Mechanical Impurities Research Articles

Study of technological processes of extractive substances extraction from osmo-dehydrated berry products

The process of extraction from vegetable raw materials is an important technological solution in the food industry for obtaining extractive substances that contain minerals, organic acids, phenolic substances, pectin’s, sugars and vitamins. The extraction process is influenced by the main factors - the size of the plant material, its duration and temperature conditions. Segmentation is essential for extraction. The correct choice of size allows you to better preserve the cellular structure of the berries, the diffusion processes proceed optimally efficiently, the extraction slows down, and the resulting extract contains less mechanical impurities and is easier to clean. The traditional method for extracting vegetable raw materials is water-alcohol solutions, but the extraction of water-soluble substances occurs partially, and as is known, vitamins, sugars, and phenolic substances predominate in berry raw materials. The most accessible and economical means for extraction is water. When extracted with water, the final product contains water-soluble substances and no fat-soluble substances. Extraction of osmo-dried berries was carried out with an aqueous solution at different temperature conditions with ranges of 30–40 °C, 50–60 °C and 70–80 °C. To determine the duration of extraction of osmo-dried berries, the yield of dry matter was used. It has been established that the highest yield of dry matter from osmo-dried strawberries (10,17 %), raspberries (8,74 %) and black currants (11,43 %) is observed at an extraction temperature of 50–60 °C and 70–80 °C. With a duration of 8 – 12 hours. The extraction time is described by polynomial regression equations of the 2nd degree. It was revealed that the highest content of vitamin C is observed at a temperature in the range of 50–60 °C, extraction of 36,7 mg/100 g of extract, and at a temperature in the range of 60–70 °C, the content of ascorbic acid decreased by 40 %.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ПО ОЦЕНКЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ СВОЙСТВ МОТОРНОГО МАСЛА БЕЗ И С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ОПЕРАЦИИ ПРОМЫВКИ СИСТЕМЫ СМАЗКИ ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ТРАКТОРА

The results of studies assessing the properties of oils for removing contaminants from the lubrication system during routine replacement of motor oils in tractor engines are presented. It has been established that when used motor oil is drained, some of the contaminants remain in the lubrication system and negatively affect both engine operation and the service life of freshly filled motor oil. Dependences of changes in the content of mechanical impurities, tar deposits, alkaline and acid numbers on operating time were obtained. It has been established that the alkaline number of the oil during the engine operating period can decrease from 8.7 mg KOH/g to 2.0 mg KOH/g and reach the rejection value by 250 hours of oil operation in the engine. The influence of the operation of flushing the lubrication system with Lukoil mineral-based flushing oil in MTZ-1221 tractor engines is considered. The flushing operation made it possible to reduce the accumulation of impurities by 20...30% over the same operating period and to reduce the accumulation of tar deposits in the engine oil from 9.8% to 0.7%. Removing contaminants from the lubrication system reduces the consumption of additives, their waste in motor oils, and precipitation along with contaminants. For an operating period of 250 hours, the alkaline number content was 4.9 mg KOH/g, while over the same operating period without flushing the lubrication system it approached the rejection value. Removing contaminants stabilizes the change in oil acid number. In general, it is noted that carrying out the operation of flushing the lubrication system of tractor engines can improve their performance and increase the service life of the engine oil before it is replaced.

Determination of hydrocyclone parameters for oil emulsion treatment with forced flow rotation, taking into account changes in rheological properties

