Mechanical Impurities Research Articles

Properties of substitute motor fuels produced from ethanol in biorefineries

The article presents the definition of bioindustry, in particular biorefinery. The technology for obtaining synthetic fuel EtG (Ethanol to Gasoline) in a plant using bioethanol from food waste was presented. The physicochemical properties of EtG fuel were presented. EtG fuel stands out due to its limited content of benzene and sulfur and a low content of mechanical impurities and heavy metals. EtG fuel can be considered a replacement fuel for motor gasoline. The results of exhaust emissions tests from vehicles with spark-ignition engines in the WLTC test on a hot and cold engine were presented. It was found that EtG fuel is characterized by lower specific distance emissions of CO, NOx and CH4 and slightly higher specific distance emissions of NMHC when starting a cold engine compared to gasoline, while the specific distance emission of CO2 for both fuels were very similar.

Development of a device for cleaning geothermal fluid from mechanical impurities and dissolved gases

The results of the development of technology and devices for cleaning geothermal fluid from mechanical impurities and dissolved gases are given. The presence of dissolved hydrocarbon gases (methane and heavy hydrocarbons up to 60-90 %) in thermal waters significantly increases their energy potential. However, the presence of dissolved CO2, N2, H2S cause equipment corrosion. Therefore, degassing of thermal waters and cleaning from mechanical impurities allows increasing the reliability of exploiting of geothermal deposits. The technology provides purification of geothermal fluid from particles with a dispersion of 50 to 300 μm and carbonate-calcium mechanical impurities and removal of dissolved gases. The technology is based on the use of hydrodynamic processes of separation of impurities in the turbulent flow of a rotating liquid and gas. The device is equipped with many small-diameter vane swirlers and vortex turbulent washers. High tangential speed in swirlers ensures cleaning of liquid from impurities. Due to the rotation of the flow, the surface of the liquid is dispersed with the formation of a droplet-granular layer, through which the gas to be purified passes. When the pressure of the fluid in the device and swirlers is reduced, dissolved gases (methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide) are released from the geothermal fluid. The final purification of the gases from the dripping liquid is carried out using conical vane washers. The device can be used in technologies of geothermal field development. Existing technologies do not solve the problem of protecting geothermal energy systems and devices from carbonate deposits. Testing the models showed that this design provides cleaning from mechanical particles with a size of 100-300 μm and removal of dissolved gases by 95 %. This is enough to ensure the reliability of operation of heat exchange and technological equipment.

Study of the quality indicators of the osmotic solution obtained after dehydration of apricot fruits

This study is designed to determine the feasibility of using osmotic solutions formed after dehydration of apricot fruits for sugar fortification. The purpose of the study is to analyze the quality indicators of osmotic solutions obtained as a result of osmotic dehydration of apricot fruits and to develop a rational direction for their further use. The subject of the study was apricot fruits (Prunus armeniaca) of the Aurora variety and enriched sugar. It is proposed to enrich sugar with a derivative product formed during the production of candied fruits using the method of osmotic dehydration and drying from apricot fruits. The results of the study showed that, according to organoleptic indicators, the osmotic solution formed after the production of candied apricot fruits corresponded to the raw material. The mass fraction of dry substances in the osmotic solution is reduced by 25,24 %, and sucrose by 20,3 % due to dilution with cell juice of apricot fruits. The osmotic solution had a fairly high color, probably due to saturation with carotenoids, the concentration of which is 15,87 mg/100 ml. Due to the addition of osmotic solutions, the color of sugar increases by 87.3 units. ICUMSA, however, the sugar solution is transparent, without insoluble sediment, mechanical and other impurities. In addition, sugar is enriched with carotenoids, the mass concentration of which is 1.13 mg/100 g. The analysis showed that the addition of osmotic solutions to sugar does not entail a deterioration in their microbiological composition. A model has been developed for the rational processing of apricot fruits and the use of waste osmotic solutions, which can become the basis for sugar enrichment technology

INVESTIGATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF A SORBENT
 OBTAINED BY ACTIVATING PETROLEUM COKE WITH PHOSPHOGYPSUM

The article presents major comparative characteristics of sorbents obtained by chemical activation of petroleum
 coke with phosphogypsum, including the use of polymer binder. The study of sorbents based on phosphogypsumactivated
 petroleum coke for industrial effluent treatment is presented. The article also proposes the flowchart for
 sorbents production on the basis of phosphogypsum-activated petroleum coke with polymer binder, as well as the
 flowchart for using crushed coke for refinery industrial effluent treatment from petroleum and mechanical impurities.

