Media Professionals Research Articles

Beyond the ivory tower to the silver screen: promoting positive development in children and adolescents through outreach to content creators

ABSTRACT Entertainment media is an important medium for affecting adolescents development. Adolescents consume entertainment media at increasingly high rates, and it can have an immense impact on viewers. In order to maximize the power of storytelling to positively impact adolescents’ moral and character development, it is important for experts in adolescent development and entertainment industry professionals to work together. Although there have already been collaborations among media professionals and scholars, we argue that we need to go beyond one-off reports and short-term collaborations to build an infrastructure that breaks through the traditional barriers that have hindered long-term collaborations. These barriers include working in isolation, institutional norms & expectations, and access & academic literacy. This article reviews potential solutions to these barriers based on experiences at the Center for Scholars & Storytellers and encourages academics to prioritize building important collaborations that strengthen the research-to-practitioner pipeline and promote positive youth development through media.

Perceptions of professional social media interaction with patients and faculty members – a comparative survey among dental students from Malaysia and Finland

BackgroundProfessional and personal boundaries are blurred with the wide application of social media (SM) in the health professions line of work. Little is known about practice of extending friend requests to patients and faculty members among dental students, which encompass a part of E-professionalism. The aim of this study is to assess the factors associated with the perceptions and practices of interactions with patients and faculty on SM among dental students from Malaysia and Finland.MethodsDental students from 4 institutions in Malaysia and Finland completed self-administered questionnaires on the practices and perceptions of SM use. The main variables assessed were the perceptions and practices of student-patient and student-faculty communication on SM, between the two countries. Students’ country, age, gender, time spent on SM and perceived importance of communicating dental related aspects over SM were analysed as potential explanatory variables. Crosstabulation was used to estimate the distributions of the response variables by the background characteristics. Multivariate analyses were performed using a dichotomous logistic regression model to investigate relevant associations between the responses and the explanatory variables independent from other factors.ResultsA total of 643 students completed the survey in March-April 2021. More Malaysian students agreed with “guiding patients online is a new responsibility for dentists in the digital age” compared to Finnish students (86.4% vs. 73.4%). Similarly, significantly more Malaysian students befriended patients (14.1% vs. 1%) and invited faculty to be friends on SM (73.6% vs. 11.8%). Expectedly, clinical year students befriended patients more than pre-clinical (13.8% vs. 6.8%). Significantly more students who felt ‘communication of dental related issues over SM’ were likely to extend friend requests to faculty rather than accept patient friend requests.ConclusionsSocial media regulations and socio-cultural practices contribute to dental students’ attitudes and behaviour when befriending patients and faculty members on social media. Future dental curriculum should incorporate guidelines for professional communication on social media based on local and cultural needs. Students’ should be encouraged to interact with their patients using professional identities on social media.

Cosplay, Academia, and Me—Some Thoughts, and a Note on the Future

Cosplay, Academia, and Me—Some Thoughts, and a Note on the Future

Like, Comment, and Share: Speech-Language Pathologists' Use of Social Media for Clinical Decision Making.

Many social media sites are dedicated for speech-language pathologists (SLPs); however, the extent to which SLPs utilize them in clinical decision making and evidence-based practice (EBP) is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to explore SLPs' use of traditional and modern resources, including social media, within clinical decision making for assessment and intervention practices. Using a stratified random sampling approach, we invited school-based SLPs in Florida and Ohio and on pediatric-focused, SLP Facebook sites to complete an online survey. The majority (N = 271) reported using social media for professional purposes at least once per week: most frequently Facebook (19-25% of SLPs) or Pinterest (15-18% of SLPs) to learn about new treatment ideas or resources for (12-18%) or read others' summaries of treatment-related research (8-11%), but rarely to pose or answer a clinical question (3-5%). The number of reasons for one's professional social media use was moderately correlated with frequency of social media use, traditional EBP training, and reading a greater number of articles from ASHA and other sources. The results warrant further consideration of how to leverage social media as a tool to increase SLPs' knowledge and implementation of EBP.

