Mesoporous Polymer Research Articles

Solvent-free self-assembly synthesis of N-doped ordered mesoporous carbons as effective and bifunctional materials for CO2 capture and oxygen reduction reaction

Traditional processes for the synthesis N-OMCs as effective and bifunctional materials for CO2 capture and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are unfavorable from the perspective of green chemistry. Herein, we reported the synthesis of N-OMCs through a solvent-free self-assembly route. A N-doped ordered mesoporous polymer (N-OMP) as the carbon precursor was first synthesized from manually mixed terephthalaldehyde, m-aminophenol and Pluronic F127. The precursors were then mechanically mixed with g-C3N4 for carbonization at different temperatures to result in a series of N-OMCs. The resultant N-OMCs were found to have well-developed ordered mesoporosity, and high nitrogen contents of 5.82–6.53 wt%. As a result, the CO2 capacities of N-OMCs can reach as high as 2.46 mmol/g at 0 °C and 0.15 bar, and the adsorption of CO2 by N-OMCs also shows high selectivities towards N2 as well as excellent recycling performance. The ORR activity of N-OMCs is very impressive, with the onset potential of 1.003 V, and half-wave potential of 0.858 V. Overall, the ORR activity of N-OMCs is much better than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst.

Facilely synthesized mesoporous polymer for dispersion of amino acid ionic liquid and effective capture of carbon dioxide from anthropogenic source

Dispersing amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) in porous supports is an effective method to overcome the viscous and corrosive issues of AAILs. Herein, a facilely synthesized mesoporous polymer—polydivinylbenzene (PDVB) was proposed as the support of AAILs for CO2 capture. A simple AAIL—tetraethylammonium glycinate ([N2222][Gly]) was synthesized and then dispersed in PDVB by physical impregnation. The prepared [N2222][Gly]@PDVB samples were systematically characterized and examined for CO2 capture performance. Owing to the large pore volume and rich mesoporisty of PDVB, the CO2 capacities of [N2222][Gly]@PDVB samples are very impressive, with the highest value of 1.55 mmol/g at 75 °C for 10 vol.% of CO2 balanced in N2. The utilization ratios of dispersed [N2222][Gly] at 75 °C approach the theoretical value of 0.5, suggesting the efficient utilization of [N2222][Gly] for the capture of CO2. The adsorption selectivity and reversibility of [N2222][Gly]@PDVB samples are also very good, justifying their promising application in the capture of CO2 from anthropogenic source.

Dispersing aminopolycarboxylate ionic liquids in mesoporous organic polymer for highly efficient and improved carbon capture from dilute source

Aminopolycarboxylate ILs (APC-ILs)—a kind of anion-grafted amine-functionalized ILs enabling 1:2 stoichiometry of reaction with CO2—were dispersed in mesoporous organic polymer to achieve a new class of adsorbents. The mesoporous organic polymer selected herein is polydivinylbenzene (PDVB) that can be facilely synthesized by a solvothermal route without any templates. The prepared APC-IL@PDVB samples were then systematically characterized and investigated for carbon capture performance. It is found that APC-IL@PDVB samples can efficiently adsorb CO2 from dilute source, with the highest CO2 capacity of 1.65 mmol/g and IL utilization ratio of 1.53 mol/mol at 30 ℃ for 10 vol% of CO2 balanced in N2. The CO2 capacities of APC-IL@PDVB samples surpass the values of most other solid-dispersed ILs, and the IL utilization ratios surpass the values of most non-dispersed ILs. The adsorption of CO2 by APC-IL@PDVB samples is also highly selective towards N2, and reversible throughout consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. Therefore, dispersing APC-ILs in PDVB is an effective approach to obtain adsorbents with high efficiency and improved performance for carbon capture from dilute source.

