Mechanochemical Pretreatment Research Articles

Dimensionally integrated nanoarchitectonics with Cu nanoparticles embedded in g-C3N4 nanosheets for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation and dye degradation

High-efficiency and sustainable non-noble metal cocatalyst can reduce the reaction barrier of photocatalysis or electrocatalysis to promote the hydrogen evolution reaction, which provides a feasible method for large-scale hydrogen production. A one-step thermal polymerization method was developed to successfully incorporate copper (Cu) into graphite nitride carbon (g-C3N4) through a mechanochemical pre-treatment and subsequently thermal polymerization. The synthesis controlling is a key to arrange the distribution of Cu nanoparticles in g-C3N4 nanosheets. Photocatalytic hydrogen generation tests were carried out for Cu incorporated g-C3N4 nanosheets obtained at different temperatures. Cu incorporated g-C3N4 at 680 °C (CCN-680) revealed the best H2 generation rate of 2985 μmol g-1 h−1, which was 12.7 times of that of pure g-C3N4 nanosheets obtained at same temperature. Furthermore, the degradation of methylene blue (MB) indicated that sample CCN-680-3 with optimized Cu ratio revealed enhanced performance, in which the degradation rate of MB increased from 80 to 97 % within 60 min. The introduction of Cu narrowed the band gap of g-C3N4 nanosheets, expanded light response in visible region, and finally improved greatly the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. These results are significant for highly efficient and stable photocatalysts.

Mechanochemical regulation of microcrystalline in coal-derived disordered carbon for improved sodium storage: Metamorphic grade

Coals are common precursors of the disordered carbon anodes for sodium ion batteries. In order to hinder the long-range ordered development of coal precursors during thermal conversion, the acid reagents and calcination under air atmosphere have been adopted in the pre-oxidation procedure, not in accordance with the demand of green energy storage. Herein, the mechanochemical pretreatment was employed to break the aromatic structures and generate the edge defects and oxygen functional groups on the coal surface, which would suppress the long-range ordered tendency and promote the introduction of nitrogen heteroatoms during following calcination. With the increasing metamorphic grades, the molecular rigidity of coal precursors increases owing to more highly polycondensed aromatic structures and less interior buffer space. The aromatic structures in the highest-ranked anthracite are broken most heavily during the mechanochemical process. Thus the nitrogen-doped anthracite-based carbon materials have the most disordered carbon structures and deliver a high reversible capacity of 323 mA h g−1 under 0.03 A/g after 90 cycles. This work provides a facile and green solution to fabricate the highly disordered carbon anodes with low cost and high performance from the industrial raw materials.

Preparation of high-performance manganese-based pseudocapacitor material by using spent lithium-ion battery anode graphite via mechanochemical pretreatment

The potential for recycling graphitic carbon from lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes has been overlooked due to its relatively low economic value in applications. This study proposed to use graphene nanoplates (GNPs), which were obtained from spent lithium battery anode graphite, treated with ball-milling method, for hydrothermal synthesis of MnO2-supported graphene nanoplates (MnO2/GNPs) composites materials. The composites exhibited excellent electrochemical characterization curves, indicating ideal capacitance characteristics. The analysis of MG24-20 material showed the good impact resistance and capacity retention around 100% with capacitance of 124.6F/g at 10 mV/s, surpassed similar samples using precious metals and high-end materials, enabling the reuse of spent graphite in energy conversion and storage system for effective utility.Graphical

Room-temperature synthesis of a Zr-UiO-66 metal-organic framework via mechanochemical pretreatment for the rapid removal of EDTA-chelated copper from water.