The epistemic injustice in conflict reporting: Reporters and ‘fixers’ covering Ukraine, Israel, and Palestine

This paper investigates the epistemic injustice in conflict reporting, where foreign parachute reporters collaborate with local producers and ‘fixers.’ Drawing from existing research on ‘fixers’ and other media professionals covering conflict zones and the philosophy of emotion and knowledge, I address the following questions: What is the role of local and foreign media professionals’ affective proximity and professional distance in the social epistemology of conflict news production and the epistemic hierarchy among the collaborators? What implications is this particular social epistemology believed to have for conflict reporting accuracy and ethics? Based on 36 semi-structured to in-depth interviews with foreign and local media professionals covering Ukraine, Israel, and Palestine and further online and offline contact with the Ukrainian ecosystem of foreign/conflict news production, I argue that the collaboration between foreign and local media professionals is sometimes marked by identity-prejudicial credibility deficit granted to local media professionals because of their affective proximity to the events they cover. This epistemic injustice mirrors other power vectors and the dominant journalistic professional ideology that values disinvolvement, distance, and detachment. In practice, the (local) media professionals’ affective proximity to their contexts is often appreciated as embodied knowledge beneficial to the nuance, accuracy, and ethics of journalistic practices and outcomes.

Beyond Self-Censorship: Hong Kong’s Journalistic Risk Culture under the National Security Law

Professional and liberal-oriented news media in Hong Kong have been under severe political pressure since the establishment of the National Security Law in 2020. Journalists now have to navigate a more dense and uncertain legal minefield. Self-censorship has intensified. This article argues that self-censorship and other media responses can be better understood under the broader framework of risk culture. Drawing upon 43 in-depth interviews with journalists from 12 organizations, this article reconstructs how news organizations and journalists have developed methods to assess and manage risk and describes the characteristics of their risk assessment and management and the changing character of self-censorship. The emerging risk cultures have helped maintain organizational stability and journalistic professional identity. The concluding discussion elaborates on the implications of the analysis for understanding self-censorship and press freedom in Hong Kong, briefly compares Hong Kong’s situation with mainland China’s, and reflects on the possible development of risk cultures in other institutional contexts.

What Drives the News Coverage of US Social Movements?

Abstract What drives the news coverage of social movements in the professional news media? We address this question by elaborating an institutional mediation model arguing that the news values, routines, and characteristics of the news media induce them to pay attention to movements depending on their characteristics and the political contexts in which they engage. The news-making characteristics of movements include their disruptive capacities and organizational strength, and the political contexts include a partisan regime in power, benefitting from national policies, and congressional investigations. To appraise these arguments, we analyze approximately 1 million news articles mentioning 29 social movements over the twentieth century, published in four national newspapers. We use negative binomial regression analyses and separate time-series analyses of the labor movement to assess the model’s robustness across different movements, time periods, and news sources. In each analysis, the results support the hypotheses based on the institutional mediation model. More generally, we argue that the influence of social movements on institutions depends on the structure and operating procedures of those institutions. This insight has implications for future studies of the influence of movements on major social institutions.

Evaluation and Creation of Web-based Resource Guides using SubjectsPlus

The Resource Guide is a unified platform curated and administered by subject specialists, librarians, and liaisons, offering users access to a wide array of resources. Traditionally known by various names such as Pathfinder, bibliography, virtual reference collection, online guide, online tutorial, toolkit, or web guide, it serves as a comprehensive tool. Its primary purpose is to assist users in locating resources specific to their subject areas, staying updated on new resources, and connecting them to relevant, easily understandable information. At Central Library, IIT Delhi, diverse platforms like the library website, social media, online catalogues, Pathfinder, single search engine, and mobile app are utilized to promote library resources. However, these platforms may lack subject-level resources. This raises the question of designing and developing an online platform or resource base that consolidates and enables users to access various resources, including print resources, e-resources, professional development resources, open-access resources, and social media resources. This endeavour aims to meet the present and future needs of users in their respective disciplines. To explore this concept further, a pilot implementation of a web-based resource guide has been initiated at Central Library, IIT Delhi. This paper investigates how SubjectsPlus, an open-source tool, can facilitate the creation and management of web-based resource guides that promote the use of library and scholarly resources on the web.

