Media Reports Research Articles

Machine learning for document classification in an archive of the National Afrikaans Literary Museum and Research Centre


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsasa.v56i1.10
 ISSN: 1012-2796
 ©SASA 2023
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Most archives were established before the digital age, where hardcopies of much smaller volumes were archived. In the information age, archives struggle to accommodate the large volumes of material produced. In addition, many archives, including in South Africa, had to contend with budget cuts that reduced the number of staff available. If digital material is not archived now, it creates the risk of gaps in the historical record in the future. In addition, with digital humanities gaining wider acceptance, large corpuses of digital material are needed, which archives could provide. This study’s aim was to investigate whether document classification using machine learning classifiers is feasible in a South African archive context, with a focus on the National Afrikaans Literary Museum and Research Centre (NALN). The researchers created and trained a document classification model and tested it for accuracy against human classifiers. It followed a basic linguistic approach to prepare specific text documents for text classification, in terms of Galloway and Roux’s (2019) six categories, namely articles, media reports, books, interviews, reviews, and dissertations and theses. The classification was done using two annotators, after which the annotated corpus was employed as training data for machine learning models. Following Rolan et al. (2018), Suominen (2019), and Connelly et al. (2020), Python libraries were used for document classifications. The researchers show that machine learning classifiers can accurately categorise documents into different types. If implemented, this means that archives can improve their collection efforts without spending more on salaries. One way of coping with the information explosion is to develop metadata generation tools, like machine learning and artificial intelligence. If metadata could be automatically generated, it would reduce the pressure on archival personnel by providing a way to handle larger volumes.

기후변화 관련 어휘 사용 및 기후위기 담론의 전개 양상

If there is a problem that has emerged as a global disaster along with the COVID-19 pandemic, it is climate change. This is why the discourse of “climate crisis” has been actively conducted from various angles in recent years. Based on these facts, this study focused on analyzing the use of words related to climate change and how the ideological tendencies pursued by media companies correlate with climate issues, especially the “climate crisis” reports that have been increasingly used recently. The results of the study are summarized as follows.
 First, based on data from BIGKinds, a news big data analysis service provided by the Korea Press Promotion Foundation, it was confirmed that relatively various language variations have been appearing in climate change-related terms over the past 30 years, such as “climate change,” “weather variation,” “abnormal climate,” “climate crisis,” “climate disaster,” and “extreme climate.” Second, in our society, the term “climate change” has been used more frequently since the 2000s instead of “weather change” over the climate issue, which is markedly different in nature from natural fluctuations in the past, and “climate change” has been the most frequently used to date.
 Third, “climate change” showed a sudden upward curve in contrast to other years by showing 15,455 times in 2009 and 26,945 times in 2021. It was confirmed that there is a close correlation between the climate change cause discourse of “global warming” in 2009 and the climate change response discourse of “greenhouse gas reduction” and “carbon neutrality” in 2021.
 Fourth, the second most frequent vocabulary after “climate change” is “climate crisis,” which has shown a total frequency of 33,827 over the past 30 years, and this phenomenon has appeared as a distinct trend, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Fifth, media reports that focus on highlighting the “climate crisis” issue have been confirmed to have a clear correlation with the ideological tendencies of media companies, and in newspaper editorials as well as general articles, liberal media companies are more actively approaching the “climate crisis” issue than conservative media companies.

Falling Out of Love: Divorce of Three Acehnese Ubanan Couples in the Islamic Law Perspective

“The most hated of permissible things to Allāh the Exalted is divorce”—this Prophetic tradition is narrated by AbūDāwūd and Ibn Mājah. Yet divorce is now on the rise in Aceh where Islamic Sharī‘ah is supposedly being implemented; there were 6,823 divorce cases in the province during the first ten months of 2022, with most proposed by young couples. This study examines divorce in mature families aged fifty and above, who have been married for many years in the perspective of Islamic law. We analyze their marriage and the nature of their life leading to divorce, the reasons for falling out of love, and the impact of separation on their well-being and on their loved ones. We review the Islamic sources and academic literature about marriage and divorce, the government and media reports for statistics, and we interview three couples along with several of their children in order to obtain insights into their experience. We uncover the complexity surrounding marriage and divorce, as well as religious, social, and personal reasons guiding their action or non-action. The study recommends that governments and religious institutions implement premarital courses as a condition of marriage so that divorce rates can be reduced. Such policies must be accompanied by meaningful and well-funded national government programs to save the institution of marriage and be able to maintain family cohesion in Indonesia.

