Medical Disputes Research Articles

Differentially expressed microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for infected tibial non-union

BackgroundInfected tibial non-union is a challenging clinical complication of fracture treatment. Improper treatment of infected tibial non-union may result in high treatment costs and a long treatment period, and lead to medical disputes and decreased patient satisfaction. An increasing number of studies have indicated the significant role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development and progression of different bone diseases. Therefore, the identification of a specific miRNA expression profile associated with infected tibial non-union is a key step toward establishing a novel strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of infected tibial non-union. MethodsWe utilised a microarray analysis to compare the specific expression of bone tissue miRNA in patients with infected tibial non-union and closed tibial fractures. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate the microarray results. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic efficacy of the identified regulated miRNA(s) isolated from bone tissue as potential biomarker(s). ResultsMicroarray analysis showed 20 differentially expressed miRNAs. Differential expression of miR-649, miR-29b-3p, miR-498, miR-365a-5p, miR-328-5p, and miR-345-3p was further confirmed in a validation cohort. ROC curve analyses showed an AUC (Areas Under the ROC Curve) of 0.808 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.675-0.940), 0.778 (95% CI: 0.634-0.921), 0.769 (95% CI: 0.619-0.919), 0.798 (95% CI: 0.662-0.933), 0.818 (95% CI: 0.690-0.945), 0.839 (95% CI: 0.715-0.963) for miR-649, miR-29b-3p, miR-498, miR-365a-5p, miR-328-5p, and miR-345-3p, respectively. The combined use of three miRNAs (miR-649, miR-328-5p, and miR-345-3p) yielded an overall diagnostic accuracy of AUC = 0.953, indicating a robust diagnostic value. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the role of miR-649, miR-328-5p, and miR-345-3p as novel candidate biomarkers for infected tibial non-union diagnosis, suggesting that these differentially expressed miRNAs could be utilised as novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools to identify infected tibial non-union.

Inequality in the last resort: how medical appraisal affects malpractice litigations in China.

Medical malpractice litigations affect the practices of patient safety. However, medical malpractice litigations involve highly specialized knowledge. Thus, medical appraisal is usually essential in the ascertainment of responsibility and judicial decision-making. China's judicial system is characterized by a dual-mode of medical appraisal resulting from two parallel appraisal agencies: judicial appraisal institutions and medical associations. This paper examines whether or not and how choices of different medical appraisal agencies affect malpractice lawsuit results in China. We collected and sampled a total of 2557 verdicts pertaining to medical disputes from "China Judgements Online" in 2014. We used an ordinary least square regression model and a mediating effect regression model to analyze to what extent and how different choices between two medical appraisal agencies affect malpractice litigations. (1) Almost 81.55% (2082) of litigants resorted to medical malpractice appraisals in China in 2014. Among 2070 cases with appraisal results accepted by the court, 60.10% of the litigants chose judicial appraisal institutions (1244), as opposed to medical associations (826). (2) Among 2557 cases, 2306 (90.18%) claimed compensation and 1919 (83.22%) were awarded compensation by the courts. The proportion of compensation paid in a case is 48% on average. (3) Appraisal agencies matter in the investigation of medical errors, which in turn affects the proportion of compensation paid in a case. (4) Choosing judicial appraisal institutions will raise the proportion of compensation paid by about 10% on average. Different choices between appraisal institutions affect malpractice litigations in China. As the last resort for remedying medical malpractice, medical appraisals in the judicial system could be a source of inequality in China's medical litigation outcomes.

People’s Mediation Committees: Bargaining Between Hospitals and Patients

The Chinese government is cautious when it comes to managing bottom-up compensation claims as many collective actions are triggered by failing to address such monetary requests. Thus, the government has delegated the responsibility of dispute resolution and compensation distribution to a bargaining channel called People’s Mediation Committees and its agents, the mediators. However, little systematic evidence exists to explain the rationale for compensation distribution led by the government or the regime’s strategic objectives in pursuing compensation distribution to settle social disputes, especially those disputes between citizens and the government or its agents. Using medical dispute data as a proxy, this article examines the processes and outcomes of mediation in compensation distribution. It finds that People’s Mediation Committees have effectively institutionalized the compensation distribution process, but the outcomes may still be influenced by patients’ tactics and the bargaining power held by hospitals.