Understanding the role of context in health policy implementation: a qualitative study of factors influencing traditional medicine integration in the Indian public healthcare system

ABSTRACT India's public health system aims to foster pluralism by integrating AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) with mainstream biomedical care. This policy change provides an opportunity to explore the complexity of health system innovation, addressing the relationship between biomedicine and complementary or alternative medicine. Implementing health policy depends on local, societal, and political contexts that shape intervention in practice. This qualitative case study explores contextual features that have influenced AYUSH integration and examines the extent to which practitioners are able to exercise agency in these contexts. Health system stakeholders were interviewed (n = 37) and integration activities observed. The analysis identifies contextual factors in health administration, health facilities, community, and wider society which influence the integration process. In the administrative and facility spheres, pre-existing administrative measures, resource and capacity deficits limit access to AYUSH medicines and opportunities to build relationships between biomedical and AYUSH doctors. At the community and society levels, rural AYUSH acceptance facilitates integration into formal healthcare, while professional organisations and media support integrative processes by holding health services accountable. The findings also demonstrate how, amid these contextual influences, AYUSH doctors navigate the health system hierarchies, despite issues with system knowledge against a background of medical dominance.

Verhütung auf YouTube, Instagram und TikTok

ZusammenfassungHintergrundJugendliche und Erwachsene beziehen Informationen über Verhütung zunehmend über soziale Medien.Ziel der ArbeitVor diesem Hintergrund ist es Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, erstmals Inhalte und Qualität deutschsprachiger Verhütungsbeiträge auf YouTube, Instagram und TikTok zu untersuchen. Beantwortet werden sollen Forschungsfragen zu Anbieter*innen (F1), Inhalten (F2) und Qualität der Verhütungsbeiträge (F3) sowie zu Publikumsreaktionen (F4).Material und MethodenEs wurde eine Stichprobe von N = 1000 Verhütungsbeiträgen von YouTube (500), Instagram (250) und TikTok (250) gezogen. Pro Beitrag gingen maximal 20 verhütungsbezogene Kommentare in das Kommentar-Sample ein (N = 12.454). Die Beiträge und Kommentare wurden mittels reliabilitätsgeprüfter Codebücher analysiert. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte mit SPSS. Die Studie ist präregistriert und alle Daten, Materialien und Analyseskripte sind öffentlich verfügbar.ErgebnisseEs zeigte sich, dass die Verhütungsbeiträge mehrheitlich von Gesundheitslaien stammten (52 %), gefolgt von Medienprofis und Gesundheitsprofis (F1). Inhaltlich deckten die Verhütungsbeiträge alle verfügbaren Verhütungsmethoden ab, wobei Pille (69 %) und Kondom (40 %) dominierten (F2). Nach gängigen Qualitätskriterien zeigten sich deutliche Defizite, wobei im Vergleich YouTube-Videos am besten abschnitten (F3). TikTok-Videos dagegen waren Spitzenreiter bei den Publikumsreaktionen, sie verzeichneten die meisten Views, Likes und Kommentare. Die Kommentarspalten wurden vom Publikum oft genutzt, um eigene Verhütungserfahrungen zu teilen oder Nachfragen zu stellen (F4).DiskussionWeitere Forschung sowie Praxismaßnahmen sind notwendig, um die Qualität von Verhütungsinformationen in sozialen Medien besser einschätzen und optimieren zu können.

Game changers for meat and masculinity? Male athletes’ perspectives on mixed and plant-based diets

The dietary choices of male athletes are increasingly a topic of moral and nutritional debate. Though it has long been a consensus that athletes require animal products to advance their athletic goals, this understanding is now challenged in academic and popular sources based on nutritional evidence and concern about the environmental impacts of animal products. In order to better understand how (semi-)professional male athletes perceive plant-based diets and diets containing animal products, thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with male athletes competing nationally and internationally, including mixed and plant-based eaters. Interviews were analysed through reflexive thematic analysis, in line with a critical, qualitative research methodology. Justifications for meat, situated knowledge and masculinity were used as theoretical lenses. Our analysis shows how athletes reproduce nutritional claims about the necessity of protein for athletes, but disagree on the suitability of plant-based sources. This nutritional discourse derives from a broad range of sources, including professional nutritionists, friends, online influencers, and media. Second, when explaining their own food practices, food being ‘nice’ and ‘normal’ – common justifications for meat as evidenced in the 4N theory – often supersede necessity. Embedding these views in their everyday lives as athletes shows that food environments and shared eating practices fortify a mixed diet as normal, and plant-based diets as anomalous. It further shows how the view of meat being normal is subject to shifting masculinity norms. Interviewees reject meat eating as normal and masculine for men, while male athletes who show dedication, constraint, and knowledge in a plant-based diet are viewed positively. As role models for diet and masculinity, this has implications for a potential role of athletes in a societal transition towards lower consumption of animal products.