The object of research is the process of dewatering oil emulsions by using a hydrocyclone with forced flow rotation taking into account rheological properties.
 The problem solved in the work is related to production, primary preparation and transportation of oils. The process of oil extraction is accompanied by saturation of the product with water, salts, mechanical particles and light fractions, which requires primary preparation of oil through multi-stage, sometimes long-term, low-productivity processing in order to separate the above-mentioned components. The water content of some deposits, especially marine deposits, is 80%, which makes the process of oil dehydration particularly important for preparing oil for transportation. Among the known methods of dewatering oil emulsions, such as settling, heat treatment, chemical treatment, electrodehydration and centrifugation, the last one allows to significantly influence the separation processes. The essence of the centrifugation process, consists in increasing the rotational speed of the particles of the dispersed phase by replacing the natural force of gravity with a more powerful centrifugal force. The density of water and mechanical impurities is higher than the density of oil, and particles under the action of centrifugal force are pressed against the wall and, coagulating, are removed through the flow separator.
 In the course of the work, the main regularities of the process were determinedcentrifugation, namely the rate of sedimentation of the water fraction from the rheological parameters of the emulsion and the kinematic characteristics of the hydrocyclone with forced rotation of the flow. It was established that the dependence of the volume of the water fraction of the oil emulsion is a power function of the second order, and the rate is linear. The settling of a water particle has a linear dependence on the size of the particle. Speed The set speed of settling of water particles of an oil emulsion allows you to calculate the length of the turbine depending on the required performance, speed of rotation and rheological properties.
 The developed theoretical provisions of the process of dewatering oil emulsions by using a hydrocyclone with forced rotation of the flow, taking into account the rheological properties, allow designing machines of this type for various conditions of oil production.

Mechanical Impurities Carry-Over from Horizontal Heavy Oil Production Well

Currently, a global attention has been paid to the development and exploitation of shallow depth heavy oil reservoirs. Such oilfields are rationally developed via a network of horizontal wells. However, the weakly cemented reservoir rock beds lead to the high sand production during well flow. Removing mechanical impurities is still challenging even with the application of sophisticated techniques and a variety of filters. In this study, we propose an analysis method for describing the removal of mechanical impurity particles from horizontal wells containing heavy oil. We employed a simulation model of typical well in OLGA program, and several calculations was made for different values of the flow rate. Moreover, deep sand samples were isolated from a well of Uchebny field to compare the real data with the estimated one. Calculations are used to estimate the quality of mechanical impurity removal for various diameters, and a relationship between the critical diameter and well flow rate is built.

Особливості теплогідравлічних процесів у маслорадіаторі авіаційного газотурбінного двигуна

The modern gas turbine engines (GTEs) development is associated with an increase in the compressor pressure ratio and the gas temperature at the turbine inlet with a simultaneous reduction in the size and weight of the engine. The reliable operation of the GTE largely depends on the oil system excellence. In circulating oil systems, to ensure the lubrication and cooling of engine friction units, a high multiplicity of oil circulation is necessary. The preparation of oil for the next lubrication cycle is related to its cooling, cleaning of mechanical impurities formed during operation, and air separation. Oil coolers are used to cool the oil in GTEs. Air or fuel can be used as the cooling medium. Regardless of the cooling medium choice, a two-phase mixture (oil-air) and not a single-phase oil, as is considered when designing oil coolers, affects the course of thermo-hydraulic processes. Therefore, the subject of this paper is thermohydraulic processes in two-phase media. The goal of this study is to determine the specific aspects of thermohydraulic processes during the oil-air mixture cooling in an aviation gas turbine engine to further improve oil cooler design approaches. This paper aims to show the differences in the course of thermohydraulic processes in two-phase media from single-phase media and to emphasize the importance of considering them when designing oil coolers. The main results are as follows. For a two-phase flow, changes in temperature and pressure change not only the thermophysical properties of the phases but also the gas content, density, and speed of the mixture, which affects the course of thermohydraulic processes in the oil cooler. Under certain combinations of parameters, the structure of the two-phase flow may change. A low value of the equilibrium speed of sound can lead to unpredictable operation of the oil cooler and the oil system as a whole. In addition, the presence of an oil-air mixture reduces the heat transfer capacity of the oil cooler compared with the results of calculations using standard methods. In conclusion, it can be stated that to increase the efficiency of the oil system, it is extremely important to establish the regularities of thermo-hydraulic processes for the two-phase flow of the oil-air mixture and consider this during the design of oil coolers.

