Peppermint Research Articles

Unveiling the Preparation and Characterization of Lercanidipine Hydrochloride in an Oral Solid Self-Nanoemulsion for Enhancing Oral Delivery.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, particularly among the elderly, along with an increase in the incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular disorders. Developing lipid-based oral dosage forms with a higher expected bioavailability of antihypertensive drugs with nephroprotective effects poses a challenge. Lercanidipine hydrochloride (LRCH) is a newer type of third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that functions as an antihypertensive and has significant nephroprotective effects. Due to its extensive first-pass metabolism, its bioavailability is about 10% and increases to 3-4 times when taken with a high-fat meal. Targeting this drug to the lymphatic system using the solid self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SSNEDDS) is a promising approach for improving LRCH's bioavailability and dispersion rate. SSNEDDS combines the benefits of both liquid self-emulsifying and solid dosage forms, improving drug stability and extending storage time. In this study, liquid SNEDDS composed of 10% peppermint oil, 67% Tween 20, and 22.5% propylene glycolwas solidified using two adsorbent agent mixtures (SSNEDDS1: Avicel PH 101 and Aerosil 200) and (SSNEDDS2: Avicel PH 102 and Aerosil 200) separately. The prepared formulations were evaluated for powder flow, drug content, and an in-vitro dispersion test in comparison to the brand-marketed tablet as a standard or pure drug. DSC and X-ray diffraction analysis were also used. The SSNEDDS2 shows excellent flowability, a higher drug content (99.761%), and a significantly higher and faster dispersion rate of 100% within 10 minutes compared to 92% of the marketed LRCH tablet and 18.1% of the pure drug for 60 minutes. The solid-state characterization of the formulation composed of SSNEDDS2 confirmed that the LRCH was in an amorphous form inside the solidified nano system without interacting with the excipient. This study successfully prepared LRCH using the promising strategy of SSNEDDS as a hard gelatin capsule with a higher dispersion rate. It improved its stability and expected bioavailability compared to the brand-marketed tablet as the standard.

REMOVAL OF LEAD IONS BY GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA AND MENTHA PIPERITA L. LEAVES

Heavy metal compounds are commonly used as required industrial materials. Heavy metal ions are known to possess poisonous properties. Lead (II) ion is one of them; it is more toxic and carcinogenic. The contamination of water with Pb (II) may lead to kill people who drink it, in addition to harmful effects on plants and animals. Therefore, Pb (II) ions must be removed from the polluted water. In this work, an eco-friendly method was employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from silver nitrate and two separate plant extracts; leaves of Prosopis Juliflora and Mentha Piperita L. AgNPs were used to remove Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions through the adsorption process. The synthesized AgNPs were identified by ultraviolet- visible (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The diameters of formation nanoparticles were within the range of 8.06–11.5 and 8.02- 11.5 nm of AgNPs from Prosopis Juliflora, and AgNPs from Mentha Piperita L. extracts, respectively. During the adsorption process, the influence of adsorbent dose, Pb (II) ion concentration, and contact time in removing were studied at constant temperature and constant pH.

Supplementation species effect on the phenolic content and biological bioactivities of the decocted green tea

Background: Green tea, produced from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, is the most widely consumed beverage in the world after water, and it is widely sold and popular owing to its flavor, and its health benefits. Spices have been used by consumers worldwide to improve flavors of food including tea. Phenolics are the most common phytochemical found in herbal teas and are beneficial in promoting health or preventing diseases. Aims: This study aims to investigate the impact of the addition of mint (Mentha piperita L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), star anise (Illicium verum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), white mugwort (Artemisia herba alba) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) on green tea biological properties, and on consumers’ acceptance. Subjects and Methods: Different green tea blends were formulated with 10% of each proposed spice. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of formulated blends were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The effect of these herbs supplementation on antioxidant activity of green tea was determined using three different methods, namely DPPH assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). In vitro antibacterial activity was assessed by the disc-diffusion method. Consumers’ acceptance of tea blends was evaluated by a sensory hedonic analysis performed by 127 panelists. Results: The results revealed significant variability among tea blends in terms of both total polyphenols (from 591.951 to 1027.387 mg GAE/L) and flavonoids (from 140.78 to 279.329 mg QE/L). As regards the antioxidant activity, control (no supplemented) green tea exhibited the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (RC0.5 = 27.25 mg AAE/g DE). Interestingly tea blends supplemented with white mugwort and ginger demonstrated the highest DPPH• scavenging effect with IC50 of about 3.37 and 3.38 mg AAE/g DE, respectively, while when supplemented with star anise, it showed the highest TAC (66.143 mg AAE/g DE). In the assessment of the antibacterial effect, control green tea showed the best efficacy, except for Listeria innocua which was particularly sensitive to samples flavored with star anise and clove. The sensory evaluation revealed that clove-flavored tea was the most preferred by the panelists (31.75%), closely followed by ginger green tea (30.95%), green tea and star anise flavored green tea (25.39%). Conclusion: The obtained results indicate that adding some species to green tea significantly enhance its phenolic content, boost its antioxidant capacity and improve its sensory properties. Keywords: Flavored green tea; polyphenols; antioxidant activity; antibacterial activity; sensory characteristic.