I and We in Picun: The Making of Chinese Poet Xiao Hai

Abstract Xiao Hai left home at age fifteen as one of roughly three hundred million domestic migrant workers whose labor has contributed to China's rise since the 1980s. He was a factory worker in a string of cities for a good dozen years: think assembly line, overtime, exploitation, alienation. To counter the pressures of this life, he wrote poetry. In 2016 he settled in Picun, a village on the outskirts of Beijing made famous by an NGO called the Migrant Workers Home. The Home aims to advance migrant workers’ social identification through cultural education. To this end, the migrant worker community works with academic and cultural professionals, media professionals, and members of the state's cultural apparatus. This interaction takes shape in a “shared space” (in Dai Jinhua's words) of cultural production and experience that blurs distinctions of official and unofficial culture and their easy association with political power and resistance, respectively. As a member of the Picun Literature Group who expertly navigates this space, Xiao Hai has become a representative of the Picun “brand,” building a mediagenic public persona in the process. Who is Xiao Hai? What does his writing say? What other actors and factors shape his persona? What can we learn from all this about the nexus of precarious labor and cultural production? The stories of Picun, Xiao Hai, and migrant worker literature subvert simple oppositions of grassroots versus state discourse and unofficial versus official culture. Instead, they foreground the complexity of relations between the individual, community, and the state in China today.

ISSUES IN TRAINING AND RE-TRAINING OF MILITARY JOURNALISTS WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PREPARATION IN ARMENIA

The purpose of the article is to reveal peculiarities of professional missions of journalists working in times of armed conflictand in border zones and to develop guidance on the risk measures. We have presented characteristics of professional activity of journalists during modern wars, in particular during the war unleashed by Azerbaijan against Artsakh and Armenia in September 2020, as well as changes in the requirements for journalists compared to April 2016. Steps and measures have been developed to mitigate and minimize risks for journalists working in areas of armed conflict and in border zones are based on the analysis of professional practice and experience of media professionals working in wartime.
 The article refers to the importance of information immunity of countries in times of external aggression under conditions of hybrid warfare, one of the main components of which is the responsibility of the media and their coordinated activity with the reliable and relevant bodies of political power.
 The second important factor is public trust in government, including the 4th branch of government the lack of which can lead to search for other sources of information, thereby creating a real danger of being caught up in the clutches of enemy propaganda.

A survey of Canadian dairy nutritionists to assess current trace element formulation practices

The purpose of this study was to identify current practices and perceptions around trace element feeding for dairy cows through a Canadian dairy nutritionist survey. An online survey with 23 questions was used to collect data from Canadian dairy nutritionists with the help of professional associations and social media. The survey was active from November 2021 to April 2022. The first 7 questions collected descriptive information on respondents, and the subsequent 16 questions focused on trace element feeding. A total of 92 participants from all over Canada filled out the survey, and about 26% of Canadian herds and cows were represented by these respondents. The participants had diverse views on the importance of diet formulations for trace elements to optimize cow health and productivity, with perceptions varying from very important to not important. In comparison, macronutrients and selenium were consistently rated as very important by between 58% and 74% of respondents. Software reference values were used by 54%, 72%, and 73% of participants to estimate trace element concentrations of forages, cereals, and protein sources, respectively, highlighting the importance of regularly updating the feed library of the software. More than 60% of nutritionists participating in this study had intentionally formulated diets above trace element software recommendations, considered mineral interactions occurring in the rumen, and used a trace element source known for its better bioavailability (e.g., organic, chelate) when they formulated diets. Herds with more than 80 cows were more likely to be given trace element supplements known for their greater bioavailability. The most used supplement with enhanced bioavailability was selenium. In addition, different trace element feeding strategies pertaining to different stages of lactation and breeds were reported. This finding can be explained by the absence of clear recommendations on trace element feeding by breed. The participants who adjusted trace element feeding according to the stages of lactation considered the transition period as the most challenging period, and they identified the need for a source of trace element known for its greater bioavailability for this period. Further research should aim to identify environmental risk of trace element overfeeding using the One Health approach. Moreover, strategies to avoid trace element overfeeding should be evaluated.