Devices for automatic control of the quantity and quality of oil in tanks

Currently, the most widely used devices for measuring the level of liquids (float and non-float). Float gauges are generally more accurate than non-float gauges. However, the operating conditions of float level gauges are much more difficult due to the difficult operating conditions of floats in an aggressive environment with a large amount of mechanical impurities. Automation tools used to measure the weight of oil and oil products should provide output information in a form convenient for further processing, at the same time, these devices should be structurally simple and applicable to existing types of tanks. The amount of oil in tanks can be determined in two ways: by measuring the level of oil and its specific gravity; by direct measurement of the weight of a liquid. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. Currently, the most widely used devices for measuring the level of liquids (float and non-float). Float gauges are generally more accurate than non-float gauges. However, the operating conditions of float level gauges are much more difficult due to the difficult operating conditions of floats in an aggressive environment with a large amount of mechanical impurities. The choice of this or that device is determined by the specific conditions of its operation, the required measurement accuracy, aggressiveness of the liquid, etc. Limit switches are installed on the level gauge, which, when the liquid level in the tank reaches the upper or lower limit mark, turn on the alarm circuit. The principle of operation of the level gauge is based on measuring the increase in the electrical capacitance of sensors when they are filled with a substance (oil product) that has a dielectric constant that is different from the dielectric constant of air. The measurement accuracy is achieved by the fact that the entire measured level is divided into separate equal sections and is determined, among other factors, by the length of each section.

TECHNOLOGICAL SCHEME FOR PROCESSING MULBERRY FRUITS FOR JUICE AND CONCENTRATE. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE PROCESS OF SEDIMENT DECANTATION IN JUICE

A technological scheme for processing mulberry fruits into juices and concentrates has been developed. Based on the analysis of all processes included in the technological scheme, a line was assembled, including pressing juice, cleaning freshly squeezed juice from mechanical impurities, fermenting and clarifying juice, filtering and obtaining clear juice, evaporating and obtaining juice concentrate.

Theoretical foundations for intensifying onion set harvesting

The paper shows that upgrading the design of onion harvesting machines through the integration of diverse separation intensifiers demonstrates limited efficacy in improving the quality of cleaning commercial produce. They noted the need to comply with strict technological parameters for setting up separating systems (feeding bulbs to a straight section of the pin web surface in the absence of losses, reducing the maximum speed of collision of the bulbs with the working elements of the cleaning unit to reduce damage, as well as improving the completeness of cleaning). The study reveals that one of the options for intensifying the process of onion set cleaning from soil and soil clods can be ultrasonic-assisted heap moistening during separation. (Research purpose) The research aims to determine theoretical principles driving the intensification of onion set cleaning from mechanical impurities. (Materials and methods) The research employed system analysis and synthesis methods, physical modeling based on probability theory and mathematical statistics, numerical techniques for solving analytical dependencies, classical mechanics methods - fundamental principles of fracture theory, soil mechanics. (Results and discussion) The paper justifies the necessary optimum regime for intensifying onion set harvesting and cleansing them from mechanical impurities. It substantiates the functional diagram of a digging-type onion harvester featuring an ultrasonic cleaning module, taking into account the functions of the state, external and control actions, as well as performance indicators. (Conclusions) The research resulted in developing a design concept for an ultrasonic-equipped separating module of a harvester to improve the onion set cleaning process. This design conforms to the agrotechnical requirements, ensuring maximum soil and impurity sieving (at least 98 percent), minimizing losses (not exceeding 2 percent) and bulb damage (not exceeding 2 percent).