Особенности компонентного состава эфирного масла перспективных сортов мяты перечной и пути повышения его выхода

Medicinal preparations (pharmaceutical products) based on essential oils are used in the treatment of many diseases. Pepper mint Mentha piperita is one of the most important essential oil crop. Menthol obtained from peppermint oil is included in the preparations Validol, Corvalol, Valokordin, Pectusin, and Menovazine. The demand of the Russian pharmaceutical industry for mint raw materials at the ex-pense of its own production is not fully satisfied. It can be increased by development new high-yielding varieties of mint and developing modern methods of their cultivation. For this purpose, new high-yielding varieties Aisberg and Aromatnaya, differing in essential oil content and component composition, were developed in the conditions of the North Caucasus branch of the All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. The variety Aisberg has a high content of oil (4.98%) and menthol in it, while the variety Aromatnaya has a low content of essential oil (1.95%) and a high content of menthone and minor components, which allows these oils to be used in different industries – pharmaceutical, perfumery, cosmetic, and food. The application of natural retardant Hardy on the studied moint varieties promoted the increase of essential oil content in raw material by 22–27% and the increase of biologically active components in essential oil: menthol in the variety Aisberg, menthone in the variety Aromatnaya. To ensure a high yield of mint oil per hectare, the complex application of EcoFus (an organomineral fertilizer) and Siliplant (a silicon-containing microfertilizer) is appropriate at the beginning of plant growth and Hardy (retardant) – in the phase of budding. This method increased the yield of the studied mint varieties by 12–13%, the content of essential oil by 26–29%, and oil yield per a hectare by 41–45%.

Anti-motion sickness properties of ginger capsules, peppermint oil inhalation, acupressure wristbands and Vitamin B6: A survey of pharmacy students

Anti-motion sickness properties of ginger capsules, peppermint oil inhalation, acupressure wristbands and Vitamin B6: A survey of pharmacy students

Protein level alteration and micronuclei induction in Channa punctatus fish exposed to chlorpyrifos and their alleviation by Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita extracts

Aim: To assess alteration in the protein levels of major organs and induction of micronuclei in the freshwater fish, Channa punctatus following exposure to chlorpyrifos, while also investigating the potential mitigating effects of extracts from Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita on the adverse impacts induced by this pesticide. Methodology: Two weeks of acclimatized healthy fish were divided into four different groups. Group G1 served as the control group, while G2 contained chlorpyrifos (LC50/10, 96 hr). Group G3 was exposed to chlorpyrifos (LC50/10, 96 hr) along with 8 mg l-1 of Melissa officinalis ethanolic extract, and similarly, G4 contained chlorpyrifos (LC50/10, 96 hr) along with 8 mg l-1 ethanolic extract of Mentha piperita. Sampling was conducted over various durations of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The ethanolic extracts of Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita were used as remedial compounds as they are rich in several bioactive compounds, primarily polyphenols. Results: The investigation revealed a notable decrease in the total protein content of kidney, liver, gills and muscles following exposure to chlorpyrifos after each sampling duration. While, upon exposure to remedies containing the ethanolic extracts of Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita, the protein levels exhibited a significant recovery (p < 0.05) in a duration-dependent manner, compared to the control group. This suggests a promising ameliorative capability of Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita against chlorpyrifos toxicity. Further, the induction of micronuclei by chlorpyrifos and their subsequent recovery through the application of phytoextracts Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita displayed a similar pattern, indicating the potential protective effects of these extracts against chlorpyrifos-induced genotoxicity. Interpretation: It is plausible to conclude that standardized doses of Melissa officinalis and Mentha piperita hold the potential to enhance aquaculture practices and safeguard fish production in agriculturally contaminated water bodies. These findings emphasize their valuable contribution in sustaining fish health amidst toxic environments. Key words: Channa punctatus, Chlorpyrifos, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita

Evaluation of The Antibacterial Activity of Tallow-Based Soap with the Addition of Tea Tree and Peppermint Extracts

Tallow is a by-product of the meat processing industry. Tallow is commonly used as a raw material in soap making. This studi aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of tallow-based soap with varying amounts of tea tree and peppermint extracts. This study used a completely randomized design with the addition of tea tree and peppermint extracts 0% (P1), addition 2% (P2), addition 5% (P3), addition 8% (P4). The parameters of this study were water content, pH, free fatty acids, and antibacterial activity tests against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium acnes. The results showed that tea tree and peppermint extracts had no significant effect on the water content, pH and free fatty acid values. Meanwhile, the results of antibacterial activity showed significantly different results (P<0.05) for E. coli and S. aureus but were not significant for P. acnes. Adding tea tree and peppermint extracts to tallow-based soap can enhance its antibacterial properties without affecting the physical quality of the soap.

Effect of peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita L.) in migraine-like responses in female rats

Migraine is a severe and disabling neurological disorder characterized by headache, photophobia, phonophobia, nausea and vomiting. It is considered the top cause of years lived with disability between the ages of 15–49, being two to three times more common in women than in men. Pharmacological treatment of migraine has advanced in the past years but is still considered unsatisfactory for a significant number of patients. There is growing evidence that essential oils may provide benefit for migraineurs. Herein it was tested the hypothesis that peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita L.) could reduce migraine-related responses in rats. The model consisted in the injection of calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) of female rats to induce the development of immediate periorbital cutaneous allodynia and late photosensitivity (24 h after CGRP). Inhalation of the peppermint essential oil during 15 minutes before CGRP injection in the TG did not reduce periorbital allodynia and photosensitivity of female rats. However, when the exposure occurred after CGRP injection, peppermint essential oil caused a significant reduction in both parameters. Likewise, intranasal application of menthol, a major component of peppermint essential oil caused a significant reduction of periorbital allodynia induced by CGRP. In conclusion, peppermint essential oil and menthol may represent a safe, low cost and noninvasive adjuvant abortive therapy for headache pain in migraine patients. However, further high-quality clinical studies are clearly warranted to determine efficacy, safety and to establish their best treatment regimen.

Molecular Docking of Phytocompounds from Mentha Piperita Leaf Extract as Promising Inhibitory Agents against Candida Albicans’s Glucosamine-6-Phosphate Synthase

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt This study identifies and assesses the active phytochemical components of Mentha piperita (peppermint) leaf extract that inhibit the glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase activity of Candida albicans. Utilizing advanced techniques such as HPLC-DAD and Bioautography Agar Overlay, the research successfully isolated bioactive compounds including rutin, chlorogenic acid, neohesperidin, rosmarinic acid, and eriodictyol. The identification of these specific compounds and their inhibitory effects on a key enzyme in Candida albicans underscores the potential of Mentha piperita as a source of novel antifungal agents. Full Abstract The Mentha piperita plant, also known as peppermint, is a perennial aromatic herb grown throughout most of the world and has long been utilized in traditional medicine. It is a member of the Lamiaceae family. This study aimed to assess and determine the active phytochemical components of Mentha piperita leaf extract that inhibit the glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase activity of Candida albicans. The plant materials were collected from Janyau, Gada Biyu area along Sokoto Road, Gusau, Zamfara state, Nigeria, and identified at the herbarium section of the Biological science Department, Federal University Gusau. The plant leaf was extracted using the soxhlet method and analyses the phytochemical constituents' presence. To identify the bioactive compounds in the extracts of Mentha piperita, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used on glass slides coated with silica gel (0.2mm Kiesel-gel 60 F254, Merck). The resulting fraction was then analyzed using HPLC-DAD analysis and the Bioautography Agar Overlay Technique. Phytochemical analysis results showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, phenol, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids as secondary metabolites. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) separation of aqueous extracts provided one compound with an Rf value of 0.52, while methanol and n-hexane extract showed two compounds, each with Rf values of 0.79 and 0.74, 0.72 and 0.70. As bioautography shows, the most bioactive component among the five components is M1. In conclusion, the bioactive constituents identified by high-performance liquid chromatography are rutin, Chlorogenic acid, Neohesperidin, Rosmarinic acid, and Eriodictyol.