Human rights and corruption as manifestation of their violation

This article examines the state of implementation and compliance with generally recognized legal principles and norms of international law in the field of fundamental human rights 
 © Корж І.Ф., 2023
 and freedoms in Ukraine. It is noted that human rights should be understood as the defining principles of a person’s legal status, which belong to them from birth, are natural and inalienable, without which a person cannot exist as a full-fledged social being, and therefore they are a necessary element of citizens, society and the rule of law. The concept of human rights is based on two basic values – human dignity and equality. Human rights are defined and formalized primarily by international law, which includes a number of basic international legal acts, such as: Universal Declaration of Human Rights; European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its protocols; Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Ukraine, which noted its further development in the direction of integration into the EU, formalized the rights of its citizens in the Constitution adopted in 1996, which enshrines a whole series of both traditional and new guarantees of human and citizen rights and freedoms, which allow each citizen to choose the type of his behavior, to use economic and socio-political freedoms and social benefits both in personal and public interests. It is emphasized that the establishment of human rights in Ukraine as the highest social value is complicated by a number of factors, which is mainly determined by the low legal culture of both the general public and civil servants and is confirmed by the fact that for many years Ukraine occupied one of the first places among the member states of the Council of Europe by the number of cases of violation of citizens’ rights that were pending in the European Court. This indicates the existing problems in the state regarding legal education, legal awareness, legal culture, etc. of citizens who are primarily in public authorities, and which manifests itself in the manifestation of corruption, as legal nihilism of citizens. This becomes particularly cynical during the period of fighting against Russian aggression, as evidenced by numerous reports in the mass media. Such manifestations of corruption scandals in the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, in civil-military administrations, in local self-government bodies, in other state bodies of the country testify to the presence of a deep political and legal crisis in the state administration bodies of the country, as a result of the lack of program documents on the implementation of state personnel policy, inactivity legal mechanisms to fight corruption. Even the Law of Ukraine “On De-Oligarchization” was subjected to devastating criticism not only from the Ukrainian public, but also from the “Western” community. Confirmation of the relevance and importance of the need to solve the problem of corruption in Ukraine is evidenced by the fact that our ally the USA put forward clear conditions for further support of Ukraine in its fight against aggression and aspiration to join the European Union. The future success of Ukraine depends on accelerating the pace of reforms that remain unimplemented and the immediate implementation of identified priority transformations in Ukraine.

Illegal fishing threatens the sustainability of future tuna commodities in Indonesia

Indonesia's tuna fisheries sector encounters significant challenges in its development, primarily due to illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing practices that have led to the depletion of tuna stocks. This depletion poses a significant threat to the Indonesian economy, given the key, pivotal role that tuna fisheries play in contributing 2.65% to the country's gross domestic product (GDP) and accounting for approximately 16% of the world's total tuna production. To highlight the threat, this research employs quantitative data collected from government institutions, supplemented with data from a literature review and analysis of media reports and selected publications that addressed IUU tuna fishing practices in Indonesia. It was noted that (1) illegal fishing practices in Indonesia include crimes against human rights (forced labor and human trafficking), corruption (monetary), and tuna smuggling; (2) unreported fishing practices at tuna fisheries include faulty documents (misreported, unrecorded catches); and (3) unregulated fishing practices at tuna fisheries include catch transshipments by both small-scale and industrial fishing fleets. Decisive law enforcement and active coordination among Indonesian law enforcement authorities, as well as fisher involvement, are factors for successful reduction and control of IUU fishing practices through the Indonesian Ocean Policy (IOP) in Indonesia. The implementation of the IOP to combat IUU fishing could have a transformative effect on the patterns of IUU fishing in Indonesia. Here, we review recent developments in IUU fishing practices, and discuss the opportunities to regulate sustainable tuna fisheries policies in Indonesia.

Use of Capture-Recapture Analysis to Estimate the Number of Agricultural Fatalities and Severe Agricultural Injuries in Indiana