Results of calculation of changing the pollution concentration and alkalinity of the gas engine oils

BACKGROUND: The issue of ensuring the reliability of internal combustion engines is a relevant composite task, solved in various directions. The important ones among them are the operation conditions, the type of fuel used, control of the motor oils condition, as well as justification of the service life of the latter. When ensuring the operational properties of engine oils of the dieselbased gas engines, the control of the main indicators of the operating oil is relevant.
 AIMS: Assessment of changes in the pollution load and alkalinity of the M10G2 oils of the dieselbased gas engines. Application of equations for the theoretical analysis of changes in the pollution concentration and decrease of alkalinity, as well as for building dependencies of oil indicators.
 METHODS: During the operation of internal combustion engines, thermochemical processes are actively developing in oils, leading to decrease in their quality due to the activation of additives and the accumulation of transformation products in oils. Mechanical impurities accumulate in the engine oil as a result of dust ingress with the sucked air or through leaks in the crankcase space, as well as due to the formation of insoluble oxidation products and wear of parts of the cylinder-piston group. The base number is a conditional measure of the oils ability to neutralize acids formed from the products of fuel combustion and oxidation of the oil base. The alkalinity specified by the presence of alkaline additives is consumed for the neutralization of acids at different rates.
 RESULTS: The process of oil aging in internal combustion engines and factors affecting the aging of engine oil are considered. Analytical equations are used to calculate changes in the pollution concentration and changes in the alkalinity of the diesel-based gas engine oil, graphical dependences of oil indicators on the service duration are given.
 CONCLUSIONS: The practical value of the study lies in the fact that, using the analytical equations, the value of changes in individual properties of diesel-based gas engine oils is analyzed. Operation of the engine with the oil which base number is below the limit leads to a decrease in engine reliability, accelerated wear of individual parts, lacquer formation and sludging on piston rings and cylinders. It is not allowed to use oils with the base number below 2 mg of KOH/g.

RESULTS OF RESEARCH OF CHEMICAL METHODS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF WATERTREATMENT FOR INJECTION INTO THE SYSTEM OF RESERVOIR PRESSURE MAINTENANCE

The separated water from Preliminary Water Removal Unit isused as a working agent of the pressure maintenance system and, accordingly,the quality must meet regulatory requirements. Pumping waterinto the reservoir without preliminary preparation and considering thephysicochemical properties of water and porosity of the reservoir leadsto contamination of the bottom-hole zone of the well and to reducing theintake capacity of injection wells. Recovery of injection well performancerequires a lot of material and energy costs.The use of gravity sedimentation and oil sedimentation tanks make itpossible to obtain water with a content of petroleum products up to30-50 mg/l and mechanical impurities of 20–40 mg/l. The standardapproach to solving the problems of increasing loads and destruction ofstable oil-water emulsions is increasing the capacity of the treatmentfacility by building additional reservoir equipment. This approachinvolves a number of significant time and financial costs and does notallow to organize a solution to the problem in a short time.The influence of deoilers to the quality of water treatment has been studiedin order to provide deeper purification of reservoir water for thepossibility of obtaining water containing petroleum products andmechanical impurities up to the requirements of the OST-39-225-88.Deoilers do not dissolve or remove petroleum products. Deoilers enlargepetroleum productsby bringing them closer to each other. Then mechanicalimpurities and petroleum products must be removed from the existingwater treatment system. The research of the influence of deoilers forthe stabilization of the oil-water emulsion has been carried out.According to the results of studies of the effect of deoilers on the qualityof water treatment, with the use of all tested deoilers, the content ofpetroleum products in the water decreases and it is possible to obtainwater of the quality required by OST-39-225 under the conditions of oiland water treatment during the technological mode of operation of theUPS. At the same time, however, the supply of trapped oil to the pipelinein front of the oil sedimentation tanks leads to an increase in the residualwater in the treated oil. To minimize the risks of disruption of thetechnological regime at the UPS, the recommended ratio of incomingliquid — captured oil when using deoilers for water purification wasdetermined.

THE RESULTS OF STUDIES OF THE COMPOSITION OF OIL SLUDGE OF PETROKAZAKHSTAN OIL PRODUCTS LLP FOR THE SELECTION OF THEIR PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES

The article examines the physico-chemical properties and composition of oil sludge of PetroKazakhstan Oil Products LLP. The extraction method was used to isolate the organic part of the oil sludge. Benzene was used as an extractant. Extraction was carried out until the staining of the extractant was stopped. For petroleum products isolated from slurries, studies of the fractional composition were carried out using standard methods of analysis of petroleum products. In the composition of mechanical impurities, the proportion of the organic part of the studied samples was 61.86 - 71.22% by weight, ash elements obtained by calcination 59.5% by weight.