The Impact of Plant Essential Oils on the Growth of the Pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani, and Phytophthora pseudocryptogea.

Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic and medicinal plants have the potential to inhibit the growth of various pathogens and, thus, be useful in the control of dangerous diseases. The application of environmentally friendly approaches to protect agricultural and forestry ecosystems from invasive and hazardous species has become more significant in last decades. Therefore, the identification and characterization of essential oils with a strong inhibitory activity against aggressive and widespread pathogens are of key importance in plant protection research. The main purpose of our study is to evaluate the impact of essential oils originating from different genotypes of bee balm, mint, and marigold on Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani, and Phytophthora pseudocryptogea. Twelve essential oils, including five EOs originating from Monarda fistulosa, one oil each from Monarda russeliana, Mentha longifolia, Mentha piperita, Tagetes patula, and Tagetes erecta, and two EOs from Tagetes tenuifolia were derived by steam or water distillation. The chemical composition of the tested EOs was determined by GS-MS analyses and their corresponding chemotypes were identified. The most effective against all three pathogens were determined to be the EOs originating from M. fistulosa and M. russeliana. B. cinerea, and P. pseudocryptogea were also significantly affected by the M. piperita essential oil. The most efficient EOs involved in this investigation and their potential to control plant pathogens are discussed.

The Evaluation of Toxicity Effects of Synthetic Volatile Compounds and Essential Oils on Callosbruchus maculatus L. and its Biology

The biology studies and contact toxicity of synthetic volatile compounds, namely Propionic acid and Benzaldehyde, and essential oils namely, Ocimum basilicum and Mentha piperita, and their different possible combinations evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus and were carried out at the Department of Entomology, Annamalai University to develop an economically viable and effective alternative to chemical insecticides to manage the stored product insect pests. In the biology study, the egg period was 5±0.07 days. The larval and pupal period together was 21.24±0.67. The total development period recorded from the day of oviposition to adult emergence was 35.03±0.35 days. The maximum contact toxicity was observed in Propionic acid + Benzaldehyde with 8.73 µl LC50. Therefore, in addition to being incorporated into the storage pest management to prevent the development of resistance, combinations of essential oils and synthetic volatiles, such as propionic acid and benzaldehyde, could be used as an alternative to the chemical fumigants that are mostly used to control pests of stored products.

Bio-active essential oils derived from medicinal plants and their insecticidal potential on houseflies and cockroaches

The plant essential oils are intricate blends of semi-volatile and volatile substances. They primarily consist of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes; however, very trace amounts of diterpenes, triterpenes, and tetraterpenes are also present. In view of environmental concerns, highly aromatic essential oils, exhibit a variety of bioactivities against the targeted species as a novel pest control alternative to synthetic insecticides. As a result, the study aims to evaluate the impact of essential oils (EO) extracted from various plant species: Azadirachta indica, Citrus limon, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Mentha piperita, and Ocimum tenuiflorum. Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to determine the chemical components of these essential oils. Furthermore, the extracted oils were subjected to individual and combination formulations of bio-insecticides, which were assessed on houseflies and cockroaches in comparison to a blank control and the positive control dichlorvos (dimethyl 2, 2-dichlorovinyl phosphate). The findings showed that the maximum essential oil yields from the leaves of A. indica, E. globulus, and O. tenuiflorum were 11.38, 9.64 and 10.41 %, respectively. Compared to DDVP, which killed all insects within the 12-hour period, the combined form of leaf essential oils at 100 % concentration proved to be more effective in controlling insect mortality. It accounted for 98 % of the deaths in houseflies and 76.4 % of the deaths in cockroaches, according to the contact toxicity evaluation. The active insecticidal components in the formulation include eucalyptol, undecane, tetradecane, estragole, pentadecane, and caryophyllene.

Decontamination of Chlorpyrifos Residue in Soil by Using Mentha piperita (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) for Phytoremediation and Two Bacterial Strains.