Treatment of heavy metal pollution in complexed states within water bodies presents significant challenges in the current water treatment field. Adsorption as a means for the removal of heavy metals is characterized by its simplicity of operation, stable effluent, and minimal equipment requirements. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as adsorbents hold significant interest for applications in water treatment. In this study, we investigated a green synthesis approach for the ball-milling pretreated synthesis of UiO-66(Zr) at room temperature, abbreviated as UiO-66(Zr)-rm. Besides having the same thermal stability and crystal structure as the product from microwave-assisted synthesis (UiO-66(Zr)-mw), the resulting UiO-66(Zr)-rm features smaller particle size and superior mesoporous structure. The adsorption efficiency and mechanism for removing EDTA-chelated copper (EDTA-CuII), a complexed heavy metal in water, were extensively analyzed. UiO-66(Zr)-rm presented a maximum adsorption capacity over EDTA-CuII of 43 mg g-1 and a much higher adsorption rate (0.16 g (mg h)-1) than UiO-66(Zr)-mw (0.06 g (mg h)-1). Hierarchically mesostructured defects allow the sorbate to have more effective diffusion in a shorter time to achieve faster adsorption kinetics. Benefiting from the mild synthesis conditions and nontoxic solvents, UiO-66(Zr) has the potential to be produced at a scaled-up level, thereby exhibiting excellent adsorption performance for the removal of complexed heavy metals in the future.

Use of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material: CO2 mineralization coupled with mechanochemical pretreatment

The use of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash, commonly referred to as “fly ash”, as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), has been explored to mitigate the CO2 emissions resulting from cement production. Nevertheless, the incorporation of fly ash as an SCM in mortar has been shown to weaken its compressive strength and increase the risk of heavy metal leaching. In light of these challenges, this study aims to comprehensively evaluate the influence of CO2 pressure, temperature, and residual water/binder ratio on the CO2 uptake and compressive strength of mortar when combined with fly ash. Additionally, this study systematically examines the feasibility of mechanochemical pretreatment, which enhances the homogenization of fly ash and augments the density of the mortar's microstructure. The results indicate that the use of mechanochemical pretreatment leads to a notable 43.6% increase in 28-day compressive strength and diminishes the leaching of As, Ba, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn by 17.9-77.8%. Finally, a reaction kinetics model is proposed to elucidate the CO2 sequestration process under varying conditions. These findings offer valuable guidance for incorporating fly ash as an SCM and CO2 sequestrator in mortar.

Carbon layer derived carrier transport in Co/g-C3N4 nanosheet junctions for efficient H2O2 production and NO removal

Co nanoparticles are embedded in N-doped carbon nanotubes (Co-N-carbon nanotubes) using combinations of mechano-chemical pre-treatment and thermal polymerization process (at 760 °C). A further thermal polymerization process done on these Co-N-carbon nanotubes and ultrathin graphitic carbon nitrate (g-C3N4) leads to the formation of Co nanoparticles (coated with carbon layers) embedded g-C3N4 nanosheets composite, along with the disappearance of carbon nanotube morphology on the material. The Co/g-C3N4 junctions are constructed with a Schottky barrier formed between the carbon layer coated Co nanoparticles and the g-C3N4 nanosheets. The presence of carbon layers in the composite system facilitates transport of photogenerated electrons at the Fermi level of Co, which results in enhanced photocatalytic H2O2 generation and NO oxidation performances of the composite material in visible light irradiation condition with excellent cyclic stability. The Schottky junction composites constructed using optimized preparation conditions in case of no co-catalyst incorporation shows a photocatalytic H2O2 generation efficiency of 3618 μmolL−1h−1 which is about 1000 times of that of pristine g-C3N4 nanosheets. A NO removal rate of 62 % (higher than that of the commercial P25 (TiO2)) is also observed. These results provide possible approaches on constructing advanced photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications.

Mechanochemically induced hydrometallurgical method for recycling d-elements from Li-ion battery cathodes

The exponential growth of the Li-ion battery (LIB) market necessitates the development of environmentally friendly and economically viable recycling technologies. One of the approaches for recycling and selective recovery of critical battery components is the hydrometallurgical method. Despite its effectiveness, this technology has notable drawbacks, including environmental pollution caused by corrosive waste, high energy consumption, and complexity. Herein we present a highly efficient mechanochemically (MC) induced acid leaching process that enables the extraction of transition metals as water-soluble salts from cathode materials of different and mainly used chemistries such as LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, and Li(CoNiMn)O2. The described method utilizes HNO3, H2SO4, and HCl mineral acids to leach transition metal composites obtained by MC reduction and delithiation processes. The presented technology achieves a significant material dissolution efficiency of more than 95 % at low acid concentrations at room temperature. Furthermore, it was concluded that the mechanochemical pretreatment step plays a crucial role in reducing particle sizes as well as for the chemical reduction of d-elements in the cathode materials to lower electrochemical charging states which greatly enhances the effectiveness of the leaching process. This advancement brings us closer to achieving ecological and economic feasibility in recycling Li-ion batteries.

