Medieval Era Research Articles

Physician burnout, a new term, a well-known concept in the medieval era: a thematic review of Ruhawi's Adab al-Tabib.

In 1974, Herbert Freudenberger introduced the phrase 'Burnout in Healing Professional Workers'. Despite the existence of numerous investigations on physician burnout, only a few studies on its historical aspects can be found. This is the first research to present historical evidence on 'physician burnout' as pointed out in the book 'Adab al-Tabib' written by Ruhawi (9th century AD). He is shown to have an understanding of this concept by talking about job stress in his book, although he offers no exact equivalent definition for this state. In fact, finding an equivalent term to 20th century burnout in a book written a thousand years ago is almost impossible. Most interestingly, the same preventive strategies for physician burnout and its causes as those scientifically discovered in recent years can be evidenced to have been introduced by Ruhawi. Hence, 'Adab al-Tabib' is an outstanding work on physician burnout in the medieval era.

Müli, Loui, Rüfi.

Based on the material of the toponomastic dictionary of the Canton of Bern, or Ortsnamenbuch des Kantons Bern (BENB), this article first aims to describe how the final -i in today’s Swiss German dialects, as in müli ‘mill’, is represented in sources from the medieval era until the sixteenth century. It appears that the classical Middle High German -e grapheme is hardly found in our data, while -i is used throughout this entire period and beyond. However, it is shown that this becomes more complex whith respect to noun composition.
 Moreover, the historical relation between the short and long Swiss German forms loui – louene ‘avalanche’ and rüfi – rufene ‘landslide’ is discussed.

THE EGALITARIAN PRINCIPLES OF THE OLD BOHEMIAN STATEHOOD AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM

Purpose: The article is devoted to the study of egalitarian principles of medieval Czech statehood and the legal system.
 Methods: The authors pay special attention to the peculiarities of family self-government of the Czech communities, the institution of hazing in land law and the mechanism of reconciliation as an alternative to the death penalty.
 Findings: The paper proves that tribal remnants of the customary law of the ancient Czech people in the medieval era contributed to the preservation of egalitarian democratic principles of public administration and justice.

In Search of Robert Bruce, Part II: Reassessing the Dunfermline Tomb Investigations of 1818–19

Building work undertaken at Dunfermline abbey in 1818 unearthed a burial vault which included a skeleton. The skull has been widely examined and has been believed to be that of King Robert I (Bruce). The present article re-examines the archaeological evidence and brings to bear the medieval historical sources on the discovery. The ailments of the king and of the body discovered in Dunfermline are discussed, as is the separate heart burial which may have been carried out upon this individual interred. A summary follows, setting the evidence for the location of the tomb uncovered in 1818 against the available historical and architectural evidence for royal burial at Dunfermline in the medieval era. The sex, age, physique, disease, heart burial, tomb location and manner of death of the body discovered are analysed to draw conclusions about the identity of the incumbent of the Dunfermline tomb.

Aspecte privind evoluția și aplicabilitatea bunei-credințe în dreptul roman

In Rome, the area of the human relationship with the deity was the framework in which appeared and developed the concept of mutual obligation, fides. On the one hand, this meant carefully observing the ancestral religion and fulfilling the promises made to the deity; on the other hand, fides was also a moral trait of the person in question. To be of good faith means to show loyalty, sincerity, honesty; to obey your word, to keep your promise. Subsequently, the term in question was transformed into a legal concept, becoming bona fides. Initially used in the Republican era, we find the concept of good faith in the oldest sources of classical civil law, such as the Perpetual Edict and the Institutions of Gaius and we find it applied even in imperial law, proof being Corpus iuris. It will be studied in the faculties of the medieval era and will receive a place of honour in Western civil law. Probability, diligence, lawlessness and abstention from the harm of another (alterum non laedere), as component elements of bona fides, have translated, in the legal plane, that honest and direct life taken from the Stoics and has been perpetuated in contemporaneity as an indispensable principle of law.