Interest in Digital Peer-Delivered Interventions and Preferences to Improve Pain Self-efficacy and Reduce Loneliness Among Patients With Chronic Pain: Mixed Methods Co-design Study.

Two important factors that prolong and exacerbate chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) and disability are low pain self-efficacy and loneliness. Yet, few interventions have shown long-term sustained improvements in pain self-efficacy, and there are no evidence-based treatments that target social connectedness in people living with CNCP. More effective and accessible interventions designed to target self-efficacy and social connectedness could ease the burden of CNCP. To co-design accessible interventions to increase pain self-efficacy, social connection, pain-related outcomes, and quality of life, this study explored patients' interest and preferences for digital peer-delivered interventions for CNCP as well as implementation barriers and enablers. This cross-sectional mixed methods study was part of a larger longitudinal cohort study. Adult Australian residents (N=186) with CNCP diagnosed by a medical professional or pain specialist were included. Participants were initially recruited through advertising on professional pain social media accounts and websites. Questions examined whether patients were interested in digital peer-delivered interventions and their preferences for specific features (eg, Newsfeed). Pain self-efficacy and loneliness were assessed using validated questionnaires, and the association between these factors and interest in digital peer-delivered support was explored. Open-ended questions explored implementation barriers, enablers, and suggestions for consideration in intervention design. There was interest in accessing digital peer-delivered interventions, with almost half of the sample indicating that they would access it if it was available. Those who indicated an interest in digital peer interventions reported both lower pain self-efficacy and greater loneliness than those who were not interested. Intervention content that incorporated education, links to health services and resources, and delivery of support by peer coaches were the most frequently preferred intervention features. Three potential benefits were identified: shared experience, social connection, and shared pain management solutions. Five potential barriers were identified: negative focus on pain, judgment, lack of engagement, negative impact on mental health, privacy and security concerns, and unmet personal preferences. Finally, there were 8 suggestions from participants: moderation of the group, interest subgroups, professional-led activities, psychological strategies, links to professional pain resources, newsletter, motivational content, live streaming, and online meetups. Digital peer-delivered interventions were of particular interest to those with CNCP who had lower levels of pain self-efficacy and higher levels of loneliness. Future co-design work could tailor digital peer-delivered interventions to these unmet needs. Intervention preferences and implementation barriers and enablers identified in this study could guide further co-design and the development of such interventions.

International Consensus on a Dental Antibiotic Stewardship Core Outcome Set

Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis. Ensuring responsible, appropriate use (stewardship) is an important for keeping antibiotics working as long as possible. Around 10% of antibiotics across health care are prescribed by oral health care professionals, with high rates of unnecessary use. To maximise the value from research to optimise antibiotic use in dentistry, this study developed international consensus on a core outcome set for dental antibiotic stewardship. Candidate outcomes were sourced from a literature review. International participants were recruited via professional bodies, patient organisations, and social media, with at least 30 dentists, academics, and patient contributors in total. Outcomes scored "critical for inclusion" by >70% of the participants (dentists, academics, and patients) after 2 Delphi rounds were included in the core outcome set following a final consensus meeting. The study protocol was registered with the COMET Initiative and published in BMC Trials. A total of 33 participants from 15 countries, including 8 low- and middle-income countries, completed both rounds of the Delphi study. Antibiotic use outcomes (eg, appropriateness of prescribing), adverse or poor outcomes (eg, complications from disease progression), and a patient-reported outcome were included in the final, agreed core set. Outcomes relating to quality, time, and cost were not included. This core outcome set for dental antibiotic stewardship represents the minimum which future studies of antibiotic stewardship in dentistry should report. By supporting researchers to design and report their studies in a way meaningful to multiple stakeholders and enabling international comparisons, the oral health profession's contribution to global efforts to tackle antibiotic resistance can be further improved.