ABSTRACT Conducting surveillance of agricultural injuries and fatalities in the United States has been an ongoing challenge, with many cases falling outside the criteria of national and local surveillance systems. In this research, capture-recapture analysis was used to estimate the number of fatal agricultural injuries in Indiana between 2016 and 2020. A limited analysis of non-fatal injuries is also provided. This analysis was possible because of two publicly available datasets containing incident descriptions with sufficient detail for case matching. The first dataset consisted of summary lists of fatal and nonfatal agricultural injuries in Indiana published in annual agricultural fatality reports produced by the Purdue Extension. The second data source was AgInjuryNews, which gathers reports of agricultural injuries and fatalities published in news media and other publicly available sources. Results of the capture-recapture analysis estimate that, every year in Indiana, the Purdue Extension misses 18% of fatal incidents and AgInjuryNews misses approximately 60%. AgInjuryNews identifies approximately 3 fatal incidents per year that are missed by Purdue Extension. Analysis of nonfatal incidents was limited by the fact that both data sources only included nonfatal injuries that were extremely severe and/or connected to a fatality. The Purdue Extension is estimated to miss 22% and AgInjuryNews is estimated to miss 25% of nonfatal agricultural injuries meeting that narrow definition. While capture-recapture analysis only provides estimates of true injury rates, the results provide evidence that Purdue Extension’s surveillance captures most agricultural fatalities in the state. AgInjuryNews has been able to identify cases missed by Purdue, and this research takes an important step forward in quantifying how media reports found in this data source differ from extension surveillance. This research also highlights the continuing limitations in the surveillance non-fatal injuries and the ways in which publicly available data can aid researchers in filling gaps in surveillance.

A Summary of Fatal Injury Surveillance Methods in Australian Agriculture and Their Impact on Safety Policies and Practices

ABSTRACT Agriculture is one of the most important and also hazardous industries in Australia. Having a sound knowledge and understanding of the circumstance of injury events is critical to developing evidence-based intervention programs. This paper aims to provide a brief historical snapshot of the development of data systems underpinning the assessment of fatal farm injury in Australia and how it has impacted on safety policy and practice. The first Australian studies used coronial information to explore agricultural fatalities, these studies reviewed paper-based records (in-situ) and collected the information for analysis and reporting. This task was laborious and costly. When the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) was established in 2000, this allowed access to coronial records online. Information provided about the deceased includes demographics, contextual details on the nature of the fatality and autopsy, toxicology, and police reports, as-well-as the coroner’s finding. Information from the NCIS, along with media reports, have been used to develop the farm fatality database. This information has been used to inform the safety goals and targets for farm commodity groups, identify key risks, provide long-term benchmark indicators and underpin the development of prevention materials and training resources. Without accurate, timely, concise and relevant data about injury occurring on farms, there is no evidence to drive policy and practice or to evaluate programs of work. As such, the continued utilization and extension of the NCIS data will prove crucial to further reducing the burden of preventable fatal injuries on Australian farms.

Firearm-related suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides involving security officers in two East African Countries: a press media review

BackgroundFirearm violence is a growing public health problem causing death globally. With easy accessibility to firearms, suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides have increased among security officers, especially in developing countries affected by long-standing civil wars/political insurgencies. No study has explored firearm violence in East African countries. This study describes the press media reporting of suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides among security officers in two East African countries (Uganda and Kenya).MethodsDue to the absence of suicide databases among East African countries, the present study reviewed press media reports. We utilized content analysis of suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides reports among security forces. Relevant media reports between January-2020 and May-2023 were searched. Using ANOVA and chi-square tests, we tested for statistical differences in characteristics between victims and perpetrators.ResultsAmong the 56 perpetrated reports, most of them were homicides 44.64% (n = 25/56), 30.36% (n = 17/56) were homicide-suicides, and 25% (n = 14/56) were suicides. Perpetrators’ age ranged from 21 to 47 years, majority being males [53/56 (94.64%)]. Victims were 58, mostly Ugandans [41/58 (73.21%)] with a mean age of 33.5 ± 8.81 years. Among the three main outcomes, statistically significant difference existed by country (χ2 = 23.88, p < 0.001), and perpetrators’ age (F = 8.59, p = 0.005). There was a significant difference between perpetrators and the number of victims lost by age of victims (F = 10.37, p = 0.002). Among victims, type of security of perpetrator and citizenship of victims (χ2 = 24.18, p < 0.001) showed statistical difference with Ugandans having more victims to army officers while Kenyans to police officers. Brief incident descriptions pointed towards relationship dysfunctions, alcohol/substance abuse, intentional harm, and financial disagreements, as the potential causes. Only two perpetrators were reported to have mental health-related conditions.ConclusionThis study shows that media reported firearms-related suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides among security forces commonly involve males. Perpetrators in Uganda are mainly army officers while in Kenya the perpetrators are mostly police officers. Mental health conditions were not frequently reported among perpetrators. We recommend strengthening and enforcing gun regulation policies among security officers to curb this growing problem in these countries. Routine screening of mental health problems to enable early interventions is recommended among security officers.