Effective carbon dioxide sorption by using phyllosilicate anchored poly(quaternary-ammoniumhydroxidemethyl styrene) nanocomposites

ABSTRACT Polymers are highly promising materials for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas. Hence in this work, we prepared phyllosilicate supported mesoporous polymer via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation, which is the one among the controlled radical polymerisation. The mesoporous material anchored on dodecanethiol trithiocarbonate acts as a chain transfer agent (CTA) for the polymerisation of chloromethyl styrene and further conversion to quaternary ammonium compound which is effective to trap CO2 using tertiary amine. The synthesised porous phyllosilicate/polymer nanocomposites have been characterised by using various analytical tools. The CO2 sorption experiments were carried out by passing CO2 onto the synthesised porous phyllosilicate/polymer nanocomposites. The sorption kinetics was monitored by X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra in the presence of carbonate were obtained by reaction of quaternary ammonium hydroxide and CO2. The phyllosilicate anchored macromolecular CTA (macro-CTA) and the surface-initiated polymer nanocomposites encompassed apparent surface areas of 94.5 and 26.8 m2 g−1, respectively. In addition, the total pore volumes calculated for the macro-CTA and polymer were found to be 0.27 and 0.095 cm3g−1, while the average pore sizes were 14.24 and 11.46 nm, respectively. The CO2 sorption capacity of the phyllosilicate/polymer nanocomposites, monitored at different temperatures, is the fastest for 25°C but slower for the sample treated at 50°C which may due to the dipole and quadrupole interaction.

Glucose Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Mesoporous Organosilica

Since the first developments in Molecular Imprints, the general approach is to crosslink a polymeric network around a target molecule, which serves as a template. After removing the target imprint, the remaining polymer keeps the shape and functional groups for rebinding with the target molecule. Therefore, Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) are also known as artificial antibodies.In the context of sensing applications, the advantages of using MIPs over natural antibodies range from higher stability at different measuring conditions (eg. solvents, pH, etc.) to longer shelf-life. However, the hydrophobic nature of polymers might play a role in the sensitivity of measurements performed in aqueous solvents, for example to detect contaminants in food samples.To tackle this problem, we use hydrophilic mesoporous organosilica polymers to detect glucose in real time. Sensitivity and selectivity tests were performed using the developed organosilica MIP and the corresponding Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP). Rebinding isotherms were calculated using uv-vis spectroscopy, Impedance and Heat-transfer method (HTM).

Surface Plasmons and Visible Light Iniferter Initiated Polymerization for Nanolocal Functionalization of Mesoporous Separation Layers

Although the technological relevance of mesoporous ceramic polymer hybrid materials is well accepted, missing functionalization concepts enabling 3D nanoscale local control of polymer placement into mesoporous materials, including thin films, and ideally using controlled polymerization techniques limit the application potential. Here, nanolocal functionalization of mesoporous separation layers using controlled, visible light iniferter initiated polymerization allowing responsive polymer functionalization locally limited to the irradiated spot is introduced. Thereby, two visible light sensitive iniferters, s-p-trimethoxysilylbenzyl-S´-dodecyltrithiocarbonate and 4-cyano-4-((dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl)pentanoic acid, are developed for polymer functionalization of mesoporous films in a grafting from and a grafting through approach. 3D nanolocal polymer placement close to the proximity of the plasmonic field source is demonstrated by combining these visible light iniferter initiated polymerizations with optical near field modes, such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). As the location of the LSPR in mesoporous films can be controlled by placing metal alloy nanoparticles into these films and film thicknesses can be adjusted, this strategy is applied for precise positioning of polymers into mesoporous films with nanolocal control in three dimensions and thus reduces the gap in precision of functional group positioning between technological and biological nanopores.

Boronic Acid-Functionalized Scholl-Coupling Mesoporous Polymers for Online Solid-Phase Extraction of Brassinosteroids from Plant-Derived Foodstuffs.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are natural, nontoxic, non-hazardous, biosafe, and eco-friendly plant hormones, possessing diverse pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the type and content of BRs in frequently consumed plant-derived foodstuffs because of their low abundance and high abundance of interference. In this study, a selective, accurate, and sensitive method based on the online solid-phase extraction using the boronic acid-functionalized Scholl-coupling microporous polymer was developed for the analysis of BRs in plant-derived foodstuffs. Under optimum conditions, an excellent linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9970) and lower limits of detection (0.010-0.070 pg mL-1) were obtained. The high relative recoveries were in the range of 90.33-109.34% with relative standard deviations less than 9.73%. The method was successfully used for the determination of BRs in fifteen plant-derived foodstuffs. The present work offers a valuable tool for exploring BRs from the plant-derived foodstuffs and can provide useful information for developing functional foods.