Influence of mechanical impurities composition on formation of organic deposits

Relevance. The need to study the effect of solid particles in the oil stream on formation, composition and structure of deposits. Modern models of formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits, based on correlation dependencies or empirical data, do not take into account the influence of the content of solid particles in oil to the proper extent. Recent studies show that various solid particles in oil can affect both the critical velocity and the structure of the formed deposits, but the effect of various particles on the intensity of formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits remains unexplored. Aim. To study the effect of various sand fractions on the intensity of formation, composition and structure of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits Methods. Modeling of formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits at the laboratory installation “Cold Finger” when adding various sand fractions to oil; studying composition and structure of deposits after the conducted investigations using a microscope. Results. According to the research results, there is a significant increase in the intensity of formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits when large fractions of sand are added to oil at a concentration of 5% or higher. It is worth noting that small fractions have almost no effect on the amount of deposits formed. Also, if various fractions are added to oil in equal proportions, there is almost no effect on the intensity of formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits. When analyzing the deposits images from a microscope, it can be concluded that paraffin molecules, when interacting with sand particles of a dimension greater than 0.05 mm, form homols, and with an increase in the fraction, their structural strength grows. Conclusions. The study of modern models of formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits and current articles made it possible to understand that the issue of studying the factors of formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits, in particular the effect of the presence of solid particles in oil, remains open. The results of this article can be aimed at improving existing technologies in the field of modeling paraffin formation, as well as contribute to the further work of researchers in this direction.

Preliminary purification of the gas-liquid stream from hydrocarbon condensate, water and mechanical impurities

The paper discusses the process plan of the piston compressor package as well as the design of the gas separator. A technical proposal has been developed to improve the preliminary purification of the gas-liquid stream from hydrocarbon condensate, water and mechanical impurities. With the help of modern computer technologies, the design of the inlet device in the separator has been developed. The operation of the gas separator was simulated after the application developed by the devices. With the help of the program, the results of the study of the gas separator operation are presented.

Modeling and designing the features of inflow to a horizontal gas borehole fitted with coiled tubing within the filtering interval

Relevance. The need to study the parameters of inflow (permeability rates, production inflow profile, flow rate along the horizontal wellbore) into the horizontal gas and gas condensate wellbores, when tubing is at the downhole zone. This allows scheduling well production rates, managing removal of water and mechanical impurities from the bottom-hole, carrying out well stimulation and completion activities, etc. Aim. To substantiate a mathematical model of the perforated horizontal gas borehole when the tubing shoe is within the perforation interval, as well as to calculate gas inflow parameters, flow rate along the wellbore and fluid permeability rates at the bottomhole zone of the wellbore. Object. Horizontal gas and gas condensate boreholes in anisotropic formations, methods for calculating gas inflow into perforated strings of horizontal boreholes, gas inflow rates and flow rates along the wellbore when tubing shoe is within the perforation interval. Methods. Modeling gas inflows into horizontal wellbores using a point source function, as well as the Leibenzon function; the use of local and hydraulic resistances theory in simulation of developing gas flow along the wellbore; determining gas inflow rates into the horizontal wellbore using the Reynolds number value. Results. The authors have carried out design calculation for the Bovanenkovskoe oil and gas condensate field using the model of gas inflow into a perforated horizontal (sloping) wellbore and analyzed the inflow parameters (flow velocity and permeability rates at the bottomhole zone, developing flow velocity along the wellbore) at various tubing shoe positions within the wellbore perforation interval. It was observed that when the tubing moves along the perforation interval the gas inflow to the wellbore can change from linear to non-linear. The authors made a conclusion that whenever extended periods of tubing positioning within the perforation interval is required, it is essential to select a low-pressure area which ensures a linear rate of gas inflow into the wellbore of a horizontal gas well.

