupant Comfort Assessment in Buildings (2002–2022)

Occupant comfort in buildings is one of the most crucial considerations in designing a building. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in this area. Aspects of comfort include thermal comfort, visual comfort, acoustic comfort, and indoor air quality (IAQ) satisfaction. The objective of this state-of-the-art review was to provide a comprehensive, explicit, and up-to-date literature review on occupant comfort in buildings, since this issue has a great impact on the lifestyle, health, and productivity of occupants. A meta-synthesis method was also used for an analytical-interpretive review of previous studies. In this research, scientific research studies related to the subject of indoor occupant comfort in the period 2002–2022 were reviewed. Previous reviews have often covered the fundamental concepts and principles related to indoor occupant comfort. Although innumerable studies have focused on thermal comfort, other aspects of occupant comfort have not been considered. The review is analyzed and discussed in reference to type of study, case study geographical locations and climate zones, case study building types, decision-making models, assessment criteria, data-collection tools, and data analysis strategies. Finally, future research recommendations are presented. Through the review, we find that the comfort models used in research are mostly based on comfort perception votes collected from experimental studies, which may not reflect the preferences of users well. In addition, only the influence of environmental factors on the models has been investigated, and other personal factors have been ignored. This study presents a useful guide for researchers to determine their outlines for future research in this field.

Identity management in the face of HIV and intersecting stigmas: A metasynthesis of qualitative reports from sub-Saharan Africa.

While stigma experienced by people living with HIV (PLWH) is well documented, intersectional stigma and additional stigmatized identities have not received similar attention. The purpose of this metasynthesis is to identify salient stigmatized intersections and their impact on health outcomes in PLWH in sub-Saharan Africa. Using Sandelowski and Barroso's metasynthesis method, we searched four databases for peer-reviewed qualitative literature. Included studies (1) explored personal experiences with intersecting stigmas, (2) included ≥1 element of infectious disease stigma, and (3) were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. Our multinational team extracted, aggregated, interpreted, and synthesized the findings. From 454 screened abstracts, the 34 studies included in this metasynthesis reported perspectives of at least 1258 participants (282 men, 557 women, and 109 unspecified gender) and key informants. From these studies, gender and HIV was the most salient stigmatized intersection, with HIV testing avoidance and HIV-status denial seemingly more common among men to preserve traditional masculine identity. HIV did not threaten female identity in the same way with women more willing to test for HIV, but at the risk of abandonment and withdrawal of financial support. To guard against status loss, men and women used performative behaviors to highlight positive qualities or minimize perceived negative attributes. These identity management practices ultimately shaped health behaviors and outcomes. From this metasynthesis, the Stigma Identity Framework was devised for framing identity and stigma management, focusing on role expectation and fulfillment. This framework illustrates how PLWH create, minimize, or emphasize other identity traits to safeguard against status loss and discrimination. Providers must acknowledge how stigmatization disrupts PLWH's ability to fit into social schemas and tailor care to individuals' unique intersecting identities. Economic security and safety should be considered in women's HIV care, while highlighting antiretrovirals' role in preserving strength and virility may improve care engagement among men.

Explaining the Model of Public Education in Natural Disasters based on the Meta synthesis Method

INTRODUCTION: Considering the significant contribution of public education to the reduction of damages incurred by disasters and crises in the country, the identification of all the components and dimensions of public education can be of great help to policymakers in this field in order to adopt a correct policy and decision. The current research aimed to investigate public education in natural disasters with the meta-synthesis method based on the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso (2007). METHODS: The current qualitative research was conducted based on a meta-synthesis approach. The statistical population of the research included articles related to the research keywords from 2000 until now. A number of 175 articles were retrieved, and after examining the title of the research, 105 articles were removed, and 70 papers were reviewed, out of which 36 papers were removed, and 34 articles entered the final stage for full analysis. Articles were searched in databases, such as Scopus, Emerald, Science Direct, Springer, Google Scholar, and Scientific Information Database (SID). FINDINGS: The selected sources were analyzed using Maxqda software, and the research findings were coded. In the open coding stage, 100 primary codes were extracted from 34 articles, and after extracting the primary codes, to categorize the concepts, axial coding was used, yielding 5 dimensions, 12 components, and their sub-components. CONCLUSION: As evidenced by the obtained results, to reduce vulnerability, the responsible institutions can adopt appropriate measures that lead to learning and changes in the audience's behavior by using the presented model and considering the determined components and indicators in the process of public education. This model includes the stages of analysis, educational design, preparation and development, implementation, and evaluation.

Explaining the Model of Public Education in Natural Disasters based on the Meta synthesis Method

INTRODUCTION: Considering the significant contribution of public education to the reduction of damages incurred by disasters and crises in the country, the identification of all the components and dimensions of public education can be of great help to policymakers in this field in order to adopt a correct policy and decision. The current research aimed to investigate public education in natural disasters with the meta-synthesis method based on the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso (2007). METHODS: The current qualitative research was conducted based on a meta-synthesis approach. The statistical population of the research included articles related to the research keywords from 2000 until now. A number of 175 articles were retrieved, and after examining the title of the research, 105 articles were removed, and 70 papers were reviewed, out of which 36 papers were removed, and 34 articles entered the final stage for full analysis. Articles were searched in databases, such as Scopus, Emerald, Science Direct, Springer, Google Scholar, and Scientific Information Database (SID). FINDINGS: The selected sources were analyzed using Maxqda software, and the research findings were coded. In the open coding stage, 100 primary codes were extracted from 34 articles, and after extracting the primary codes, to categorize the concepts, axial coding was used, yielding 5 dimensions, 12 components, and their sub-components. CONCLUSION: As evidenced by the obtained results, to reduce vulnerability, the responsible institutions can adopt appropriate measures that lead to learning and changes in the audience's behavior by using the presented model and considering the determined components and indicators in the process of public education. This model includes the stages of analysis, educational design, preparation and development, implementation, and evaluation.