Solvent-Free Synthesis of Phenolic Hydroxyl Enriched Ordered Mesoporous Polymer as an Efficient Solid-Phase Microextraction Coating for the Determination of Trace Phenols in Food Samples

The determination of trace phenols in food samples is of great significance, but it is still very challenging due to the low concentration and complex matrix. A robust method was developed to determine trace phenols in food sample by combining headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The hydroxylated ordered mesoporous polymer (OMP-OH) synthesized by solvent-free strategy possessed ordered mesoporous structure and high specific surface area and was used as SPME fiber coating. Factors affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized, including extraction time, extraction temperature, pH value, salt effect, and desorption conditions. Under the optimal conditions, OMP-OH coating exhibited a high capability for the enrichment of phenols, which was 2~8 times that of commercial SPME coating. Moreover, the coating can be reused for more than 150 times without a significant change in performance. Linear ranges of this method were 0.5~10000 ng L−1, of which 5~10000 ng L−1 for 2-nitrophenol and 1~10000 ng L−1 for 2, 4-dichlorophenol. The limits of detection (LODs) for phenols in tomato and grape are 0.19~2.13 ng L−1 and 0.21~2.41 ng L−1, respectively. High enrichment factors (439~1851), good precision (RSD< 8.87%), and superior reproducibility (RSD< 10.0%) were obtained. Ultimately, the established method was successfully applied to quantify the phenols in real food samples, i.e., tomato and grape. The results demonstrated that the established method was very promising for the determination of trace phenols in food samples with complex matrix.

Reassessing the Physicochemical Properties of Ordered Mesoporous Polymer and Copolymer Nanocasts

AbstractNanocasting is a convenient way for preparing highly porous, nanostructured soft materials. Mesoporous polymer nanocasts have been reported for over a decade, however, several aspects remain to be explored further. To do so, we report a comprehensive investigation of the physicochemical characteristics of high surface area functional organic polymers and copolymers obtained by nanocasting. Divinylbenzene, styrene and chloromethyl styrene were selectively polymerized within the pores of mesoporous SBA‐15 or KIT‐6 silicas. Following template removal, the resulting materials were characterized. The nanocast mesoporous polymers were also modified to introduce functional groups. The success of the functionalization was assessed analytically and by model catalytic tests. The study points to the advantages of the hard templating method for structuring organic materials but also its limitations.

Developing Eco-Friendly and Cost-Effective Porous Adsorbent for Carbon Dioxide Capture.

To address the issue of global warming and climate change issues, recent research efforts have highlighted opportunities for capturing and electrochemically converting carbon dioxide (CO2). Despite metal doped polymers receiving widespread attention in this respect, the structures hitherto reported lack in ease of synthesis with scale up feasibility. In this study, a series of mesoporous metal-doped polymers (MRFs) with tunable metal functionality and hierarchical porosity were successfully synthesized using a one-step copolymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde with Polyethyleneimine (PEI) under solvothermal conditions. The effect of PEI and metal doping concentrations were observed on physical properties and adsorption results. The results confirmed the role of PEI on the mesoporosity of the polymer networks and high surface area in addition to enhanced CO2 capture capacity. The resulting Cobalt doped material shows excellent thermal stability and promising CO2 capture performance, with equilibrium adsorption of 2.3 mmol CO2/g at 0 °C and 1 bar for at a surface area 675.62 m2/g. This mesoporous polymer, with its ease of synthesis is a promising candidate for promising for CO2 capture and possible subsequent electrochemical conversion.