Investigation of the potential of application Frac-Pack technology as a solution to the problem of sand control and increasing the production of high-viscosity oils at M field

Background: In this paper, the potential of applying hydraulic fracturing with the installation of a gravel pack in the Cretaceous horizons of the M field is investigated. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that today the selection of optimal technologies to increase the rate of oil production from the Cretaceous deposits an open platform for proposals and discussions. The low oil recovery coefficient is due to the existing restrictions on the oil production process: high oil viscosity, the presence of gas and water-oil zones, abundant sand production in a poorly cemented reservoir.
 Aim: The purpose of the work is to study the potential application of Frac-Pack technology in the wells of the M field.
 Materials and methods: In order to assess the potential of using Frac-Pack in a special FracPro software, a model of geomechanical and filtration properties of the formation was developed and a simulation of the design with various injection parameters was performed. Based on the results of laboratory studies of the content of mechanical impurities in liquids sampled at the M field, the diameter of the proppant and the flow section of the filter were determined.
 Results: As a result of the study, hydraulic fracturing was simulated for a well from a sample of potential candidates, the oil flow rate was calculated after the application of the proposed technology, materials for the implementation of Frac-Pack technology were selected based on laboratory studies.
 Conclusion: The study showed that the proposed pre-development strategy is the most optimal for shallow wells of the M field, as it is aimed not only at solving the problem of combating the removal of mechanical impurities, but also increasing oil production.

Processes of vibroimpact treatment of wells

The article presents the results of statistical processing of patent and scientific and technical information published in Russia, Great Britain, China, USA, EU countries, Japan on the problem of vibration shock treatment of injection wells, which is used to clean the bottom-hole formation zone from mechanical impurities, corrosion products, asphalt resin paraffin oil components. It was revealed that about 90% of the information is presented in journal articles, conference materials and patents. To a lesser extent, information is presented in books and dissertation research. There are practically no educational and methodological publications. The publication activity is devoted to the oscillatory movement of rock particles in a productive formation, the effect on rheological properties, the reduction of hydraulic resistance, the destruction of oil-water emulsions, the effect on the deposition of salts and paraffins.

Analysis of drying methods of oil-oiled power transformers

The article describes the influence of power transformers on the energy system, the condition of the insulation system to ensure their reliable operation. The existing methods of cleaning the component parts of power transformers from moisture and mechanical impurities and their advantages and disadvantages are presented. The article provides details on methods of cleaning transformers and their problems.

Technological analysis of liquid waste parameters in treatment system for phosphorus production

This study considers the problem of analyzing a complex hierarchical system of phosphorus production wastewater treatment, which is characterized by considering the process of sedimentation of elemental phosphorus sludge particles and mechanical impurities. The study presents a framework for decision-making on the purification of wastewater from phosphorus production, which is contaminated with toxic impurities and must meet sanitary norms. The framework considers the reagents introduced, as well as the increased mineralization of water, which cannot be discharged into the water body for ecological reasons. Instead, it is reused in production. It is demonstrated that for mechanical treatment of sewage from elemental phosphorus and suspended solids, as well as to improve sedimentation of particles, iron sulphate is used as a coagulant. The action of this coagulant is similar to that of sulphuric acid aluminum, which is widely used for water treatment. Thus, a complex engineering approach is presented for a complex system of phosphorus production wastewater treatment.

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ДЛИНЫ ПЕРЕМЕЩЕНИЯ СТРУИ ЖИДКОГО НАВОЗА ПРИ ЕГО ПЕРЕМЕШИВАНИИ В НАВОЗОХРАНИЛИЩЕ