This study utilizes Mentha piperita (MI) for the first time to investigate the uptake and translocation of chlorpyrifos (CPF; 10 µg g-1) from soil, introducing a new approach to improve the efficacy of this technique, which includes using biosurfactants (Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) at 107 CFU/mL to degrade CPF under greenhouse conditions. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (Prx), and oxidative stress due to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in MI roots and leaves were evaluated under CPF stress. Our results demonstrated that amending soil with MI and B. subtilis followed by P. aeruginosa significantly reduced CPF levels in the soil (p > 0.05) and enhanced CPF concentrations in MI roots and leaves after 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days of the experiment. Furthermore, CPF showed its longest half-life (t1/2) in soil contaminated solely with CPF, lasting 15.36 days. Conversely, its shortest half-life occurred in soil contaminated with CPF and treated with MI along with B. subtilis, lasting 4.65 days. Soil contaminated with CPF and treated with MI and P. aeruginosa showed a half-life of 7.98 days. The half-life (t1/2) of CPF-contaminated soil with MI alone was 11.41 days. A batch equilibrium technique showed that B. subtilis is better than P. aeruginosa for eliminating CPF from soil in In vitro experiments. Notably, CPF-polluted soil treated with coadministration of MI and the tested bacteria improved the activities of SOD and Prx and reduced H2O2 and MDA compared with CPF-polluted soil treated with MI alone. Our findings demonstrated that using B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa as biosurfactants to augment phytoremediation represents a commendable strategy for enhancing the remediation of CPF contamination in affected sites while reducing the existence of harmful pesticide remnants in crop plants.

Doxycycline monohydrate and azelaic acid Co-loaded nanoemulgel for the treatment of facial rosacea: In vitro and In vivo evaluation

Nanoemulgel have gained importance as topical delivery systems because of their potential to incorporate hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs simultaneously like emulsions and improved stability and spreadability like gels. Therefore, the current research was aimed to prepare, optimize, and evaluate the combined therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline monohydrate (DOX.H2O) and azelaic acid (AZL) loaded into a nanoemulgel (NE) against facial rosacea. The nanoemulsion was prepared via phase inversion low energy emulsification method by solubilizing DOX.H2O in peppermint oil and AZL in deionized water. The formulation was optimized using Design Expert 13. The optimized nanoemulsion has a particle size of 210.6 nm, a PDI of 0.234 and a zeta potential of −15.1 mV. SEM observations revealed the spherical morphology of oil globules, whereas FTIR results confirmed that no chemical interaction among the ingredients took place. The in vitro release study showed the burst release of 82.1 % AZL and 48.1 % release of DOX.H2O from the optimized DOX-AZL co-loaded NE in 6 h. The ex vivo permeation profile showed a minimum permeation of DOX.H2O and AZL across rat skin. Croton oil induced inflammation in mice ear confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of the prepared NE against facial rosacea. Considering the results obtained herein, the developed NE could enhance the safety and efficacy of the combination therapy against facial rosacea.

Recent Advances in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Addressing Diarrhea, Constipation, and Abdominal Pain

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. This paper aim was to provide an overview of recent advancements in the treatment of IBS, focusing on the management of its main symptoms: diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain. For individuals with IBS-D, various therapeutic options are available, including rifaximin, peripheral opioid agonists, mixed opioid agonists/antagonists, bile acid sequestrants, and serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Rifaximin, a nonabsorbable antibiotic, has demonstrated significant effectiveness in reducing IBS symptoms, such as bloating and loose stools, with good tolerability and safety. Also the repeated use of rifaximin for managing recurrent IBS symptoms. In IBS-C patients, bulking agents, osmotic laxatives, and prokinetic agents like lubiprostone have shown efficacy in improving constipation and overall symptoms. Linaclotide, a drug that increases intestinal chloride secretion, has demonstrated significant improvement in bowel movements and abdominal pain in IBS-C patients. However, it may cause diarrhea in some individuals. IBS-M, characterized by alternating constipation and diarrhea, poses a challenge in terms of specific drug treatments. A comprehensive assessment of potential underlying causes and careful history taking is crucial for effective management. Abdominal pain is a common symptom in IBS, regardless of subtype. Antispasmodic drugs, peppermint oil, and trimebutine have shown effectiveness in reducing pain and improving symptoms. Antidepressants, such as tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, may offer relief by modulating pain pathways and influencing gastrointestinal motility. Benzodiazepines, particularly dextofisopam, have shown potential in improving stool consistency but require further evaluation. In conclusion, recent advancements in the treatment of IBS have provided a range of therapeutic options targeting its main symptoms. However, further research is needed to develop tailored treatments for specific IBS subtypes and to explore the efficacy of potential alternatives, including benzodiazepines. Improved management of IBS symptoms can significantly enhance the quality of life for affected individuals.