Colorimetric and spectral data analysis of consolidants used for preservation of medieval plasterwork

The incorporation of new methods of heritage analysis belonging to other branches of science is currently providing very useful tools for the examination of preservation products. This paper outlines the use of spectral images as an alternative to traditional colorimetry measurements carried out with a spectrophotometer for the evaluation of color changes produced by consolidation treatments applied on polychromed plasterwork. Thus, for this investigation we used a total of 18 plaster test specimens which reproduce the techniques and materials present in plasterwork from the medieval era, on which a selection of six currently-used consolidants was applied. By doing this, we have proved that the use of this method over traditional colorimetry has several advantages, such as the analysis of spatial homogeneity or obtaining colorimetric data of the entire scanned surface.

Как Бируни измерил Землю

A thousand years ago, one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era Iranian scientist-encyclopedist Abu Rayhan al-Biruni measured the Earth globe. He described the measurement process in his several treatises. Many of the more recent comments say that he received a very precise result, unrivaled until the New Time. The author provides a detailed analysis of Biruni’s measurement method, as well as an assessment of possible errors accompanying those measurements. Step by step the measurement process is reinstated; binding is made to specific places of observation, technical parameters of the instruments used are discussed. A parallactic method and instrument for measuring elevations proposed by Biruni is considered, which could only be put into practice in the 20th century. As a result of the research it was shown that Biruni’s method is not as accurate as it was believed. In addition, it is difficult to compare the unit of the length measurement used at Biruni’s time with modern ones.

Money and monetary stability in Europe, 1300–1914

This paper investigates the determinants of monetary stability in Europe from the late medieval era until World War I. Through this period, the anchor for monetary policy was the silver or gold value of the monetary unit. States, however, frequently abandoned this anchor, some depreciating their monetary units against silver and gold less than 10-fold and others more than 10,000-fold between 1500 and 1914. To understand the determinants of these differences, we compile a new and comprehensive monetary history dataset for all major states in Europe and test alternative theories. We find strong evidence that political factors, and in particular, fiscal capacity, political regime and warfare explain patterns of monetary stability. This finding is robust to addressing endogeneity, controlling for the instability induced by the mechanics of the monetary system and accounting for the impacts of new monetary technologies and the advent of fiat standard.

Hide and Seek

Since the publication in 1960 of Philippe Ariès’s foundational, if problematic, Centuries of Childhood, the history of childhood has developed into a rich and varied field. At the annual conference of the Western Society for French History in 2018, a call for panelists for a roundtable on the history of childhood expanded into two separate panels ranging from the medieval era through the thirty glorious postwar years. The panelists and the audience grappled with questions about the social construction of age, the ages of childhood, and the challenges of finding sources for a group that left few “ego documents.” Although children per se never exercised political or global power, attention to children clarifies how critical children were to political and international systems. Material generated by children themselves can be difficult to locate, but adults generated plenty of material about children. The intersectionality of the history of childhood with fields like labor history, urban history, the history of the welfare state, and the history of psychology parallels the intersectionality of children themselves, who come from every race, social class, and gender. All humans, it turns out, start out as children.

Geographical and administrative divisions of Oman peninsula in Islamic Middle Ages from 1 H/ 7 Ad to the end of 9 H/ 15 AD

This article discusses the major geographical and administrative divisions of Oman and their villages and the borders between these divisions, according to Arabic and Omani primary sources, from the first century of the Hijra to the end of the ninth century of the Hijra. This study is an attempt to establish a good knowledge of historical geography of Oman in the Islamic Medieval era.

Geographical and administrative divisions of Oman peninsula in Islamic Middle Ages from 1 H/ 7 Ad to the end of 9 H/ 15 AD

This article discusses the major geographical and administrative divisions of Oman and their villages and the borders between these divisions, according to Arabic and Omani primary sources, from the first century of the Hijra to the end of the ninth century of the Hijra. This study is an attempt to establish a good knowledge of historical geography of Oman in the Islamic Medieval era.