Alkaline metal derived secondary thermal polymerization for superior thin g-C3N4 nanosheets with efficient photocatalytic performance

The thermal polymerization controlled the thickness and composition of graphic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to affect the photocatalytic performance. In this paper, potassium and sodium ions were firstly incorporated in bulk g-C3N4 prepared using melamine through a mechano-chemical pre-reaction. After a two-step thermal polymerization treatment at 500 and 550 °C, respectively, superior thin g-C3N4 nanosheets were created because K or Na ions implanted between g-C3N4 layers, in which activated cites were remained in the nanosheets. The results revealed that potassium or sodium ion doping revealed an important impact on the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4. With an optimized K loading of 3%, the hydrogen evolution rate of potassium doped g-C3N4 superior thin nanosheets was 18.1 times of that of bulk g-C3N4. For the degradation of the degradation rate of Rhodamine B (Rh B), K-doped g-C3N4 sample revealed 3.8 times increase compared with pure g-C3N4. To indicate the role of alkaline metal ions, Na-doped samples were also used for H2 generation and Rh B degradation. Meanwhile, the hydrogen generation and Rh B degradation rate of sodium doped g-C3N4 nanosheets improved to 3.6 and 1.75 times higher than those of pure g-C3N4, respectively. The result suggested a mechano-chemical pre-treatment helped K and Na ions to improve the microstructure of g-C3N4 nanosheets and increase activated cites for photocatalysis.

Mechanochemical dehalogenation of brominated flame retardants and preliminary application for recycling BFR-containing plastic waste

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is one of the most widely used brominated flame retardant (BFR), which has attracted increasing attention due to the persistence, bioaccumulation and adverse effect to wildlife and human. Considering the strong need for the disposal of HBCD containing waste, mechanochemical (MC) pretreatment technology was investigated to destroy BFRs as a dehalogenation method in this study. Silica and aluminium powders were used as additives, and mechanochemical method was applied to degrade BFRs for both HBCD powder and waste plastics. The results showed that HBCD was effectively degraded during mechanochemical treatment with the aid of Si-Al-based additives. The optimized condition was determined to be a SiO2/Al ratio = 7:2 with a reagent ratio of 15:1. The optimized mechanochemical method was applied to dispose BFRs contained waste plastics. The results showed that dehalogenation of plastics occurs during mechanochemical destruction and that smaller plastic particles accelerated dehalogenation. Finally, the reaction process and intermediates were studied to provide insight into the mechanochemical degradation mechanism of HBCD, and a possible reaction pathway was proposed.

Acidic deep eutectic solvent assisted mechanochemical delignification of lignocellulosic biomass at room temperature

Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant natural polymer on Earth, but the efficient fractionation and refinery of all its components remain challenging. Acidic deep eutectic solvents refining is a promising method, while it is likely to cause lignin condensation and carbohydrates degradation, especially at server operation conditions. Here we propose the use of acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES), choline chloride/p-toluenesulfonic acid assisted mechanochemical pretreatment (DM) for efficient lignocellulose fractionation at mild condition. Four representative lignocellulose, wheat straw, moso bamboo, poplar wood and pine wood were selected at varied milling time (3, 6 h) to assess the fractionation ability of this strategy. This DM pretreatment demonstrated a rather high cellulose retentions (∼90 %) and extent of delignification for wheat straw and bamboo biomass, which corresponds to a high extent of enzymatic hydrolysis (∼75.5 %) for sugar platform pursuing. The extracted lignin showed rather high content of β-O-4′ leakages due to the swelling effect of deep eutectic solvent and mild operation conditions. This work provided a promising strategy to fractionate lignocellulose using deep eutectic solvents with the goal of simultaneous cellulose hydrolysis and reactive lignin obtaining that is usually difficult to realize using traditional chemical fractionation approach.