Language Expression Differences in Chinese and Western Media Reports from the Perspective of Post-Colonialism Cases Analysis of Beijing Winter Olympics

As the worlds largest winter sports event, the Winter Olympics has a growing global influence. At the same time, this event has also attracted widespread attention from all walks of life. News coverage has influenced peoples minds and ideologies to some extent. In particular, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures in the reporting language of the Beijing Winter Olympics have aroused widespread attention and research. Based on different cultures, this article uses postcolonial theory to explore the background and context of the language of the Winter Olympics coverage. From a postcolonial perspective, this article finds the language reported by the British media has obvious characteristics of discourse dominance and monopoly. In their reporting, a significant proportion of concepts with negative orientation are often used, reflecting their cultural superiority and legacy of colonial past. In contrast, Chinese reporting is more adept at using decorative language and emotional color, using rhetoric to highlight the meaning and emotional connotation of events. This reflects the importance that Chinese culture attaches to harmony, politeness and emotional expression, as well as the embodiment of identity Chinese reporting. This paper systematically analyzes the above language differences and puts forward relevant opinions or suggestions to promote cross-cultural communication and integration.

Debunking Biases: A Critical Analysis of Western Media Reports about Chinas Belt and Road Initiative

This paper will examine and debunk some of the negative claims that many US and Western media outlets made regarding the Belt and Road Initiative (One Belt One Road, or BRI). There are plenty of articles published by news organizations in the US that claim China has used unfair measures to take advantage of the host countries, including the debt-trapping of Sri Lanka. This paper will seek to examine and debunk some of the claims that are prejudiced or factually incorrect. To prove the argument of this paper, articles from US and Western newspapers have been examined. After recording the claims of these articles, these claims will try to be corroborated or debunked by looking at how media from the host countries regard and respond to the issue. After the examination, the claim of the debt-trap of Sri Lanka in the Hambantota Port Deal has been proven as improbable. This is because a large number of their domestic media and studies about Sri Lanka reveal that the project actually benefited Sri Lanka by creating a large number of jobs and funding. In addition, the deal seems to have been initiated by Sri Lankan politicians, removing the fault completely from China. Media in other countries such as Myanmar, Cambodia and Pakistan have also been analyzed, proving a majority positive public opinion towards the BRI.

Analysis of the Framework of Media Reports on Policy Adjustment of Public Health Events -- A Comparative Analysis of Peoples Daily and Times Before and after Lifting of Epidemic Containment Policy in Response to the COVID-19 Epidemic

The Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of State Council of China released the Circular on Further Optimizing the Implementation of Preventive and Control Measures for the New Crown Pneumonia Epidemic on December 7, 2022, marking a dramatic shift in prevention and control policy. Focusing on this policy change, the article compares the reports of two well-known newspapers media before and after this shift and analyzes the adjustments made by Peoples Daily and The Times in the narrative framework and the narrative characteristics they exhibit. This paper focuses only on the reports published by the two newspapers, and conducts a dual analysis based on word frequency and content frame. The results of the analysis show that the frames of the reports of the two media show more obvious differences, and the narrative frames of different media show significant differences.

A Comparative Ecological Analysis of Chinese and American Media Reports on Emergency Disasters from the Perspective of Transitivity System

This article is based on the transitivity analysis framework proposed by He and Wei (2017), and adopts a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to compare and analyze the ecological properties of domestic and foreign emergency reporting in the United States and China. It finds that overall, both China Daily and The New York Times have a certain degree of ecological ambiguity, with the beneficial presentation of China Daily being greater than The New York Times, and the destructive presentation of China Daily being smaller than The New York Times, with a smaller difference in ambiguity. In addition, China Daily presents more ecological benefits in domestic reports and uses more ecological ambiguities in foreign reports, while The New York Times uses more ecological ambiguities in domestic reports and more ecological destructiveness in foreign reports. Therefore, this article aims to stimulate the public’s vigilance and awareness towards sudden accidents and disasters by studying the ecological properties of report, and to attach more importance to such public accidents.