Использование мультифазных коэффициентов для анализа и совершенствования конструкций лопастных машин, работающих на газожидкостных, парожидкостных смесях, смесях из жидкости и твердых частиц

To increase the oil recovery factor, the bottom-hole pressure is reduced, which is accompanied by an increase in the free gas and mechanical impurities content at the pump inlet. As a rule, the serial equipment is not providing reliable and efficient operation in such conditions. In oil producing wells with the high free gas content, efficiency of the multiphase modules blade stages could be increased by correct selection of the serial equipment and introduction of the new design solutions. The paper analyzes specifics of the gas-liquid mixture flow in the flow path of the blade multiphase stages pumping the gas-liquid mixtures. Recommendations are provided for improving the flow path taking into account the multiphase specific speed coefficient formula. It is proposed to use the multiphase coefficient along with the cavitation specific speed coefficient in development of the blade pumps operating under the steam cavitation conditions.

STUDY OF THE METHOD OF DRILLING WASTE WATER TREATMENT FROM MECHANICAL IMPURITIES BY SEDIMENTATION AND FILTRATION

The problem of treatment of drilling wastewater from mechanical impurities and its reuse for technological process is unresolved. The study summarizes results of researches in drilling wastewater treatment methods. It is relevant for areas of extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials. The authors suggest applying a scheme of treating drilling wastewater from mechanical impurities consisting of two stages of purification – sedimentation and filtration through various materials for loading filters: sawdust, peat, soil (medium loam), ash, starch, household dust (a mixture microorganisms), charcoal, gauze, polyester wadding (lighat, voluminous, elastic nonwoven fabric), foam rubber (soft cellular synthetic foam with high elasticity and breathability). Soil, ash, starch, peat and coal were cleaned from impurities and ground to a fine state. Eleven individual materials and their various combinations were studied as filter loads. The tests were replicated three times. Untreated drilling wastewater served as a control background sample for calculating efficiency. The possibility of wastewater treatment by sedimentation and subsequent filtration using industrial waste as a loading material for filter was researched. It was found out that treatment efficiency increases when wastes used in filters are grinded to microparticles.

ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ МЕРЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ СРОКА СЛУЖБЫ ОСНОВНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ТОПЛИВОВПРЫСКИВАЮЩЕГО НАСОСА ДИЗЕЛЯ

During the operation of a high-pressure fuel injection pump, the friction surfaces of the main elements are subjected to various mechanical, thermophysical and hydroabrasive effects, which increases the wear rate of precision elements and reduces the cyclic fuel supply through the cylinders. The purpose of the research is to increase the resource of the main elements of in-line high-pressure fuel pumps by modernizing the power supply system. The main factor affecting the performance of precision elements is the presence of carbovalt in hydrocarbon fuel, that is, mechanical impurities in the form of an abrasive that circulate throughout the entire circuit of the power supply system, can pass through the filter element and get into the junction of precision elements during the injection cycle, where they are pinched and abraded work surfaces. In addition to mechanical impurities, hydrocarbon fuels may contain surfactants such as sulfur, phosphorus, etc. Under certain conditions, this also accelerates the wear rate of friction pairs, especially at temperatures above 50°C. With an increase in temperature, the lubricity of hydrocarbon fuels decreases, since sulfur compounds are activated, which destroy the structured surface at the boundary of friction pairs. To reduce this effect, it is proposed to limit the increase in temperature in the diesel power system by installing a radiator with a fan. With temperature limitation in the diesel fuel system, the wear intensity will be lower, the viscosity will be consistently higher by 2 times or more, which will reduce fuel leakage in mating surfaces. The above analytical expressions indicate that the size of the fuel leakage depends on the Reynolds number. With an increase in viscosity, the Reynolds number decreases several times, while the consumption coefficient and fuel leakage through the gaps of the friction pairs are significantly reduced. The proposed measure makes it possible to preserve the lubricity of the fuel, reducing wear and increasing the service life of the main elements of the fuel injection pump.