Internet-Based Sharing Nurse Program and Nurses' Perceptions in China: Cross-Sectional Survey.

BackgroundChina is currently piloting a “Sharing Nurse” program that aims to increase the accessibility of nursing services to at-home patients by enabling patients to order nursing services using mobile apps or online platforms.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess nurses’ perceptions of the Sharing Nurse program, including their acceptance, concerns, needs, and willingness to take part in the program.MethodsA total of 694 nurses participated in the questionnaire survey. The survey collected their sociodemographic and work-related information and their perceptions of the Sharing Nurse program using a self-developed questionnaire.ResultsThe 694 respondents agreed that the Sharing Nurse program could provide patients with better access to nursing care (n=483, 69.6%). Their main concerns about the program were unclear liability division when medical disputes occur (n=637, 90.3%) and potential personal safety issues (n=604, 87%). They reported that insurance (n=611, 88%), permits from their affiliated hospital (n=562, 81.0%), clear instructions concerning rights and duties (n=580, 83.6%), real time positioning while delivering the service (n=567, 81.7%), and one-key alarm equipment (n=590, 85.0%) were necessary for better implementation of the program. More than half of the respondents (n=416, 60%) had an optimistic attitude toward the development of the Sharing Nurse program in China. However, only 19.4% (n=135) of the respondents expressed their willingness to be a “shared nurse.” Further analyses found that nurses with a master’s degree or above (χ23=28.835, P<.001) or from tertiary hospitals (χ23=18.669, P<.001) were more likely to be aware of the Sharing Nurse program and that male nurses were more willing to be shared nurses (Z=–2.275, P=.02).ConclusionsThe Chinese Sharing Nurse program is still in its infancy and many refinements are needed before it can be implemented nationwide. Generally, Chinese nurses are positive about the Sharing Nurse program and are willing to participate if the program is thoroughly regulated and supervised.

Who Is Responsible for Causing and Solving the Problem? Responsibility Attribution of Medical Disputes in Chinese Print Media.

This study provides an insight into medical journalism practice by examining how news media have framed who is responsible for causing and solving the growing problem of medical disputes in Mainland China. We identified responsibility-attribution information presented in 490 news articles about medical disputes published in the People's Daily, Health News, and Southern Metropolis Daily between 2012 and 2017. Our data reveal that, mentions of personal causes have significantly outnumbered those of societal causes. Specifically, health workers were discussed most often as being responsible for the occurrence of medical disputes. In terms of how to solve the problem, the media were focusing heavily on societal-level efforts, while post-event solutions were addressed more frequently than preventative actions. City press was less likely to discuss societal causes and solution suggestions compared with party press and professional newspapers. In the conclusion, we discussed the potential consequences of such framing patterns, and how media professionals can be meaningfully engaged in the future reporting on public health problems.

The Criteria of Optimal Training Cost Allocation for Sustainable Value in Aesthetic Medicine Industry

Medical disputes that result in medical compensation and losses affect the financial management and sustainable operational risks of enterprises. Employee training plays an important role in the sustainable growth of human resource management and also can help avoid any potential risks to enterprises’ operating revenue. Based on data of a company, this study’s model aims to establish a mathematical model to find the most suitable decision variables in order to provide decision-making analysis and judgment of a company’s individual economic behaviors. From the second-order differential modeling method, where the functional training time of the aesthetic medicine industry (including medical errors/dispute incidences, functional training costs, and medical benefits) links to a specific functional relationship, the optimal decision-making model and evaluation criteria for the proportion of this training time under the concept of sustainable management can be constructed. The method proposed herein reduces medical errors or disputes, strengthens risk and financial management, provides customers with the best service quality, and serves as the basis for decision-making evaluation of the maximum benefits of sustainable operations.