There on large livestock farms a nonbedding method of animals’ keeping is common. At such animals’ keeping, liquid and semiliquid manure is obtained. Such manure during storage into three fractions - upper, liquid and lower is stratified. The upper fraction surface contacts with the environment and therefore dries out and forms a crust. This manure heavier part, under the influence of gravity, settles to the manure storage’s bottom, forming a dense layer during prolonged storage. Thus, there in storage manure mass three fractions of different physical-and-mechanical properties are formed, for each of them extraction the different methods are used, by the corresponding machines implementing. As a result, the metal and energy consumption at manure extracting process by the manure storage is increased, and consequently, so as the agricultural products’ cost. The stored manure technological operation’s extracting can be reduced to an energy minimum by a homogeneous mass forming. This can be solved by the farm manure coming into the manure storage facility mixing. This operation can be implemented by the layers’ active movement by hydraulic or mechanical methods organizing. The hydraulic method only if liquid fractions without mechanical impurities presence at the pump entering by the impeller as working organ for they disable it at acting The most widespread mechanical method of manure fractions movement by a propeller agitator, forming a directional flow during rotation is carried out. These theoretical studies results concerning the liquid manure jet movement formed as a result the mixer agitator action in the medium of manure mass stored in a manure storage facility are presented. The relationship between the length of movement of the liquid manure jet, the angle of elevation of the blade’s helical line, this mixer diameter, its angular velocity and the mixer’s inclination in the relative to the horizontal plane has been established.

Дослідження впливу змінного електромагнітного поля на трибологічні властивості моторних олив

A set of studies was conducted on the influence of mechanical, thermal and electromagnetic factors under the action of the variable electromagnetic field of the oil pumping device on the properties of M-6В3 motor oils; M-10Г; M-10Г2. The research was carried out on a special stand, which allows to simulate the operating conditions of the oil injection device on the car engine during the start-up period. The evaluation of the efficiency of the oil pumping device was determined by the volume and effective coefficients of the useful action. In the process of research, oils (fresh and used) that were exposed to an alternating electromagnetic field and oils that were not exposed to the corresponding influence were compared according to the main physicochemical properties: kinematic viscosity at temperatures of 373, 323, 293, 273 and 258 K; solidification temperature of oil, K; viscosity index; ash content, %; the content of refractory mechanical impurities, %; iron content, %. The results were obtained on the effect of an alternating electromagnetic field on the viscosity-temperature parameters of fresh M-6В3 oils; M-10Г; M-10Г2. In the temperature range of 293...323 K, a decrease in the viscosity of the studied oils was observed. An increase in temperature eliminates the difference between processed and unprocessed oils. The effect of the duration of the alternating electromagnetic field on the viscosity index of the studied oils at a temperature of 258 K was studied. The optimal duration of olive processing was determined, which is 9...12 minutes, depending on its organic basis and the presence of additives in it. The characteristics of changes in the viscosity-temperature characteristics of the studied oils after certain periods of time after the action of a variable electromagnetic field on them were analyzed. It has been confirmed that these characteristics of processed oils are approaching the similar characteristics of untreated oils over time, except for M-6В3 oil, which stably retains the acquired properties even after a long time of its processing. With the use of a special installation that simulates the work of tribo-coupling "cam-pusher", the influence of an alternating electromagnetic field on the anti-wear and anti-seize properties of the studied oils was investigated. A 1.2-1.5 times reduction in the amount of wear of both the working surfaces of the pushers and the cams was noted, in the absence of varnish deposits on them.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of propolis, stored for more than 30 years

The propolis is a unique natural product that has been used by people in traditional medicine since ancient times. The aim of the present work is to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of propolis, originating in 1993 from North-Eastern Bulgaria. The stored raw material has unchanged physical and chemical parameters - appearance, color, smell, content of mechanical impurities, wax content (19.6%), oxidizability index (16), active acidity (5.5), acid number (42.3 mg KOH/ g), ester number (152 mg KOH/g), boiling point (107°C). The data show that 40 components were identified, representing 99.14% of the total composition. The main components (over 2%) are: chrysin (18.37%), pinobanksin-3-etenoate (13.38%), pinobanksin-3-propanote (11.38%), pinobanksin-3-pentanoate (9.36%), squalene (6.36%), galangin (5.91%), dihydrochrysin (4.11%), pinobanksin-3-butenoate (2.94%), caffeic acid isomer 2 (2.74%), and (E)-sinapic acid (2.23%). Total phenols were 23.91 mg GAE/g. Antioxidant activity was determined by three methods: DPPH (1874.12 mMTE/g), FRAP (1039.18 mMTE/g), and ABTS (1539.52 mMTE/g). The antioxidant effect was monitored against goose fat and sunflower oil. The obtained data show maximally preserved physical parameters, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the propolis sample stored for more than 30 years, which can be used in various products, an object of future research.