Synthesis of Sulfonated Carbon from Discarded Masks for Effective Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), as one of the top ten important platform chemicals, can be used to produce 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2,5-dimethyl furan (DMF), levulinic acid, and other chemicals. An environmentally friendly system for the synthesis of sulfonated carbon materials from discarded masks has been proposed. A series of mask-based solid acid catalysts (bMC-SO3H) were prepared by a simple two-step process. Mechanochemical pretreatment (ball milling) of waste mask and sulfonated group precursor, followed by thermal carbonization under nitrogen gas, were used to synthesize sulfonated porous carbon. The total acid amount of the prepared bMC-SO3H was measured by the Boehm method, which exhibited 1.2–5.3 mmol/g. The addition of the sulfonated group precursor in the mechanochemical treatment (ball milling) process caused intense structure fragmentation of the discarded masks. These sulfonated porous carbons (bMC(600)-SO3H) as solid acid catalysts achieved fructose conversion of 100% and HMF yield of 82.1% after 120 min at 95 °C in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The bMC-SO3H could be reused five times, during which both the HMF yield and fructose conversion were stable. This work provides a strategy for the synthesis of sulfonated carbon from discarded masks and efficient catalyzed fructose upgrading to HMF.

Biomass Bottom Ash as Supplementary Cementitious Material: The Effect of Mechanochemical Pre-Treatment and Mineral Carbonation.

The need to mitigate the CO2 emissions deriving from the cement industry becomes imperative as the climate crisis advances. An effective strategy to achieve this is increasing the replacement level of cement clinkers by waste-derived supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). In this study, the use of mechanochemically activated biomass ash for high-volume (up to 40%) substitution of cement is investigated. The effect of mineral carbonation treatment on the performance of the mechanochemically treated biomass ash as SCM was also examined. The results showed that the mechanochemically treated biomass ash was the most effective SCM, with the respective samples at 40% cement replacement reaching 63% of the strength at 28 days as compared to samples with 100% Portland cement, while only 17% of the strength was achieved in samples with 40% untreated biomass ash. As suggested by the isothermal calorimetry, XRD, FTIR, and TG analysis, the mechanochemical treatment enhanced the reactivity and the filler effect of the biomass ash, leading to improved mechanical performances of these mortars compared to those containing untreated biomass ash. Mineral carbonation reduced the reactivity of the mechanochemically treated biomass ash but still led to better strength performances in comparison to the untreated biomass ash.

Preparation of high near-infrared reflectance mica/(Ni, Sb)-co-doped rutile yellow composite pigment via mechanochemical pretreatment and sintering

Mica/(Ni, Sb)-co-doped rutile yellow composite pigment with a high near-infrared reflectance was prepared via mechanochemical pretreatment and subsequent sintering. (Ni, Sb)-co-doped rutile yellow pigment was synthesized by a solid-phase method in the presence of sodium fluoride (NaF) as a mineralizer, and mica was peeled by ultrafine grinding. The pigment, mica and mica/pigment composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, laser diffraction particle size analysis, nitrogen gas adsorption method, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared spectroscopy, CIEL*a*b* color scales, and infrared irradiation image, respectively. The results show that the temperature of synthesizing a pure rutile pigment in solid-phase reaction is reduced by 100°C due to the addition of mineralizer NaF. (Ni, Sb)-co-doped rutile pigment has better color rendering performance and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance. Ultrafine grinding produces the finer flatty mica particles with fresh reflective surfaces, thus improving NIR reflectance of peeled mica. In mica/pigment composite prepared via mechanochemical pretreatment and subsequent sintering, peeled mica has a synergistic effect on (Ni, Sb)-co-doped rutile pigment particles to further scatter near-infrared radiation through the multiple layer reflections, leading to a better heat insulation. The high near-infrared reflectance of composite pigment increases to 97.72%, and the b* value of the pigment synthesized with 1 wt% NaF is 37.77. For the irradiation infrared lamp, the surface temperature of aluminum plate coated with mica/(Ni, Sb)-co-doped rutile yellow composite pigment is 40.1 ± 0.2°C, which is lower than that of aluminum plate uncoated determined by thermal camera and thermocouple. When aluminum plate coated with mica/(Ni, Sb)-co-doped rutile yellow composite pigment is under sunshine, its surface temperature is 38.6 ± 0.2°C. In addition, the mechanism of preparing the composite pigment via mechanochemical pretreatment and subsequent sintering and the multiple structure reflection effect on peeled mica surface coated with (Ni, Sb)-co-doped rutile yellow pigment particles were also discussed.