Watching TV Series in Distance Education during the Periods of Pandemic and Martial Law

The purpose of the article is to hypothesize that the viewing of TV series by students, future creators of TV series, during the period of distance learning in conditions of restrictions and prohibitions, namely during the pandemic (2020-2021) and martial law (Russian-Ukrainian war, 2022) can become a segment of the professional educational model and one of the algorithms of crisis educational management in TV series production. The study is based on survey, comparison and content analysis methods. The target audience of the study are professional artists and media people, as well as students, i.e. future directors, screenwriters, cameramen, actors, editors, journalists, producers and advertisers. It allowed us to determine the motivation of the target audience regarding the frequency of watching TV series for the period under study, their professional interest and the choice of thematic, stylistic and genre aspects of the creation of TV series in Ukraine. The authors of the article claim that the research data represent essential empirical material that can be used in the period of distance learning as practical cases within the disciplines of the specialty for educational institutions that train specialists in "audiovisual arts and production" and "journalism", namely, future creators of TV series.

The Impact of Color Vision Deficiency on the Capability of Ophthalmologists to Diagnose Benign and Malignant Choroidal Tumors

Color vision deficiency (CVD) is an under-reported problem among medical personnel, and its impact is still not well characterized. We aim to assess the impact of CVD among ophthalmologists on the accuracy of diagnosing different benign and malignant choroidal lesions. This is a cross-sectional study conducted on ophthalmologists. We used a web-based survey to collect responses through professional ophthalmology society social media. The survey included a set of five images for normal fundus, choroidal nevus, circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, choroidal metastasis, and choroidal melanoma, wherein each image simulated the three main types of CVD: protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia, in addition to a non-simulated image. Forty-one participants were included, with a mean age of 40 (±9.2) years. They were 28 (68%) men and 13 (32%) women. Participants showed significantly low accuracy for definite diagnosis for circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, nevus, melanoma, and metastasis when the images simulated protanopia and deuteranopia, but not tritanopia. Nevertheless, participants maintained the capability to recognize the nature of the lesions for both simulated and non-simulated images if they were benign or malignant, thereby ensuring immediate referral for specialized care. The exception was with simulated choroidal nevi images, wherein participants incorrectly assigned simulated protanopia and deuteranopia nevi images to malignant lesions. Protanopia and deuteranopia affected the accuracy of diagnosing several choroidal lesions; however, ophthalmologists with those two simulated CVDs were still able to discriminate between benign and malignant tumors.

Midterm elections and stock returns

The midterm election effect is one of the most persistent regularities related to US politics reported in empirical finance, but it has also been one of the least examined. We explore practical implications for investors, analysing monthly excess and risk-adjusted returns on 49 industry portfolios for the period 1926–2022. Contrary to much commentary in the professional media and prior literature, higher returns around midterm elections all but disappear after returns are adjusted for risk. We also find that midterm elections are predominantly associated with the market factor, and thus, higher returns appear to merely compensate investors for bearing risk.

Integration of 5G Wireless into Hybrid Media Production Including SMPTE ST 2110

Professional media production will in the future require more flexibility over where and how its operations are provided, including where there are multiple networks, which could include 5G, wired, cloud-based, and home networks. The broadcast industry’s adoption of live networked media systems is still relatively immature, especially in wireless and there is not yet a consistent and complete approach to describing architectures and the interfaces required for interoperability. This article describes a set of gateway functions for a professional media production using both 5G and wired (SMPTE ST 2110-based) media networks, in particular a scenario from the EU Horizon IC-41 Project 5G-RECORDS ( <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://www.5g-records.eu/</uri> ) about a multicamera 5G-enabled broadcast studio. The Media Gateway (MG) converts media streams between the wireless and wired environments and the Media Orchestration and Control Gateway (MOCG) provides discovery, configuration, connection, and control of broadcast equipment deployed in various locations. In a ST 2110 environment, the latter is done in part through Advanced Media Workflow Association (AMWA) Networked Media Open Specifications (NMOS) APIs; however, this approach needs to be adapted for use in a 5G network, through the introduction of middleware components that decouple the wired and wireless. This article gives a detailed description of the wireless studio use-case and the approach taken by 5G-RECORDS in developing the MG and MOCG.