Studying the impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the expression of pivotal genes related to menthol biosynthesis and certain biochemical parameters in peppermint plants (Mentha Piperita L.)

BackgroundThis study examines the impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on gene expression associated with menthol biosynthesis and selected biochemical parameters in peppermint plants (Mentha piperita L.). Menthol, the active ingredient in peppermint, is synthesized through various pathways involving key genes like geranyl diphosphate synthase, menthone reductase, and menthofuran synthase. Seedlings were treated with different concentrations of TiO2NPs (50, 100, 200, and 300 ppm) via foliar spray. After three weeks of treatment, leaf samples were gathered and kept at -70 °C for analysis.ResultsAccording to our findings, there was a significant elevation (P ≤ 0.05) in proline content at concentrations of 200 and 300 ppm in comparison with the control. Specifically, the highest proline level was registered at 200 ppm, reaching 259.64 ± 33.33 µg/g FW. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content exhibited a decreasing trend following nanoparticle treatments. Catalase activity was notably affected by varying TiO2NP concentrations, with a significant decrease observed at 200 and 300 ppm compared to the control (P ≤ 0.05). Conversely, at 100 ppm, catalase activity significantly increased (11.035 ± 1.12 units/mg of protein/min). Guaiacol peroxidase activity decreased across all nanoparticle concentrations. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis indicated increased expression of the studied genes at 300 ppm concentration.ConclusionsHence, it can be inferred that at the transcript level, this nanoparticle exhibited efficacy in influencing the biosynthetic pathway of menthol.Graphical

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Saline, Chlorhexidine, and Zataria Multiflora and Mentha Piperita Essential Oils in Root Canal Irrigation of Primary Molars.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of saline, 0.5% and 2% Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) essential oil, 0.5% and 2% Mentha piperita (M. piperita) essential oil, and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) as root canal irrigants for primary molar teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 64 primary molars were used in this in vitro study. The teeth were randomly assigned to six groups (N=10). The root canals were prepared up to file #35, and all teeth were sterilized before contamination with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis; ATCC 29212) suspension. After 48 hours of incubation, the root canals in each group were irrigated with the respective irrigants. Sterile paper points were then used to collect microbial samples from the root canals. A colony counter was used to count the number of colony-forming units (CFUs). Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 (alpha=0.05). Results: The colony count was significantly different among the groups (P<0.001), and 2% M. piperita (P=0.009), 0.5% Z. multiflora (P=0.021), and 0.2% CHX (P=0.002) were significantly more effective than saline in elimination of E. faecalis. The ascending order of microbial count after irrigation was as follows: saline > 0.5% M. piperita > 0.2% CHX > 2% M. piperita > 0.5% Z. multiflora. Conclusion: The current study showed the optimal antibacterial activity of 0.5% Z. multiflora essential oil and 2% M. piperita essential oil against E. faecalis, and indicated their possible efficacy for use as an irrigant for root canal irrigation of primary molars.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of mint leaves (Mentha piperita L) extracts against Streptococcus mutans UA159: a laboratory experiment

Introduction: Oral health is a major concern in healthcare worldwide, with dental caries being a prevalent issue among children and adults. Streptococcus mutans is a primary bacterium implicated in the development of dental caries due to its acidogenic nature. Mint leaf (Mentha piperita L.) is a unique herbal plant that has antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against S. mutans and minimal side effects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antibacterial effectiveness of mint leaf against the growth of S. mutans UA159 and its antibiofilm effects. Methods: This study was conducted experimentally with the posttest-only control group design, using the broth microdilution method in 6 test groups, namely mint leaf extract with a concentration of 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% and also two control groups, namely the negative control using aquadest and the positive control using 0.2% chlorhexidine. Biofilm growth is determined by comparing Optical Density (OD) values and then calculating the percentage of eradication of S. mutans biofilm formation. Results: The results indicated that the mint leaf extract exhibited antibacterial effects against S. mutans, with the largest inhibition zone diameter observed at a 100% concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)90 values using the broth microdilution method in this study were 12.5% and 100% concentrations, respectively. Mint leaf extract has been shown to significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans (p&lt;0.05). The results of the inhibition test on biofilm formation at a concentration of 100% averaged 87.39%. Conclusion: Mint leaf extract has an antibacterial and antibiofilm effect on the growth of S. mutans. The level of inhibition of mint leaf extract on the growth of S. mutans is proportional to its concentration; the higher the concentration of the extract, the stronger the inhibitory ability.KeywordAnti-Bacterial agents, biofilms, Mentha piperita, oral health, Streptococcus mutans.