The effect of mechanical and thermal treatments on the dissolution kinetics of kaolinite in alkaline sodium aluminate solution under conditions typical to Bayer desilication

The kinetics of dissolution of kaolinite in industrial spent liquor followed by the precipitation of the desilication product was studied by using calcined and dimethyl sulfoxide intercalated Eckalite1 as starting material. These studies were aimed at understanding the influence of the combination of different pre-treatments on the variations in the maximum silica concentrations and shift (or in some cases, the disappearance) of the trigger point in the Bayer desilication process. In addition to the quantitative characterization of the dissolution kinetics, a variety of physico-chemical parameters of the kaolinites, like the specific surface area, Lewis acidity, hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, optical band gap and thermogravimetric behaviour was also determined. From the experimental data, it can be concluded that the thermal/mechanochemical dehydroxylation and the formation of metakaolinite/mechanochemically amorphized kaolinite are responsible for the increase in the concentration of the dissolved silica in the supersaturated sodium aluminate solution. The variation in the position of the trigger point could be connected to the deformation, fragmentation/delamination, and amorphization of the kaolinite structure evolved during the mechanochemical pre-treatment. The joined application of pre-calcination and pre-milling verified the conclusions drawn. In addition, the combined treatment can be optimized to end up with a dissolution process that is carried out in a time and energy saving manner. The extent of the desilication products obtained at the end of the dissolution tests showed a considerable dependence on the applied pre-treatments: the formation of the metakaolinite phases was found to facilitate the evolution of the ball of yarn-type lepispherical structures with sizes ranging from 600 to 3000 nm.

Macrokinetic mechanosynthesis model comprising multidirectional factors characterizing the effect of mechanical treatment on the combustion of activated mixtures

A mathematical model was built using a new macrokinetic theory to investigate the mechanical treatment and two-step mechanochemical synthesis of inorganic substances in the mode of layer-by-layer combustion. Powders (SnO2, NiCrAl, Cu) and powder mixtures (SnO2 + Al, SnO2 + Si, Ti + Ni, Nb + Si) were used. The proposed macroscopic mathematical model expands the understanding of the macrokinetics of mechanochemical synthesis and identifies and classifies its mechanisms. The effect of mechanochemical pre-treatment on the mechanosynthesis of final products was taken into account by introducing the multidirectional parameters, such as structural (formation of the interfacial surface), kinetic (defect formation) and temperature factors, initial mechanochemical transformations, and formation of inert material due to the abrasion of milling tools. The inverse problem methods were proposed to determine the kinetic constants describing initial mechanochemical transformations and abrasion during mechanical activation.

Effect of combined wet alkaline mechanical pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover and its mechanism

BackgroundTo further optimize the mechanochemical pretreatment process, a combined wet alkaline mechanical pretreatment of corn stover was proposed with a short time and less chemical consumption at room temperature.ResultsThe combined alkaline mechanical pretreatment significantly enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis resulting a highest glucose yield (YG) of 91.9% with 3% NaOH and ball milling (BM) for 10 min. At this optimal condition, 44.4% lignin was removed and major portion of cellulose was retained (86.6%). The prehydrolysate contained by-products such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, acetic acid, and lignin but no furfural and 5-HMF. The alkaline concentration showed a significant impact on glucose yield, while the BM time was less important. Quantitative correlation analysis showed that YG (%) = 0.68 × BM time (min) + 19.27 × NaOH concentration (%) + 13.71 (R2 = 0.85), YG = 6.35 × glucan content − 231.84 (R2 = 0.84), and YG = − 14.22 × lignin content + 282.70 (R2 = 0.87).ConclusionThe combined wet alkaline mechanical pretreatment at room temperature had a boosting effect on the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis with short treatment time and less chemical consumption. The impact of the physical and chemical properties of corn stover pretreated with different BM times and/or different NaOH concentrations on the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated, which would be beneficial to illustrate the effective mechanism of the mechanochemical pretreatment method.