General synthesis of hollow mesoporous conducting polymers by dual-colloid interface co-assembly for high-energy-density micro-supercapacitors

Rational design and precise regulation over the morphology, structure, and pore size of functional conducting mesoporous polymers with enriched active sites and shorten electron–ion transport pathway are extremely important for developing high-performance micro-supercapacitors (MSCs), but still remain a great challenge. Herein, a general dual-colloid interface co-assembly strategy is proposed to fabricate hollow mesoporous polypyrrole nano-bowls (mPPy-nbs) for high-energy-density solid-state planar MSCs. By simply adjusting the size of block copolymer micelles, the diameter of polystyrene nanospheres and the amount of pyrrole monomer, mesopore size of the shell, void and shell thickness of mPPy-nbs can be simultaneously controlled. Importantly, this strategy can be further utilized to synthesize other hollow mesoporous polymers, including poly(tris(4-aminophenyl)amine), poly(1,3,5-triaminobenzene) and their copolymers, demonstrative of excellent universality. The structurally optimized mPPy-nb exhibits high specific surface area of 122 m2 g−1and large capacitance of 225 F g−1 at 1 mV s−1. Furthermore, the MSCs assembled by mPPy-nbs deliver impressive volumetric capacitance of 90 F cm−3 and energy density of 2.0 mWh cm−3, superior to the most reported polymers-based MSCs. Also, the fabricated MSCs present excellent flexibility with almost no capacitance decay under varying bending states, and robust serial/parallel self-integration for boosting voltage and capacitance output. Therefore, this work will inspire the new design of mesoporous conducting polymer materials toward high-performance microscale supercapacitive devices.

Recognizing adsorption of Cd(Ⅱ) by a novel core-shell mesoporous ion-imprinted polymer: Characterization, binding mechanism and practical application

A novel monodispersed Cd(II) ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) was synthesized inside core-shell mesoporous silica (C-SMS) particles to improve the diffusion kinetics of the polymer. The synthesized IIP@C-SMS was characterized and subsequently used in solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the selective adsorption of Cd(II) in aquatic samples. The results indicated that IIP had been successfully assembled inside the C-SMS particles with a high specific surface area (546.3 m2 g−1) and uniform mesoporous size (2.07 nm). The obtained IIP@C-SMS takes only 15 min to reach the adsorption equilibrium due to the highly developed mesoporous structure. IIP@C-SMS also presented a maximal adsorption capacity (201.9 μmol g−1) for Cd(II), which was much higher than that of NIP@C-SMS (80.3 μmol g−1). The relative selectivity coefficient of IIP@C-SMS for Cd(II)/M(II) (M = Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr(II), and Ni(II)) were 7.15, 8.70, 7.18, and 7.36, respectively, further confirming the satisfactory selectivity of IIP@C-SMS. The adsorption isotherms of IIP@C-SMS toward Cd(II) could be described by Langmuir model; whereas the adsorption kinetics could be fitted by the pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption was the rate-limiting step. The FT-IR, ITC and XPS analysis further confirmed that the Cd(II)-induced cavities during the ion-imprinting process and the coordination between Cd(II) and –SH groups were the main adsorption mechanism. Furthermore, in real samples, IIP@C-SMS-SPE adsorbed approximately 93–104% of Cd(II). This work provides new insights for the design of novel macroporous sorbents for Cd(II).

Surface Plasmons and Visible Light Iniferter Initiated Polymerization for Nanolocal Functionalization of Mesoporous Separation Layers

AbstractAlthough the technological relevance of mesoporous ceramic polymer hybrid materials is well accepted, missing functionalization concepts enabling 3D nanoscale local control of polymer placement into mesoporous materials, including thin films, and ideally using controlled polymerization techniques limit the application potential. Here, nanolocal functionalization of mesoporous separation layers using controlled, visible light iniferter initiated polymerization allowing responsive polymer functionalization locally limited to the irradiated spot is introduced. Thereby, two visible light sensitive iniferters, s‐p‐trimethoxysilylbenzyl‐S´‐dodecyltrithiocarbonate and 4‐cyano‐4‐((dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl)pentanoic acid, are developed for polymer functionalization of mesoporous films in a grafting from and a grafting through approach. 3D nanolocal polymer placement close to the proximity of the plasmonic field source is demonstrated by combining these visible light iniferter initiated polymerizations with optical near field modes, such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). As the location of the LSPR in mesoporous films can be controlled by placing metal alloy nanoparticles into these films and film thicknesses can be adjusted, this strategy is applied for precise positioning of polymers into mesoporous films with nanolocal control in three dimensions and thus reduces the gap in precision of functional group positioning between technological and biological nanopores.

Fabrication of target specific solid-state optical sensors using chromoionophoric probe-integrated porous monolithic polymer and silica templates for cobalt ions.