Resistance in Literature: A Close Reading of Charles Dickens’ Hard Times and Little Dorrit

Literature is the reflection of life or society. Whatever is going on in the society it reflects all. It may be any aspect of the society such as, political, historical, economical, religious, educational or administrational. All these driving forces of the society are being reflected by the literature. Literature on the whole encompasses all these parameters of the society. Resistance is always present in literature or in its genres. It may be present least or most, but it depends, whether it is expressed or not. From the evolution of English literature, English was mainly written in the genre of poetry, prose and drama in medieval era, but with the advent of advancement it takes other forms as well in the coming eras such as novel and novella. Many writers or authors from time to time put forward their issues in front of the society through their writings. They either satire their society indirectly or they put their issues in front of the society or governing bodies. Either they dissatisfied by the system or they revolt against them. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift or Animal Farm by George Orwell, are satires on the political system of their era. But with the passage of time resistance in literature take dominant form in English literature as Resistance literature in the Third World. It encompasses the literature of third world writers especially of the colonized and imperialized ones. It covers all the dimensions of third world literature such as political, historical and sociological. By the introduction of Barbara Harlow’s Resistance Literature which is a ground breaking work in western literature, the third world literature came into being recognized and it was once avoided; now it is being studied in most of the western universities. Harlow not only presents new writing but a new critical perspective through Resistance Literature and part of her argument is that works written in the context of resistance does not allow for an independent approach, but instead requires an abandoning of the western model of criticism that renders art as apolitical. This paper analyses Dickens’ works as a precursor of resistance in literature and it especially takes into account Little Dorrit and Hard Times as revolting works.

Evolución del concepto de discapacidad

This review aims to provide bibliographic information about the historical stages through which the concept of disability has gone through. Based on the investigations of the three most characteristic models, which throughout history have helped society as a frame of reference for the treatment of disability: the tragedy/charity model, characteristic of antiquity and the medieval era; the medical or rehabilitation model, typical of the first half of the 20th century; and the social model, which arises from the sixties of the last century and is currently trying to keep. This evolution has been presented as a consequence of the development that humanity has had, both in its ideas of perceiving people with disabilities, and in the interventions that have been substantially modified. Playing an important role traditions and beliefs, as well as the advancement of science in its different expressions.

Od Lopsike do Svetoga Jurja: 700 godina od prvoga prikaza Sv. Jurja na geografskim kartama

U tekstu se, temeljem izvorne kartografske građe kao povijesnoga izvora prvoga reda, analizira značenje naselja na položaju današnjega Svetoga Jurja kod Senja kao jedne od spona prekomorskih i zaobalnih tržišta. Promatra ga se kao primorsko naselje, što znači luku koja je poveznica kolanja trgovačkih roba iz zaobalja prema drugim prekomorskim destinacijama, ali i roba koje su dospijevale morskim prometom da bi bile transportirane na zaobalna tržišta. U tom pogledu važna je i činjenica da se poviše Senja nalazi prijevoj (Vratnik) kojim se prelazi Velebit. Međutim, tu je i općepoznata bura koja je kratila plovidbenu sezonu. S obzirom na to da je na tom položaju u antici bila Lopsika, a u srednjem vijeku stasat će Sveti Juraj, bilo je zanimljivo promatrati „smjenu“ dvaju imena naselja. Zato se osvijetlio problem do kasnoga srednjeg vijeka, jer su kasnije potvrde nazočne gotovo na svim dostupnim kartografskim uradcima svjetski poznatih kartografa. Članak je napisan i u funkciji 700-te obljetnice potvrde Sv. Jurja kod Senja kao naselja i luke u najvažnijim kartografskim povijesnim izvorima.

Carolingians at the Doorsteps? The Maturing Limited Access Order of Early Medieval Europe

North et al. (2009) argue that accounting for different development outcomes requires understanding how different societies manage violence. Almost all societies have been limited-access orders where elites constrain violence to preserve their rents. Alternatively, in open-access orders violence is constrained by a government characterized by widespread political participation. Open-access societies were the first cases of sustained economic development; almost all of them have been Western European or offshoots. Understanding why is important. North et al. elaborate on three necessary conditions for achieving open access: (1) rule of law for elites, (2) support for perpetually- lived organizations, and (3) centralization and consolidation of violence. These constitute the to an open-access order. I argue that significant progress towards this doorstep was affected by the Carolingians of the early medieval era. I emphasize their large-scale distributions of confiscated/conquered lands to vassals, cultivation of bonds with the Church, and regularization of assemblies. The Carolingians introduced governance innovations that impersonalized relationships between elites and encouraged their enforcement under the rule of law.