Analysis of Crisis Management of Medical Disputes in China and Australia: A Narrative Review Article

At present, the increasing trend of medical disputes has become a serious problem in the work of medical institutions, and directly affects the social stability and orderly development of the institutions. We searched the literature on medical disputes and crisis management in China and Australia within PubMed (2010-2019), China Knowledge Network (CNKI, 2010-2019), and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform (2010-2019). There are several drawbacks in the management of hospital medical disputes in China: 1) the knowledge of crisis is unilateral and not systematic; 2) there are too much stereotype thoughts in crisis management; 3) the crisis attribution is too simple; the crisis impact assessment is insufficient. It is worth learning from Australia's system, including the legal system, relevant non-governmental organizations, and doctor-patient communication. In view of the malpractice existing in China's medical dispute management, Australia's legal system for handling disputes, doctor-patient communication and other aspects are worthy of our reference. In particular, the construction of third-party supervision and mediation institutions and the prevention of doctor-patient disputes should be optimized.

Medical Negligence Litigation and Apologies: An Empirical Examination.

Research has evidenced the various aims of patient-plaintiffs and/or their families in medical negligence litigation, with emphasis frequently placed on the importance of an apology. Drawing on the findings of an empirical study conducted in Ireland, this article contributes to the discourse on apologies in medical negligence disputes. In particular, with reference to the findings of the research and the literature, it discusses components of apologies deemed to be important by patient-plaintiffs and/or their families. The article concludes by arguing that legislative protection for apologies in isolation will not necessarily increase the use or effectiveness of apologies in medical negligence disputes, and a combination of measures is required.

Medical disputes in relation to prenatal ultrasound in China.

Medical disputes in relation to prenatal ultrasound in China.

Nonoperating room anaesthesia: safety, monitoring, cognitive aids and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Purpose of reviewWith an ageing population, mounting pressure on the healthcare dollar, significant advances in medical technology, and now in the context of coronavirus disease 2019, the traditional paradigm in which operative procedures are undertaken is changing. Increasingly, procedures are performed in more distant, isolated and less familiar locations, challenging anaesthesiologists and requiring well developed situational awareness. This review looks at implications for the practitioner and patient safety, outlining considerations and steps involved in translation of systems and processes well established in the operating room to more unfamiliar environments.Recent findingsDespite limited nonoperating room anaesthesia outcome data, analysis of malpractice claims, anaesthesia-related medical disputes and clinical outcome registries have suggested higher morbidity and mortality. Complications were often associated with suboptimal monitoring, nonadherence to recommended guidelines and sedationist or nonanaesthesiologist caregivers. More recently, clear monitoring guidelines, global patient safety initiatives and widespread implementation of cognitive aids may have contributed to nonoperating room anaesthesia (NORA) outcomes approaching that of traditional operating rooms.SummaryAs NORA caseloads increase, understanding structural and anaesthetic requirements is essential to patient safety. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has provided an opportunity for anaesthesiologists to implement lessons learned from previous analyses, share expertise as patient safety leaders and provide valuable input into protecting patients and caregivers.

Application and Evaluation of SPD Based Logistics Management Model for Medical Consumables in Clinical Nursing Departments

Supply, processing, and distribution (SPD) model is sparingly used in hospitals in China. We evaluated its effects on the management efficiency, quality control, and operating costs of medical consumables (MCs) in the clinical nursing surroundings in a single Chinese hospital-Anhui Provincial Hospital from 2014 to 2015. Amount-based packages (ABP) and procedure-based packages (PBP) models were created. They were introduced the use of quick response (QR) code scanning for using in clinical nursing departments (CNDs). Questionnaires were prepared by referring to previous literature and using Delphi method repeatedly, further discussed and formalized. Partial results of the formal questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS. Frequency of MCs claims reduced without any requirements of MCs in 70% of CNDs. Average time spent on the inventory per week decreased and the time required to procure MCs reduced. Moreover, the average satisfaction score with MCs management increased, reaching 100%. Average space occupied by MCs decreased significantly, reducing by 1.2444m3. Overall, 100% of the respondents concluded that the management of MCs improved effectively and the inventory turnover rate had accelerated. The cost of MCs decreased by 15% with more than 10% increase in in-hospital amount, and the average daily cost of MCs also showed decrease. SPD can improve the efficiency of MCs management in CNDs, reducing medical risks and disputes, saving hospital operating costs, and decreasing capital occupation.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN DOKTER DAN MODEL PENYELESAIAN PERKARA MALPRAKTIK MEDIK DI INDONESIA