Совершенствование проточной части десендеров циклонного типа с использованием мультифазного коэффициента относительной скорости движения дискретных частиц

In the oil producing wells with high content of mechanical impurities and free gas, efficiency of the electric centrifugal pump is increased by installing the cyclone-type desenders at its inlet. Desender protects the submersed pump from mechanical impurities entering it by separation and collecting them in a special container. At the same time, the problem of free gas bubbles enlargement is being solved to facilitate their separation into the annulus and thus reduce the free gas content at the pump inlet. Analysis was made of specifics of the formation fluid flow containing mechanical impurities and free gas in the flow path of a cyclone-type separator with the fixed screw. Expressions were derived to determine the dimensionless multiphase coefficient of the discrete particles relative separation rate and of the multiphase similarity criterion. They allow evaluating efficiency of the mechanical impurity separators and developing new highly efficient structures based on the previously created ones. Recommendations are provided for development of the new highly efficient structures.

An innovative approach to protect sucker rod pumps in sandy wells

The oil fields of Azerbaijan are composed mainly of weakly cemented and loose rocks. Practice shows that, as a result of the destruction of natural cementing material in the process of development, testing and operation of wells, solid mechanical particles arere moved from the reservoir. During the operation of wells with weakly cemented rocks, under the action of filtration forces, as a result of the movement of fluid from the formation into the well and the stress state of the bottomhole zone of the well, the rock skeleton of the productive formation isdestroyed. The flow of fluid from the bottomholezone is accompanied by the presence of mechanical particles. Mechanical impuritie screate big problems in the operation of down hole equipment, including the operation of sucker rod pumps. Mechanical impurities prematurely disable the main parts of the pump. Larg sand particles enter the gap between the plunger and the cylinder. Grains of sand falling in to the gap between the plunger and the cylinder either jam the plunger in the cylinder or increase the gap, resulting in increased fluid leakage from the pump. To prevent sand from entering the gap, a sand-catching device has been developed. The device is being introduced into Azneft Oil and Gas Production Department. As a result of the implementation, additional oil production was obtained. Keywords: Oil fields; Well; Downhole rod pumps; Sanding; Leakage; Plunger sticking; Cylinder; Sand catcher.

MODIFICATION OF BITUMENS WITH OIL INDUSTRY WASTE

A literature review on the topic of the study has shown that there is not much work with the use of oily waste in the modification of bitumen. Many methods of bitumen modification include the oxidation of a heavy oil residue to obtain the target product and its further compounding with the finished bitumen. Old oil sludge from oil sludge storage tanks has been used as the oil residue. Oil sludge is prepared by dehydration, the water content should not exceed no more than 5 wt. % and separation of mechanical impurities up to a content of not more than 16.4 wt. %. Purpose of the work. The main objective of the study is to develop a technology for modifying oil bitumen with industrial waste for the disposal of oil sludge, and to show the possibility of improving the physical-chemical, rheological characteristics of modified bitumen. Results. In the process of bitumen modification, the physical-chemical characteristics of the modified bitumen have been studied. It has been established that the composition of oil sludge from the Uzen and Zhetybai oilfield of the Mangistau region contains a significant amount of heavy oil residues and a small amount of mechanical impurities. From the conducted laboratory esearch, it has been found that oil sludge can be used as a filler in the modification of bitumen. Conclusion. Used oil sludge can be used as a bituminous base modifier without removing the mechanical impurities. Polymer-bitumen compositions have been prepared and the optimal parameters for the process of preparing polymer-bitumen binders have been determined.