아리스토텔레스의 삼단논법과 보에티우스의 삼단논법

In this paper, we discuss the syllogisms from both fronts : Aristotle and Boethius. We mainly focus on the differences with respect to categorical and hypothetical syllogisms in Aristotle and Boethius. Regarding Aristotle’s works on logic, it is not unusual to claim that Aristotle extensively worked on categorical syllogisms. In Prior Analytics, Aristotle gave proofs for many valid moods. However we cannot find a similar treatment for hypothetical syllogism in his works. Thus, it might be a reason for his students to improve Aristotle’s theory of syllogisms by filling the gaps in hypothetical syllogisms. As Boethius already emphasized in the Book I of De Hypotheticis Syllogismis, the Peripatetic School only initiated the start. The remaining and detailed treatise was due to Boethius himself. The impression we got from Boethius’s and Aristotle’s works on syllogisms is that the categorical syllogism is almost entirely developed by Aristotle himself, whereas the extensive and the detailed study of the hypothetical syllogism was carried out by Boethius, although he was not the first figure in the history who gave concise expositions on hypothetical syllogism. Boethius’s translations of syllogisms in medieval era were the primer resource and textbook for Aristotelian logic during the early Medieval ages. Therefore, the scholars of those times had no other chance but to work from Boethius’s commentaries. So, the evident properties of Aristotelian figures were not then visible. Boethius wrote several textbooks in logic. A detailed investigation might yield significant information on Boethius’s logic compared with the influence of Aristotle on Boethius.

Kebangkitan Manusia di Akhirat Menurut Al-Ghazali Dan Ibnu Rusyd

The dogma of resurrection after death is a very interesting subject to discuses since it contains controversy among Moslem schoolers. It hase being by philosophers since medieval era. Al-Ghazali outlined rejection against the philosophers about bodily resurrection in his book entitled Tahafut al-Falasifah (Confusions of the Philosophers), precisely in the last issue of the twenty issuesdiscussing the absence of a physical generation. Responding to the attack, Ibnu Rushd appeared to defend the philosophers of the attack and pagan. It is in this context Ibnu Rushd wrote is book Tahafut al-Tahafut (The Ambiguity of the Book Ambiguity).Departing from this background the author proposes research questions as follows : 1). How the thought of Al-Ghazali and Ibnu Rushd about human resurrection in the afterlife. 2). What are the causes and implications of about Al-Ghazali, as and Ibnu Rushd different talk about human resurrection in the afterlife. Goals to a achiev from the study are : 1). to comprehend the thought ofAl-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd about human resurrection in the afterlife. 2). to determine the causes and implications of Al-Ghazali and Ibnu Rushd thoughts on the respective issue.In terms of methodology, the author follows several steps : Determinain data sources, collecting data, and arrange data, and analyzing data. Primary data is retrieved from Al-Ghazali’s book Tahafut al-Falasifah especially on the twenty issues and that of Ibnu Rushd Tahafut al-Tahafut. Secondary data is retrieved from books related to Al-Ghazali and Ibnu Rusyd. The collected datais analyzed by comparative method.Conclusions of this study are as follow: First, Al-Ghazali holds that the surrection will occur in body and soul. On the other hand, Ibnu Rushd and other philosophers maintain that the revival will occur only in soul. Secondly, the cause of this disagreement is the difference in interpreting the Qur’anic verses of resurrection. As for Ibnu Rushd, philosophers’ exegesis does not mean toreduce sense of primacy of the hearafter. Therefore, this implies that the philosophers should not be the subject of infidel accuse just because of their thoughts. Nevertheless, their exegesis to the verses should not be exposed publicly to general.