There is an international tendency to divert medical dispute from the litigation model (in court settlement) to the out-of-court dispute models (out of court settlement) which leads to the win-win situation of the paradigm.&#x0D; This paradigm has actually started to be adopted in Indonesia only the implementation is still not encouraging. Law Number 36 Year 2009 on Health (Health Law) provides that disputes arising out of negligence of health personnel must be resolved through mediation (Article 29). This provision has not fully become the reference of the public and law enforcement officers related to the settlement of medical disputes in Indonesia. The tendency of patients in Indonesia to prosecute doctors through legal channels is still quite high. This is further exacerbated by the attitude of law enforcement officers who seem less concerned with the provisions of Article 29 of Law Number 36 Year 2009 on Health above.&#x0D; The application of mediation means in the dispute of medical disputes as required by article 29 of the Health Law faces a number of obstacles in the field. One of the obstacles is the lack of implementing regulations that explain how such mediation mechanisms should technically be run. There are a number of laws and regulations governing mediation such as Supreme Court Regulation No. 1 of 2008 on Mediation Procedures in Courts and Law No. 30 of 1999 on Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Settlement. Supreme Court Regulation No. 1 of 2008 regulates the court-annexed mediation while Law Number 30 Year 1999 regulates the arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) institutions. In addition, there are also some institutions that perform mediation functions such as: Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK), Ombudsman, and Badan Pengawas Rumah (RSB). All such institutions are deemed relevant for the settlement of medical disputes. It is thus quite confusing at the operational level.

Nurse and Patient Dispute Litigation in Independent Nursing Practice

Although medical dispute and other contentious cases involving patients and nurses have risen significantly in recent years, few studies have examined the litigation issues involved in nurse-patient disputes. This study was designed to explore the background, categories, and degrees of harm to patients and the judgments made by the courts. Qualitative research was used. Cases of criminal, written judgments related to nurse practice negligence and recorded in district courts in Taiwan from 2008 to 2017 were selected. Data were analyzed using content analysis. A total of 41 hospitals and 55 nurses were identified. The largest number of cases involved regional hospitals (36.6%), internal medicine departments (31.7%), general wards (46.3%), night shifts (40.0%), and staff nurses (85.5%). Four categories of independent nurse practice negligence were identified, including observation-evaluation, environmental security, physician notification, and nursing records. Negligent homicide (58.2%) was the most common court judgment and ten nurses (18.2%) were found guilty of the charges brought against them. The results of this study highlight for nurses the content of nurse practice negligence and the related judgments by the courts, which hopefully may guide nurses to avoid practice negligence in the future.

A health education law for the community in preventing the lawsuits on medical disputes

This paper aims to provide health law education to the public, in determine a medical action that is detrimental to the patient's category as malpractice. This research using study of literatures by gathering information or theories relevant to the topic of the problem and related to the material being studied using the normative and empirical health and law studies. A number of literatures about malpractice and its theory have been reviewed and it turns out the results of the study indicate that there are no criteria or limits specifically agreed upon as a standard for establishing a medical action that is called malpractice or not. This paper aims to provide health law education to the public, in determine a medical action that is detrimental to the patient's category as malpractice. The results of the study above show that form the legal basis have not been able to explain the process of occurrence that is called medical malpractice. Malpractice theories also only explain the source of the malpractice. Proof of malpractice must been stated by experts, but on the other hand, the verification still faces challenges from the existence of a defense theory for medical personnel who face the demands of malpractice.

The Principle of Iknemook for Mediator in Medical Malpractice Dispute Settlement Through Mediation

The agreement is made to undertake a treatment for an illness, which resulted in the conclusion of a therapeutic contract under Laws as regulated under Article 1233 of the Civil Code of Indonesia (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata). Every legal relationship will result in rights and obligations. Medical malpractice is usually caused by an unfulfillment of a patient’s basic rights because of the lack of communication or information, which are the basic rights of a patient. The dispute settlement through court system is unsatisfactory for either patient or doctor. Therefore, a dispute settlement that is considered ideal is through non-litigation process, which is mediation, to achieve win-win solution. Procedures for mediators to mediate such malpractice dispute are in accordance to seven principles, which are also regarded as the seven bbaasic philosophies of mediation for medical dispute, which are known as the principle of Iknemook. The contents of the Iknemook principle for mediator in medical malpractice dispute settlement through mediation are the problems in this research. This research aims to assess and study the seven principles of Iknemook for mediator in medical malpractice dispute settlement through mediation. This research is categorised as a library research with a specification of descriptive research, which is presented to explain Iknemook principles for mediator in medical malpractice dispute settlement through mediation. This research finds that the principles comprised of the principles of good faith of both parties, trust, neutrality, exclusivity of a mediator (med-power), open-mind, autonomy, and confidentiality.