Investigation of Mechanochemically Treated Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash as Replacement for Cement

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash has been classified as hazardous waste in China because of the leachable toxic heavy metals and high concentrations of chlorides and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Currently, the main treatment method is still landfilling after chemical treatment or cement solidification, and an effective approach to realize fly ash utilization is still lacking. In the present work, the fly ash was firstly water-washed to remove the soluble chlorine salts, which can improve the performance of the produced cement mortar in later work. Mechanochemical pre-treatment was adopted to destroy the PCDD/Fs and improve the heavy metals’ stabilization. The results show that 75% of PCDD/Fs can be degraded and that most of the heavy metals are stabilized. After the mechanochemical pre-treatment, the average particle size of the fly ash decreases to 2–5 μm, which is beneficial for promoting the activation energy and accelerating the hydration process in cement mortar production. The compressive and flexural strengths of the fly ash cement mortar improve to 6.2 MPa and 32.4 MPa, respectively, when 35% of the OPC is replaced by treated fly ash. The similarity in the 3-day and 28-day strength with or without the addition of the treated ash shows the light influence of the fly ash addition. Thus, the mechanochemical process can stabilize the heavy metals and activate the fly ash, allowing it to partly substitute ordinary Portland cement in building materials, such as cement raw materials and concrete.

Mechanochemical Pretreatment for Waste‐Free Conversion of Bamboo to Simple Sugars: Utilization of Available Resources for Developing Economies

AbstractIn this work, mechanochemical pretreatment of Bambusa vulgaris is evaluated for waste‐free production of renewable sugars for subsequent fermentation. After a 60 min mechanochemical pretreatment followed by enzyme hydrolysis at 50 °C, 62% of the available carbohydrate can be recovered as fermentable sugars, primarily in the form of glucose and xylose. Structural and chemical analysis finds that mechanochemical pretreatment increases accessible surface area and amorphizes the crystalline cellulose present in bamboo, both of which increase reactivity. The experimental results are then used for a systems‐level analysis of ethanol production in Nigeria. The energy required for mechanochemical pretreatment is estimated to be 0.5–5.6 MJ per kg of bamboo; this energy can be provided by solar power, while still satisfying existing needs for stationary power. Ethanol production on marginal land alone is projected to be sufficient to replace nearly 80% of Nigeria's current gasoline usage while reserving sufficient land area for solar power generation to meet current electricity needs, meaning that bamboo cultivation followed by mechanochemical pretreatment can play an important role for utilizing locally available resources without generation of new chemical wastes.

Optimization of mechanochemical-assisted extraction of hesperidin from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae

Mechanochemical-assisted extraction (MCAE) of hesperidin from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae was investigated in AGO-2 high intensity planetary activator. In order to optimize extraction efficiency, six variables (different kinds of reagents, Na2CO3 content, grinding time, extraction temperature, extraction time, liquid/solid ratio) were varied. Results showed that the optimum MCAE conditions were determined as: Na2CO3 content of 30.0% (w/w), grinding time 20 min, extraction temperature 20 °C, extraction time 10 min, liquid/solid ratio of 80:1 mL/g. Meanwhile, enhancement of solubility was measured. Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscope were used to illustrate structure change of hesperidin after mechanochemical pretreatment. With the optimized parameter settings, MCAE with water as solvent gave the highest hesperidin yield while reducing both extraction time and energy costs compared to the heat-reflux and superfine grinding extraction.

Towards the sustainable synthesis of microporous and layered titanosilicates: mechanochemical pre-treatment reduces the water amount

Mechanosynthesis enables the preparation of microporous (and layered) titanosilicates by a process that is more sustainable than the conventional hydrothermal synthesis and is also amenable for upscaling.