The Model of Employee Presenteeism: A Systematic Review of Studies with a Meta-Synthesis Approach

Background. The health of employees and the work environment is important for any organization, but some organizational phenomena challenge this issue. One of the emerging organizational phenomena is presenteeism, which causes an employee to decide to be at work despite being sick (physical or mental) and feeling unwell. The aim of the current research is to provide a model of employee presenteeism based on factors affecting this behavioral phenomenon. Methods. In this study, by Meta-synthesis method, all the researches of reliable databases that were related to the research topic from 1991 to 2022 were systematically examined and finally, following the entry and exit criteria, 78 articles were identified and analyzed. Results. The results showed that the most important factors affecting employee attendance can be designed in the form of a three-dimensional model with 13 core categories and 60 components. In this model, three main dimensions include behavioral, structural and contextual dimensions. 13 core categories also include organizational characteristics and procedures, job characteristics, human resources management of the organization, organizational culture, health status of the individual, employee's attitude and perception towards the consequences of absenteeism or presenteeism, Organizational communications and interactions, Individual characteristics, Individual personality, Job and organizational attitude, Cultural and social factors, Economic factors of society and Legislation and infrastructure. Conclusion. The results of the synthesis and analysis of 78 articles in this research showed that presenteeism is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that is caused by various factors, and the correct management of this behavior in the organization depends on careful attention to the pattern identified in this research.

Presenting the Conceptual Model of Innovative University Based on the Meta-Synthesis Method (With Emphasis on Distinction of Entrepreneurship and Innovation)

The concept of innovation is one of the concepts that has been misunderstood in various areas, or confused with concepts such as entrepreneurship, creativity, or change, and has been used synonymously as an adjective for individuals and institutions, especially for the academic institutions. The present study has been conducted with the aim of investigating this concept versus entrepreneurship and also extracting the specific characteristics of the innovative university in the existing literature by a qualitative method. In this regard, the meta-synthesis method has been used as a method to create a new idea or new interpretation of the findings of previous research (26 international scientific articles and 7 domestic articles among 352 papers over a period of fifty years). Consequently, depending on the model deriving from the research, it was identified that one of the key features of an innovative university is multiple interactions, especially with civil society, and also fulfilling the social needs. Therefore, the innovative university is more reminiscent of the concept of an "adaptive university" with an emphasis on adapting to the social needs of a changing environment, rather than merely achieving financial benefits.

Challenges of visually impaired university students in education: A meta-synthesis study

Along with the expansion of education and laying the foundations of self-sufficiency for all members of society, the visually impaired students continued their education with other students in various fields of higher education. In this process, the limitations caused by visual impairment and the limitations originating from the shortcomings of the environment other than the visually impaired individuals themselves lead to many difficulties, which must be minimised to receive quality education. The aim of the research is to interpret and evaluate the problems and suggest solutions to visually impaired university students and reveal their similar and different aspects and new inferences through a systematic review of qualitative research findings between the years 2000 and 2021, using a meta-synthesis method. The results suggest that accessing campus from residence, accessing information, using technology and virtual materials on campus, social and educational attitudes, educational conditions, and assessment results cause different difficulties for visually impaired university students. Issuing legal regulations, improving the performance level of the visually impaired individuals in orientation and mobility, providing professional staff training, and procuring trained live readers or screen readers, hearing aids, touching aids, and helpers, as well as providing sufficient time for analysing tactile materials such as Braille and carefully answering the questions, are all recommended to solve the rising difficulties.

Measurement and evaluation challenges in distance education: Systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis

The challenges experienced in measurement and evaluation during the distance education process among student and instructor groups are discussed in the study. A qualitative meta-synthesis method is used in this research. Twenty studies were included in the meta-synthesis. The challenges experienced by the instructors are program utilization, technological inadequacies, a lack of in-service seminars, online exam diversity, inconsistency between what is measured and what is intended to be measured, interference of other features with the measurement, unsuitability of the measurement tools, academic dishonesty, lack of control over online exam diversity, preparation and grading challenges, infrastructural issues, and a lack or latency of feedback. Challenges experienced by learners include alienation to the electronic environment, language, technological inadequacies, lack of materials, validity-reliability issues, application difficulty, lack of guidance in exams, infrastructural issues, network problems, lack of interest and motivation, anxiety about online exams, and avoidance and resistance to self-disclosure in virtual environments.

İlköğretim Öğretmenlerinin Öğrenci Başarısını Ölçme ve Değerlendirmede Yaşadıkları Güçlükler: Bir Meta-Sentez Çalışması

This study aims to investigate the challenges experienced by primary school teachers in measuring and evaluating student achievement. For this purpose, the meta-synthesis method suggested by Erwin, Brotherson, and Summers (2011) was employed, and Google Scholar, National Thesis Center, and TR Index databases were searched to retrieve studies on challenges experienced by teachers in measurement and evaluation processes. Studies included in the meta-synthesis were determined using the PRISMA (2020) protocol and the study was conducted based on 22 studies. The Miles-Huberman reliability and Krippendorff alpha reliability were calculated based on expert opinions according to the CASP protocol to support the validity and reliability of the study. The study findings were clustered under three themes: (1) challenges encountered while preparing the measurement and evaluation tools, (2) challenges encountered while administering the measurement and evaluation tools, and (3) challenges encountered while grading the measurement and evaluation tools and evaluating student performance. The results show that teachers often face challenges while administering the measurement and evaluation tools due to education system/curriculum-related factors. On the other hand, the challenges experienced due to student and time constraints-related factors were more common.