The article demonstrates the design of two solid-state sensors for the capturing of industrially relevant ultra-trace Co(II) ions using porous monolithic silica and polymer templates. The mesoporous silica reveals high surface area and voluminous pore dimensions that ensures homogeneous anchoring of 4-((5-(allylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)diazenyl)benzene-1,3-diol, as the chromoionophore. We report a first of its kind solid-state macro-/meso-porous polymer monolithic optical sensor from a monomeric chromoionophore, i.e., 2-(4-butylphenyl)diazenyl)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide. The monolithic solid-state sensors are characterized using HR-TEM-SAED, FE-SEM-EDAX, p-XRD, XPS, 29Si/13C CPMAS NMR, FT-IR, TGA, and BET/BJH analysis. The electron microscopic images reveal a highly ordered hexagonal mesoporous network of honeycomb pattern for silica monolith, and a long-range macroporous framework with mesoporous channels for polymer monolith. The sensors offer exclusive ion-selectivity and sensitivity for trace cobalt ions, through a concentration proportionate visual color transition, with a response kinetics of ≤ 5min. The optimization of ion-sensing performance reveals an excellent detection limit of 0.29 and 0.15ppb for Co(II), using silica- and polymer-based monolithic sensors, respectively. The proposed sensors are tested with industrial wastewater and spent Li-ion batteries, which reveals a superior cobalt ion capturing efficiency of ≥ 99.2% (RSD: ≤ 2.07%).

Monodisperse Ultrahigh Nitrogen-Containing Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres from Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin.

An aqueous emulsion polymerization self-assembly approach is demonstrated for the first time to synthesize ultrahigh nitrogen containing mesoporous polymer nanospheres, using melamine-formaldehyde resin oligomers as precursors. In the synthesis, change from alkaline to acidic conditions is critical for the formation of monodisperse mesostructured polymer nanospheres. Owing to unique structure of triazine stabilized in the covalent polymeric networks during the pyrolysis process, the derived mesoporous carbon nanospheres possess an ultrahigh nitrogen content (up to 15.6 wt%) even after pyrolysis at 800°C, which is the highest nitrogen content among mesoporous carbon nanospheres. Furthermore, these monodisperse mesoporous carbon nanospheres possess a high surface area (≈883 m2 g-1 ) and large pore size (≈8.1nm). As an anode for sodium-ion batteries, the ultrahigh nitrogen-containing mesoporous carbon nanospheres exhibit superior rate capability (117 mAh g-1 at a high current density of 3 A g-1 ) and high reversible capacity (373 mAh g-1 at 0.06 A g-1 ), indicating a promising material for energy storage.

Construction of mesoporous ceria-supported gold catalysts with rich oxygen vacancies for efficient CO oxidation

Bearing unique redox nature and high oxygen storage capacity, ceria (CeO2) has always been a promising CO oxidation catalyst support for gold (Au) catalysts and the like. Herein, a series of Au–CeO2–P (P stands for pH value) samples was prepared by a co-precipitation method with the assistance of an alkaline environment and amino groups functionalized ordered mesoporous polymer (OMP-NH2). Afterward, all samples described above were characterized that the Au–CeO2–P catalysts are made of Au–Ce–O solid solution and Au nanoparticles (NPs) supported on CeO2. It turns out that OMP-NH2 is not just a simple sacrificial template for mesoporous structure, but also plays an important role as an amino source, explaining the presence of rich oxygen vacancies. Due to the concentration of oxygen vacancies in Au–Ce–O solid solution is the key factor for the oxygen mobility of CO oxidation, the catalytic results also demonstrate that the catalytic activity of Au–CeO2–P catalysts is related to the concentration of their oxygen vacancies. Moreover, Au–CeO2-9.6 with a highest concentration of oxygen vacancies (as high as 13.98%) in Au–CeO2–P catalysts exhibits the best catalytic activity (complete conversion at 10 °C).

One-pot fructose conversion into 5-ethoxymethylfurfural using a sulfonated hydrophobic mesoporous organic polymer as a highly active and stable heterogeneous catalyst

We report a sulfonated hydrophobic mesoporous organic polymer (MOP-SO3H) as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) production from fructose in ethanol solvent.