Pelindungan Hukum Bagi Pasien Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Medis Melalui Pengadilan (Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan Nomor 538/Pdt.G/2016/PN.Jkt.Sel)

Salah satu kasus kegagalan mediasi di pengadilan terdapat pada perkara Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan No.538/Pdt.G/2016/PN. Jkt. Sel Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan serta mengetahui pelindungan hukum terhadap pasien dalam penyelesaian sengketa medis melalui pengadilan pada perkara tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi deskriptif analitis. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara kepada narasumber, yaitu satu hakim Pengadian Negeri Jakarta Selatan, dua hakim Pengadilan Negeri Semarang, satu Panitera Perdata Muda Mahkamah Agung dan wakil ketua MKEK, serta studi kepustakaan yang dilakukan dengan mempelajari bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa penggugat/pasien tidak mendapatkan pelindungan hukum saat melakukan penyelesaian perkara sengketa medis di pengadilan. Hal ini dikarenakan hakim salah dalam membuat pertimbangan. Pada perkara ini penggugat mengajukan gugatan langsung ke pengadilan agar bisa menyelesaikan perkara dugaan malpraktik operasi facelift. Akan tetapi gugatan penggugat pada perkara ini tidak dapat diterima. Menurut pertimbangan hakim sengketa medis antar dokter dan pasien itu seharusnya melalui MKEK terlebih dahulu. Pertimbangan ini berdasarkan SEMA Tahun 1982 (tanpa nomor) dan pendapat ahli, padahal jika menggunakan analogi MKEK diperlakukan sama dengan MKDKI, maka pengajuan gugatan sengketa medis tidak dipersyaratkan untuk diproses melalui MKEK terlebih dahulu. Kemudian yang menjadi salah satu penyebab tidak relevannya pertimbangan hakim pada putusan ini, yaitu karena SEMA yang menjadi landasan hakim dalam membuat putusan tidak ditemukan dimanapun, bahkan setelah di konfirmasi di Biro Hukum dan Humas Mahkamah Agung, selain itu juga sudah banyak peraturan perundang-undangan yang seharusnya dapat digunakan menjadi pertimbangan pada putusan ini seperti Undang-Undang No. 36 Tahun 2009, Undang-Undang No. 29 Tahun 2004, dan Undang-Undang No. 44 Tahun 2009. Kata kunci: Pelindungan hukum pasien, penyelesaian sengketa medis, putusan pengadilan, MKEK.

Dimensions of Ethics and Telemedicine in Indonesia: Enough of Permenkes Number 20 Year 2019 As a Frame of Telemedicine Practices in Indonesia?

Telemedisin in Indonesia was known a few years ago but unfortunately did not make progress in its implementation. As technology developed during the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era, Indonesia returned to pay attention to the telemedicine system. One manifestation is the enactment of Minister of Health Regulation No. 20 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Telemedicine Between Health Service Facilities. In the preamble of this Permenkes, it appears that the spirit of doing telemedicine is in order to bring health services closer and improve the quality of health services in health facilities in remote areas that prioritize patient interests and safety. Despite the fact that telemedicine currently available in Indonesia is more personal between doctors and patients. Of course, this can be considered to violate existing regulations, because there are no rules that frame them. In addition to the benefits derived from telemedicine because health services for remote areas are increasingly affordable and faster, there are still many obstacles in terms of ethics and law. In legal matters, the lack of rules that frame the implementation of telemedicine can jeopardize the position of doctors in the event of a medical dispute. In terms of ethics, there are still a number of things that are not in accordance with the principles of bioethics, namely beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. It is feared that the doctor-patient relationship will fade in telemedicine. The doctor's professional standard is also the case, because a doctor may not be able to conduct a direct examination of patients. There are still many obstacles in the implementation of telemedicine that this should be a challenge for the Indonesian government through the Ministry of Health to pay more attention and make clearer rules to frame the implementation of telemedicine in Indonesia.