Analysis of the Causes and Modern Methods to Combat the Negative Effect of Mechanical Impurities on the Operation of Deep Pumping Equipment

The article is devoted to one of the most urgent problems at present, the issues of complicated mining conditions. The paper focuses on the fact that in modern conditions of production intensification, mechanical impurities of various composition, origin and concentration are one of the most important factors negatively affecting the operation of deep-pumping equipment of the mechanized fund of oil wells. The article analyzes the main sources and causes of the appearance of impurities in borehole products and equipment, identifies external and internal causes. It is pointed out the importance of accurately determining the sources of the appearance of mechanical impurities for effective control of them. The paper also summarizes the main existing methods of combating their negative impact on the operation of the main equipment. General recommendations are given to combat the negative impact of mechanical impurities on the operation of equipment.

Development of a small‐size processing line for production of safflower oil

AbstractThere is growing interest in exploring new types of cultivated plants that offer unique health benefits. Safflower is a promising plant nutrition resource that has gained popularity in Kazakhstan and worldwide. However, one of the pressing issues is improving the consumption pattern of food products, including vitamins and microelements. This article aims to develop a small‐scale processing line for safflower oil production in small enterprises of the cereal‐processing industry. The primary focus is on purifying safflower from impurities and husks, as well as compressing and centrifuging the oil raw material for high‐quality and biologically valuable product. The authors developed a processing line consisting of a sheller‐compress and a centrifuge of original constructions for separating husks from the kernel and compressing and centrifuging the oil raw material. The process combines husking, compressing, filtration, and sedimentation to ensure primary purification of plant oils and the removal of mechanical impurities. The production of safflower oil has become an urgent task due to its rich composition of vitamins and phospholipids. The newly developed processing line ensures the production of high‐quality safflower oil and has great potential for small enterprises in the cereal‐processing industry. The article highlights the importance of primary purification of plant oils and its impact on the quality of the final product.Practical applicationsThe following conclusions emerged from the research. The relevance of fat oil growing, including signs of increased popularity of safflower oil in Kazakhstan and in the world has been studied. Various types (husking, compressing, sedimentation, centrifuging and filtering) of primary purification of safflower and purification of oil from mechanical impurities have been investigated. The dependence of extraction of pressed safflower oil on the speed of rotation of the filter and settling rotor and the equipment structure itself has been studied. The sheller‐compress for purification of safflower has been developed to combine husking and compressing processes to increase the oil content of the processed oil raw material and the productivity of the processing equipment. The centrifuge is designed for primary purification of safflower oil from mechanical impurities, allowing to combine the sedimentation and filtering processes due to rotors and to obtain purified safflower oil. The problem of intensification of the purification process is characterized by the ratio of different defined parameters. As a result, optimum parameters were determined and a processing line was developed with the use of a sheller‐compress and a centrifuge with a filtering and pre.

Czynniki wpływające na proces piaszczenia w odwiertach kierunkowych

Many wells of offshore fields in Azerbaijan are subject to sanding and plugging. This is especially observed in wells at a late stage of development. The process of plug formation in directional wells is known to be characterized by a variety of factors associated with both natural conditions and the parameters of their development and, most importantly, operation. The degree of influence of the factors varies, in addition to the fact that all of them (directly or indirectly) are interconnected. Sand production is often observed during completion (development) and operation of wells, especially when the productive reservoirs are represented by weakly cemented rocks. It is worth noting that in the case of sand plug formation, the permeability of which is 200 times greater than the per-meability of the productive formation, the oil production rate decreases by 34%. This sand contains up to 5% of oil and poses a problem upon its removal, as it results in environmental contamination. In addition, it deposits in pipelines, surface equipment, causing erosion. This kind of complication is almost universal. Sand removal is one of the main reasons for the formation of cavities and collapse of columns. This problem has acquired particular relevance with the development of thermal methods for the extraction of high-viscous oils: the viscosity of oil decreases, and its fluidity increases. In this case, some reservoirs lose their cementing binder - viscous oil. During planned and emergency shutdowns, when the coolant injection stops, the reverse flow of the coolant enters the injection wells and removes mechanical impurities. This also leads to the formation of sand plugs in the wells and prevents the normal injection of the coolant. The existing methods of operating wells affected by sanding can be divided into two groups: 1) operation of wells with the removal of sand from the reservoir; 2) prevention of sand production from the formation.