Field effectiveness of some essential oil emulsions against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (GENN.) that infest potato plants in Egypt

AbstractWhitefly, Bemisia tabaci, nymphs and sucking sap adults, is one of the most damaging pests of potato, Solanum tuberosum. Excessive use of pesticides causes environmental pollution and the death of beneficial insects, so it is necessary to search for safer controlling alternatives. An experiment was carried out during seasons 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, under field conditions in Egypt. The objective of this study was to identify the main constituent compounds of peppermint and eucalyptus essential oils prepare coarse emulsion (CE) and nanoemulsion (NE) of both peppermint and eucalyptus essential oils and evaluate their efficiency against the whitefly, B. tabaci, in potato cultivars and the effect of these emulsions on the chemical components of potato leaves. The results revealed that the toxicity of the emulsions decreased with increasing time after spraying. The second spray which took place at a 10-day interval was more effective than the first spray. During the season of 2021, three days following the second spray, the tested emulsions' toxicity was highly effective. The reduction percentages of nymph for peppermint coarse emulsion (PCE), peppermint nanoemulsion (PNE), eucalyptus coarse emulsion (ECE), eucalyptus nanoemulsion (ENE) and imidacloprid were 82.64, 84.14, 73.26, 72.72 and 89.03, but they were 78.58, 83.27, 77.85, 69.97 and 89.26 compared with 2022. A moderately positive correlation was identified between temperature, specific humidity, wind speed and the effectiveness of the emulsions. This indicates that higher levels of temperature, humidity and wind speed were associated with increased efficacy of the emulsions. The study of the phytochemicals (total soluble protein, total carbohydrate, total phenolic contents and peroxidase activity). PCE and ECE achieved a slight decrease in protein levels. Also, ECE increased total plant carbohydrates. All treatments did not affect the phenolic compounds of potato leaf plants except ENE, which caused an increase in phenolic compounds. All treatments decreased the nitrogen plants' contents, while PCE, PNE, and ENE increased the potassium content. All treatments increase the activity of peroxidase (POX) compared with untreated plants. The formulations PNE and ENE might be an interesting alternative for integrated pest management of B. tabaci nymphs.

Comparative thermal assessment and emission analysis of various green biodiesel from novel feedstocks for CI engines: a sustainable approach towards emission reduction.

In order to replace conventional diesel, biodiesel from various feedstocks is being researched for diesel engines. This study explores novel biodiesel blends produced from unconventional resources such as mentha piperita (peppermint), pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth), tamarindus indica (tamarind), and trichosanthes cucumerina (snake gourd) to assess the outcomes of a diesel engine. The fuel samples are designated as MP20, PC20, TC20, and TI20, which consist of 80% biodiesel and 20% diesel. The assessment is carried out on a four-stroke, one-cylinder diesel engine that is water-cooled and set to operate at 1500rpm with a 17.5 compression ratio under various engine loading scenarios with quarter-incremental loading from one-fourth to full loading conditions. The fuel samples are injected with 220bar injection pressure into the combustion chamber 23° before TDC. An extensive analysis of engine parameters is performed using engine configuration, fuel characteristics, and applied boundary conditions. This comprises brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), fuel consumption (BSFC), thermal efficiency (BTE), cylinder pressure (CP), heat release rate (HRR), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. At 100% load, the biodiesel blends show an increase in BSFC (2.8-12.6%) and BSEC (1.1-7.1%) but a minor decrease in CP (0.9-6.9%), HRR (0.8-16.2%), and BTE (1.2-2.9%). For biodiesel blends at full engine load, the emissions of PM (8.9-21.4%), NOx (1.4-16.2%) and CO2 (2.4-7.9%) are all significantly reduced. The results emphasize the distinct benefits of biodiesel blends, demonstrating enhanced engine performance and substantial decreases in emissions, which supports the aim of providing sustainable energy solutions.