Methodical approach to determining the maximum permissible velocity of the gas flow with mechanical impurities using numerical modeling of erosion processes of the main technological elements of wellhead equipment

Long-term operation of gas fields is accompanied by changes in the stress-strain state of the productive reservoir, including irreversible processes of its destruction. The destruction of a productive reservoir is one of the reasons for the removal of mechanical impurities at the wellhead, abrasive wear, metal degradation, the appearance of defects in pipelines, equipment and wellhead binding. In order to avoid serious consequences from the development of defects due to the removal of impurities, various examinations are carried out using non-destructive testing methods. The need to monitor the actual condition of pipelines and wellhead equipment of wells operating the Cenomanian and Valanginian formations is due to the fact that during operation significant damage and destruction of the main elements of technological equipment may occur due to the removal of mechanical impurities, water, as well as the formation of hydrates, sand jams, etc., this can lead to serious economic losses, as well as the negative impact on the environment as a result of leaky connections and assemblies. Thus, in order to ensure reliable operation of producing gas wells in conditions of destruction of the bottom-hole zone of the well, it is necessary to choose a reasonable technological mode of operation, in which the risk of formation of sand and liquid plugs is reduced, and the negative impact of the removal of impurities on the condition of the equipment is minimized. Keywords: gas well; numerical modeling; bottom-hole zone; technological mode.

Synthesis of chitosan based new material for recovery of Pt (IV)

In this study a new type of adsorbent bead precursor was reached using chitosan and pretreated clay. The pretreated clay was produced from the clay of the "Tsogt-Ovoo" deposit in the Umnugovi province of Mongolia. It was produced by acid and heat treatment to remove its mechanical impurities. The mixtures of chitosan and pretreated clay were taken with various ratios (8:1, 8:2, and 8:3) for chemical processing to obtain a chitosan-based adsorbent bead for recovery of (Pt(IV)) from aqueous solution. It was examined that the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent bead when the chitosan and pretreated clay mass ratio 8:2 was the highest for platinum ion (Pt (IV)). The adsorption properties of Pt (IV) were studied depending on the solution pH, contacting time, temperature, initial concentration of platinum ion solution, and amount of adsorbent material. The adsorption efficiency was the highest (93.29%) when the initial concentration of the platinum ion was 50 mg/l at the following condition; pH=3, temperature 250C, time 3 hours, and the amount of the adsorbent material 0.1 g. It represents that the chitosan clay bead can be applied for the recovery of platinum (Pt (IV)) from aqueous solution.

DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT OF TOXIC ELEMENTS IN THE TROPHIC CHAIN "SOIL - PLANT - BEE BODY - HONEY"

The article presents the results of a laboratory analysis of the trophic chain: "soil-plant-bee body-honey" for the content of toxic elements such as Pb, Cd, As, Hg and the main organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators of honey.
 To determine the toxic elements in the trophic chain, sampling was carried out from one experimental site of the Akmola region, Zerendy district, Alekseevka rural district near the largest gold mining company in Kazakhstan "Altyntau Kokshetau".
 According to the results of the study, the lead content in the soil was 0.41 mg/kg. In the plant, the lead index was no more than 0.056 mg/kg. Lead content was not observed in the body of the bee. In bee products, it was not more than 0.03 mg/kg. The content of cadmium in the soil amounted to 0.065 mg/kg, which exceeded the standards for regulatory documentation. In the soil, plant, bee body and beekeeping products, the content of arsenic and mercury was not found. Conducted organoleptic and physico-chemical studies to determine the naturalness and quality of honey. We determined the consistency, aroma, taste, mass fraction of water, mass fraction of reducing sugars, mass fraction of sucrose, diastase number of Goethe units, qualitative reaction to guanosine monophosphate, the presence of mechanical impurities, signs of fermentation.