Wild boars in the streets: applying a socio-scientific issue framework to analyze news items

ABSTRACT This study combines the fields of science communication and science education. It focuses on the ways the media covered the wild boars’ invasion into the city of Haifa in Israel, their hazards and the policy of the city. We identified the problem as a socio-scientific issue (SSI) according to science education literature, and investigated the extent to which the media refers to features of SSI. We analyzed 424 news-items published in local and national media during 2019–2022. Findings show that although most SSI features, such as presenting the conflict, suggesting solutions, consulting with experts etc., appear in the media reports, their use is not systematic and occasionally it is simplistic. Differences between local and national media were inconsistent, with some SSI features appearing more in the national ones and others in the local. Levels of complexity were indistinctive as well. In conclusion, we suggest that journalists should be aware of SSIs characteristics and address them in their reporting to better engage the public with such environmental and societal issues.

Sino-futurism and alternative imaginaries of Digital China

This paper investigates the role of digital technologies in transforming China's self-image. It focuses on the use of extended reality (XR) in ceremonial events and art exhibitions. The paper offers two case studies. The first study, Beijing 8-Minute Show (2018), a multimedia performance at the closing ceremony of the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games, set the scene for what was called the Science and Technology Winter Olympics in 2022. The second study, Blueprints (2020), was a multimedia exhibition in the UK by the artist Cao Fei, which drew attention to a future of increased alienation, loss of privacy and digital surveillance. In the paper, the framework of a ‘techno-cultural imaginary’ shows how China's self-image is increasingly tied to modernisation. The paper demonstrates how the ‘two cultures’, science and the arts, have converged in policy thinking. In this reset, China's so-called cultural confidence is re-energised by digital platforms, echoing the description of Digital China. Sino-futurism, originally used in relation to Chinese sci-fi literature, provides a stepping-off point to imagine the future, which is alternatively characterised as techno-utopian (within China) and dystopian (in the West). Drawing on the qualitative analysis of publicly available interviews, media reports, online comments and close reading of the art content, the paper argues that XR allows the government to present Digital China as a positive blueprint for human progress. Meanwhile, XR is capable of generating critical stories about China, which contradict the message the government seeks to cultivate with its public diplomacy and propaganda campaigns.

"It Bothered Me": The Mental Burden of COVID-19 Media Reports on Community-Dwelling Elderly People.

Background and Objectives: Elderly people may have difficulties understanding the quality and quantity of information about the COVID-19 epidemic, which can put an additional mental strain on their health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to explore the processing of COVID-19 information among older people. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study was carried out in summer 2021. The sampling was based on the snowball method. This approach allowed us to communicate with the next potential participants relatively freely and without reservations. Two female researchers (both MD, PhD) conducted the interviews. All interviews were held in Serbian. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The interviews were conducted with 13 participants (average age 71 years). The analysis of qualitative content suggested that four topics could be identified: (1) sources of information, (2) information interest and need, (3) reporting of information and (4) suggestions for better reporting. The participants were troubled by the excess of information, repetitive information about death tolls, unqualified people in media discussing the pandemic and inconsistent reporting. These features caused the participants to feel the psychological burden in processing all the pieces of information. Conclusions: The elderly people in Serbia followed mainstream media to get information about COVID-19; however, they perceived a variety of problems with reporting, which made the understanding of the information difficult and psychologically burdensome. These findings should be taken into consideration when delivering health-related information to elderly people.

“Are we there yet?” 25 years of reform (and reform, and reform, and reform) of teacher education in Australia

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the reform of initial teacher education (ITE) policy in Australia over a 25-year period from 1998 to 2023. It examines policy shifts and movements over this timeframe and aims to better understand the ongoing reforms in the changing contexts of their times.Design/methodology/approachThe paper engages a critical policy historiography approach, focusing on four “policy moments” each linked to a review commissioned by the Commonwealth government of the day. It draws upon the reports and government responses themselves, along with media reports, extracts from Hansard, and ministerial speeches, press releases and interviews related to each of the four policy moments, asking critical questions about the “public issues” and “private troubles” (Gale, 2001) of each moment and aiming to shed light on the complexities of these accounts of policy and the trajectory they represent.FindingsThe paper charts the construction of the problem of ITE in Australia over time, highlighting the discursive continuities and shifts since 1998. It traces the constitution of both policy problems and solutions to explain the current policy settlement using a historical lens.Originality/valueIts value lies in offering a reading of the current policy settlement, based on a close and systematic historical analysis. Where previous research has focused either on particular moments or concepts in ITE reform, this analysis seeks to understand the current policy settlement by taking a longer, contextualised view.