A methylation-inspired mesoporous coordination polymer for identification and removal of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions.

Qualitative analysis of contamination events and rapid removal of hazardous substances from water are in urgent need for a sustainable environment and human health. Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) bridged by organic ligands through metal nodes in an extendable and periodic manner have emerged as competitive candidates for the detection and removal of hazardous substances. However, the majority of them suffer from high production costs, poor structural stability and environmental problems, which has become a bottleneck for commercial translation. Here, we report a class of phenylalanine-based metal-biomolecule complexes and discuss the impact of subtle sequence variations in modular ligands on their assembly behaviors and structural properties. The phenomenon in which the bioligands dominate the structure formation and surface wettability has been revealed. A Cu(ii)-aspartame coordination polymer, Cu(mDF), with satisfactory chemical stability was selected for removal of organic pollutants in aqueous solution. The mesoporous structure, surface charge and high specific surface area (233.71 m2 g-1, Dmean = 5.65 nm) promote its rapid equilibrium of anionic adsorption within 10 min. In addition, Cu(mDF) possessing an adsorption-induced color-shifting feature provides an ideal platform for organic pollutant detection. Furthermore, Cu(mDF) with biocompatibility and low cost fabrication exhibits antimicrobial properties against C. albicans, E. coli and S. aureus, and may be a potential purifier in wastewater treatment.

Rational design of non-toxic GOx-based biocatalytic nanoreactor for multimodal synergistic therapy and tumor metastasis suppression.

Rationale: Glucose oxidase (GOx)-based biocatalytic nanoreactors can cut off the energy supply of tumors for starvation therapy and deoxygenation-activated chemotherapy. However, these nanoreactors, including mesoporous silica, calcium phosphate, metal-organic framework, or polymer nanocarriers, cannot completely block the reaction of GOx with glucose in the blood, inducing systemic toxicity from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and anoxia. The low enzyme loading capacity can reduce systemic toxicity but limits its therapeutic effect. Here, we describe a real 'ON/OFF' intelligent nanoreactor with a core-shell structure (GOx + tirazapamine (TPZ))/ZIF-8@ZIF-8 modified with the red cell membrane (GTZ@Z-RBM) for cargo delivery.Methods: GTZ@Z-RBM nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the co-precipitation and epitaxial growth process under mild conditions. The core-shell structure loaded with GOx and TPZ was characterized for hydrate particle size and surface charge. The GTZ@Z-RBM NPs morphology, drug, and GOx loading/releasing abilities, system toxicity, multimodal synergistic therapy, and tumor metastasis suppression were investigated. The in vitro and in vivo outcomes of GTZ@Z-RBM NPs were assessed in 4T1 breast cancer cells.Results: GTZ@Z-RBM NPs could spatially isolate the enzyme from glucose in a physiological environment, reducing systemic toxicity. The fabricated nanoreactor with high enzyme loading capacity and good biocompatibility could deliver GOx and TPZ to the tumors, thereby exhausting glucose, generating H2O2, and aggravating hypoxic microenvironment for starvation therapy, DNA damage, and deoxygenation-activated chemotherapy. Significantly, the synergistic therapy effectively suppressed the breast cancer metastasis in mice and prolonged life without systemic toxicity. The in vitro and in vivo results provided evidence that our biomimetic nanoreactor had a powerful synergistic cascade effect in treating breast cancer.Conclusion: GTZ@Z-RBM NPs can be used as an 'ON/OFF' intelligent nanoreactor to deliver GOx and TPZ for multimodal synergistic therapy and tumor metastasis suppression.

Tris-NHC-propagated self-supported polymer-based Pd catalysts for heterogeneous C-H functionalization.

Three-dimensionally propagated imidazolium-containing mesoporous coordination polymer and organic polymer-based platforms were successfully exploited to develop single-site heterogenized Pd-NHC catalysts for oxidative arene/heteroarene C-H functionalization reactions. The catalysts were efficient in directed arene halogenation, and nondirected arene and heteroarene arylation reactions. High catalytic activity, excellent heterogeneity and recyclability were offered by these systems making them promising candidates in the area of heterogeneous C-H functionalization, where efficient catalysts are still scarce.