The Potential of Arbitrating Healthcare Disputes

The speedy progress of trade in Global Health Services is limited by legal barrier. Advances in technology andcross-border movement of people and health services form legal ambiguities and uncertainties for businessesand consumers involved in transnational medical malpractice disputes. This requires for a uniform meansof redress which is more flexible and predictable as compared to litigation in a court room. Therefore, thevoluntary, flexible and legally binding nature of arbitration agreements across jurisdictions make this formof dispute resolution efficient and adaptive to changes in the health services industry. With careful making ofan approach that accounts for arbitration cost, reasonable recovery amount and complementary mechanismssuch as no-fault compensation, international arbitration of medical malpractice disputes will change thelegal risks borne by businesses and consumers more fairly and efficiently.This paper argue that most medical disputes are better resolved by alternative dispute resolution mechanismswhich will contribute in improving patient safety by encouraging candid and comprehensive reporting ofrisks. It also argues that medical disputes and patient safety needs to be viewed through a new lens, namelypatient autonomy. It discusses the scope of India flourishing in the field of Medical Tourism and also thechallenges faced by the foreign patients and the scope of Arbitration in amicably resolving the medicaldisputes in a cost effective and in a swift manner.

The Role of Electronic Medical Records as Evidence in Medical Disputes in Hospitals

Medical Record is a file that contains records and other documents such as patient identification, examination, the treatment that has been given to the patient. Based on the Minister of Health No. 269/MENKES/PER /III / 2008 concerning the medical record that there are two types of medical records that conventional medical records and electronic medical records. With the absence of a strong legal basis related to the setting of electronic medical records, but in reality, many hospitals are using electronic medical records which raised the question, how the role of electronic medical records as evidence in the medical dispute that occurred in the hospital ?. This study uses Descriptio with the normative juridical approach. The data used is qualitative. This is done to get an overview of the roles of electronic medical records as evidence in the medical dispute in the hospital. Electronic medical records in the case of medical dispute resolution in the hospital can not be made as evidence in the medical case settlement, because the regulations related to the use of electronic medical records alone do not yet have a clear legal basis.

Relating Medical Errors to Medical Specialties: A Mixed Analysis Based on Litigation Documents and Qualitative Data.

BackgroundWe know a great deal about types, causes, and prevention of medical errors, as well as the risks of each medical specialties. Although we know something about medical errors, much remains to be done in this area particularly around effective prevention. However, little is known about whether medical errors are related to medical specialties. Our objective was to categorize and map the distribution of medical errors and analyze their relationships with medical specialties.MethodsFirst, public cases of medical disputes were searched on “China Judgment Online” according to the key words including medical errors. Second, we set up a database with 5237 medical litigations. After removing unrelated judgment documents, we used systematic random sampling to extract half of these. Then, we hired two frontline physicians with M.D. to review the litigation documents and independently determine the medical errors and the departments in which they took place. A third physician further reviewed the divergent results. After the descriptive statistical analysis and mind map analysis, semi-structured interviews were further conducted with 63 doctors to reveal the relationships mentioned above.ResultsMore than 97.8% of medical errors occurred in clinical departments. The insufficient implementation of informed consent obligations is the top medical error in all medical departments [internal medical departments (12.86%, N=36), surgical departments (14.57%, N=106), specialist departments (13.16%, N=86)]. The types of medical errors in diverse medical departments might be associated with therapeutic means used by physicians. Errors related to surgical operations were common in surgical departments, errors related to diagnoses were common in internal medicine departments, and errors related to therapy were common in specialist departments. A lack of clinical experience and undesirable work system design have contributed to the occurrence of medical errors. Inadequate human resources and unreasonable shift systems have increased the workload of staff members and this has in turn increased the incidence rate of medical errors.ConclusionMedical departments are facing medical errors both in humanity and technology. Medical institutions should be alert to the harm caused by medical humanity (mainly including insufficient communication between physicians and patients, insufficient implementation of infringement of informed consent, infringement of patient’s privacy and overtreatment). Improving the clinical skill and vigilance of medical staff is a top priority. Medical institutions should also improve undesirable system designs.