ПОСІБНИК Н.ПОЛОНСЬКОЇ-ВАСИЛЕНКО «УКРАЇНСЬКА ІСТОРІОГРАФІЯ» В КОНТЕКСТІ МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНОЇ ТРАДИЦІЇ ДЕРЖАВНИЦЬКОГО НАПРЯМУ

The aim of the paper is to elucidate the meaningful content of the textbook (lecture notes) written by N. Polonska-Vasylenko « Ukrainian Historiography » and its conformity to the conceptual foundations of the statehood direction in Ukrainian historiography of the post-war period. The research methodology is based on the basic principles of textual analysis and the use of historiographical cognitive methods, in particular historiographical analysis and synthesis, as well as biographical method. Scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time the indicated didactic text became the subject of historiographical examination, and a comparative analysis with other historiographical and historical texts of the researcher was conducted. This allowed to broaden the vision of the personality of N. Polonska-Vasylenko as a historian of Ukrainian historical science and a higher education tutor. Thus, the main methodological principles of the state direction of Ukrainian historiography within the emigration of the postwar period were clarified. Conclusions. N. Polonska-Vasylenko’s text of « Ukrainian Historiography » is an interesting example of the Ukrainian didactic historical writing, which is based on the state methodological and scholarly traditions. It is characteristic that the author criticizes the previous developments on certain historiographical topics, in particular, the impartiality and objectivity of the chroniclers, ideological constructions of the continuity of the Kyivs'ka Rus’ tradition by the Moscow princes, etc. Consideration of Ukrainian historical thought covers a significant chronological range: from the Kyivs'ka Rus’ chronicles to scientific works of the early 1970's. To a certain extent, this is a brief essay on the development not only of Ukrainian historiography, but also of source study, especially concerning the medieval and early modern eras. The author also analyzes the intellectual genesis of the great-power Moscow tradition. The text of this manual also reflects the results of a significant part of the previous scientific achievements of the author .

Women Empowerment through Muslim Architecture Which Built by Name of them in Bangladesh during Mediaeval Period: A Preliminary Survey Report

There are many Muslim architectures built by women patron which called Bibi/Begum in Bangladesh during mediaeval period as Binat Bibi Mosque architecture at Dhaka. It mentioned women's contribution financially. This research paper is trying to show women empowerment through architecture which built by name in Bangladesh during mediaeval era. It is a preliminary qualitative survey report and tries to understand how housewives inspired to makes/commissioned for constructing monuments. Besides, what was the position of them in the Royal court or their society as well as Bibi/Begum contribution in mediaeval Muslim mosque architecture of Bengal and by name monuments of tomb architecture formation?

The Great God of the Five Paths (Wudao dashen 五道大神) in Early Medieval China

The Great God of the Five Paths, Wudao dashen 五道大神, in charge of rebirth in the Five Paths, has been one of the prominent otherworld bureaucratic deities in Chinese popular religion since the early medieval period. Wudao first appeared obscurely in certain Chinese Buddhist versions of the Buddha’s biography, yet there is no mention of the deity in any Indic sources. As later medieval accounts record a popular sacrificial cult of Wudao outside of Orthodox Buddhist circles during the early medieval period and modern anthropological reports confirm that the deity was worshiped as a deity of popular religions rather than a Buddhist one, previous scholarship has been inclined to assume these parallels as possible evidence that a non-Buddhist sacrificial cult of the deity dated back to the early medieval era. This paper attempts to re-approach two issues related to the deity: its origin and the early development of its cult in early medieval China, before the Tang dynasty (618–907 C.E.). It first demonstrates a possible origin of the deity and its possible formation through a comparative research on the evolution of the various versions of the Buddha’s biography in both Indic and Chinese contexts. A close examination of early medieval textual and archaeological sources, along with later medieval sources claiming the existence of a non-Buddhist sacrificial cult of Wudao dating back to the early medieval period, also reveals that Wudao was always presented or considered in a Buddhist-related context during the early medieval period, whereas primary later accounts of an early non-Buddhist cult are not supported by substantial evidence and were probably propagandistic stories made up by vegetarian reformist monks of the Tiantai School 天台宗 during the Song dynasty.