РАЗДЕЛЕНИЕ ВОДОНЕФТЯНЫХ ЭМУЛЬСИЙ ИЗ НЕФТЕЙ ВОСТОЧНО-СИБИРСКИХ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЙ

The article deals with the problem of the formation of oil-water emulsions. It is shown that some chemical compounds in crude oil - asphaltenes, resins, organic acids, chloride salts, mechani-cal impurities and solid paraffins have an emul–gating ability due to their surface activity. The regulatory requirements for crude and incoming oil for deep processing are analyzed. The data on the physical properties and component composition of the oils extracted in the fields of East-ern Siberia are given, on the basis of which it is concluded that these oils belong to the category of resinous and paraffin and can give stable emulsions in a mixture with water. For dehydration and desalination of oil, it is proposed to use special chemical reagents - demulsifiers. The meth-odology and results of an experimental comparison of the effectiveness of surfactants for the de-tection of a demulsifier suitable for the separation of oil-water emulsions from the oils of East Siberian fields are presented

INCREASING THE PERFORMANCE OF CHRISTMAS TREES IN SANDY CONDITIONS

The key reason to make this research is to find solutions for mechanical impurities, or commonly sand clogging in christmas trees. As it’s known, christmas trees are equipment made for controlling flow of oil and gas, which consists of several gauges and valves for specific purposes. This equipment installed on wells are constantly clogged with various impurities. These mechanical consistency interrupt christmas tree’s work and cause wears and tears which leads to failure of system and overall oil production delay. Thus, frequent maintenance is required. There are two main ways to release the clogging in wells: mechanical and chemical. In this research, mechanical way is applied. To improve and increase the performance of christmas trees, various types of filters are considered with their advantages and disadvantages according to previous experiences. Studies show that, for different type of wells different type of filters, separators etc. are used. Filters used to prevent sand particles are gravel filter, slot filter, perforated filter, wire well filter, well mesh filter, frame-rod filter, slot filter, support element filters and other filters which are considered in this research. According to the mesh principle, the filters which are a component of the ESP - are intended to prevent sand particles from entering the production stream by holding big particles and filtering the resulting liquid. To choose a filter with the best permeation rate and to stop particles larger than a specific size from penetrating, the size of the channels must be calculated. Modification and other movable factors are used to separate each group of filters. Keywords: Christmas tree (oil and gas), mechanical impurities, sand, filter, oil well, separators.

Состав и строение нефтяных дисперсных систем

Physico-chemical properties and behavior in the processes of extraction, transportation, processing, storage and use of petroleum products depend on the chemical, component and dispersed composition of oils, gas conden-sates, oil-like systems. For qualified management of these processes, it is necessary to understand the role of the composition and structure of oil dispersed systems (VAT). The classical descriptions of the structural elements of VAT are considered, their main varieties and types are given. It is shown how the size of a dispersed phase or a complex structural unit can change when external conditions change. Models of the structure of asphaltenes and resins, their composition and structure are given. A variety of approaches to the description of their structure and interaction with each other is shown, ranging from classical Ian-Mullins concepts to modern interpretations based on data from spectral analyses of nuclear magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonances (NMR and EPR) micrographs of a scanning electron microscope, computational computer programs. A hypothetical model of a complex structural unit formed by various groups of organic compounds from the standpoint of paired exchange interactions based on the paramagnetism of resinous-asphaltene molecules and compounds with a high carbon/hydrogen ratio is considered. Examples of the structure of complex polyheterophase oil dispersed systems containing particles of mechanical impurities, globules of water, bubbles of dissolved gases, demonstrating the multilevel structure of VAT, are given. Oil dispersed systems are, due to the extreme variety of compounds and impurities included in them, very complex objects, the study of the composition and structure of which is necessary for the qualified management of the processes of extraction, processing, transportation and storage of oil and petroleum products. Knowledge of the composition and structure of VAT, its dependence on external influences, on changes in conditions affecting it, the possibility of intensification of technological processes. The polyheterogenic composition and multilevel structure of VAT must be taken into account when determining the optimal effects on VAT in the processes of extraction, transportation, processing, storage of oil and the use of petroleum products. The chemical and component composition of VAT can be analyzed by known methods, including column chromatography, and the dispersed composition of dark petroleum products is determined by spectrophotometric method.