Still facing the ‘paper ceiling’? Exploring gender differences in political news coverage of the last decade

In the present study, we investigate gender bias against politicians in a large set of news articles ( n = 1,139,571) published in major media outlets in the United States between 2010 and 2020 by tracing changes in reporting about 1,095 US politicians. Using topic modeling with latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), we identify main policy-related topics in media reports. We find gender differences in the coverage of certain policy issues, with major imbalances explained by societal factors. Specifically, we show that women in high-level political positions receive less media coverage than their male counterparts and women in less powerful positions on economic and national security issues. However, women and men in less influential positions do not differ in the amount and type of reporting they garner. Since women are still underrepresented in leadership positions, the US media may inadvertently reflect and reinforce existing gender biases in society by devoting more attention to high-profile politicians, who are overwhelmingly male. Although our longitudinal analysis shows positive changes, the gender gap in reporting continues to exist.

Sudden Cardiac Death in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes: A 20-Year Study.

Understanding the incidence, causes, and trends of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young competitive athletes is critical to inform preventive policies. This study included National Collegiate Athletic Association athlete deaths during a 20-year time frame (July 1, 2002, through June 30, 2022). Athlete deaths were identified through 4 separate independent databases and search strategies (National Collegiate Athletic Association resolutions list, Parent Heart Watch database and media reports, National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research database, and insurance claims). Autopsy reports and medical history were reviewed by an expert panel to adjudicate causes of SCD. A total of 143 SCD cases in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes were identified from 1102 total deaths. The National Collegiate Athletic Association resolutions list identified 117 of 143 (82%), the Parent Heart Watch database or media reports identified 89 of 143 (62%), the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research database identified 63 of 143 (44%), and insurance claims identified 27 of 143 (19%) SCD cases. The overall incidence of SCD was 1:63 682 athlete-years (95% CI, 1:54 065-1:75 010). Incidence was higher in male athletes than in female athletes (1:43 348 [95% CI, 1:36 228-1:51 867] versus 1:164 504 [95% CI, 1:110 552-1:244 787] athlete-years, respectively) and Black athletes compared with White athletes (1:26 704 [1:20 417-1:34 925] versus 1:74 581 [1:60 247-1:92 326] athlete-years, respectively). The highest incidence of SCD was among Division I male basketball players (1:8188 [White, 1:5848; Black, 1:7696 athlete-years]). The incidence rate for SCD decreased over the study period (5-year incidence rate ratio, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.61-0.82]), whereas the rate of noncardiovascular deaths remained stable (5-year incidence rate ratio, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.94-1.04]). Autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death (19.5%) was the most common postmortem examination finding, followed by idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy or possible cardiomyopathy (16.9%) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (12.7%), in cases with enough information for adjudication (118 of 143). Eight cases of death were attributable to myocarditis over the study period (1 case from January 1, 2020, through June 30, 2022), with none attributed to COVID-19 infection. SCD events were exertional in 50% of cases. Exertional SCD was more common among those with coronary artery anomalies (100%) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (83%). The incidence of SCD in college athletes has decreased. Male sex, Black race, and basketball are associated with a higher incidence of SCD.

Challenges, Practice and Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Sustainable Development of Environment and Society

Objective: This research aims to identify the Corporate Social Responsibility challenges and their effects on business, the environment, and society. Methods: Exploratory research is employed in this work using primarysecondary data from journals, magazines, articles, and media reports. Result: The survey indicated that many CSRs struggle with transparency, inequity, consensus, financial resources, community engagement, strategic planning, and bias in their policies, practices, and cultures. Public awareness of corporations and a network of activities were very limited. Conclusion: Corporate social responsibility refers to a company's efforts to evaluate and address the impacts it has on society and the environment. CSR may demonstrate commitment to care for the community by taking steps to reduce waste and pollution and by funding educational and social welfare initiatives. The corporates should understand their role in promoting CSR. The corporates should also organize training, conferences, and seminars to share and produce new knowledge in this field. Substantial financial support and industry-specific research can boost and strengthen the CSR contribution.

From Black Magic to Black Flags: Social Uses and Symbolic Lexicons of Cycads in Vanuatu

The paper reviews nondietary uses and symbolic connotations of cycads ( Cycas seemannii) in Vanuatu, relying on data from ethnographic studies, anthropological literature, and local media reports. The authors focus on the uses of cycads in magical practices, in grade-taking ceremonies and traditional land tenure, in reconciliation and peace-making, in tabooing and emblematization of chiefly authority, and in the symbolism of political movements and state institutions. The article suggests two potential genealogies of cycad prominence in the archipelago, one stemming from the role of the plant as an emblem of pacificatory influence of graded societies and the other centered on the use of cycad leaves as tallies for recalling debts in traditional ni-Vanuatu culture.