Surface Temperature Measurements Research Articles

Research on Algorithm to Improve Accuracy of Temperature Measurement of Moving Strong Reflector

The roll is necessary and important equipment in aluminum processing, and its surface temperature will change its thermal expansion. The gap shape between rolls will change accordingly, affecting the quality of aluminum products. Therefore, it is important to monitor and control the roll surface temperature. The roller is a highly reflective body that rotates continuously during work. This article proposes an infrared temperature sensor to measure its surface temperature. Through field investigation and a literature review, we know that a roller’s motion will affect the accuracy of its surface temperature measurement. An infrared temperature measurement compensation algorithm based on rotation speed is constructed to eliminate this influence. Experimental results show that this method can make up for the temperature measurement error caused by the change of rotation speed and hence improve measurement accuracy. The algorithm is simple and adaptable and provides a new method to improve the accuracy of temperature measurement given speed change.

Impacts of Tropical Cyclone Seroja on the Phytoplankton Chlorophyll-a and Sea Surface Temperature in the Savu Sea, Indonesia

The tropical cyclone (TC) Seroja is one of the rare climatic events in the Indonesian Seas, particularly in the Savu Sea. This unprecedented event, which matured on April 4, 2021, caused fatalities and severe damage to the region’s infrastructure and economy. High spatio-temporal resolution satellite measurements of surface winds, chlorophyll-a, and sea surface temperature (SST) are used to disentangle the impact of extreme wind speed (> 10 m∙s-1) on chlorophyll-a and SST. High wind speed associated with TC Seroja induced strong upwelling and vertical mixing in the Savu Sea, which led to phytoplankton blooms and SST depression. An abrupt change of daily variability and positive anomaly in phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentrations reaches 13 mg∙m-3 and 0.3 mg∙m-3, respectively. At the same time, the SST shows significant cooling up to 3°C. Our results provide novel insights on the exceptional occurrence of a TC within the Indonesian Seas and highlight its impact on the surface ocean.

Solar energy potentials in different climatic zones of Nigeria

Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant renewable energy available in Nigeria, a tropical nation. It is also a viable tool for solving most of our problems ranging from desertification to climate change. This study investigated the solar energy potentials at different climatic zones of Nigeria using four representative locations. Surface temperature and solar radiation measurements retrieved from the study locations were analyzed to obtain the potential power output from solar power systems. It was shown that the monthly mean output power from the solar power systems is affected by seasonal changes for the four locations under study. We also concluded that the increasing temperature is a critical factor limiting the PV production in Nigeria.

Pixel-Based Calibration and Atmospheric Correction of a UAS-Mounted Thermal Camera for Land Surface Temperature Measurements

HighlightsA novel pixel-based calibration algorithm and an atmospheric correction method are developed.Application of the calibration methods reduces the RMSE of measurements to less than 1.32°C.The calibrations facilitate stitching of images together to form whole-field mosaics.Abstract. Thermal imagery can be used to provide insight into the water stress status and evapotranspiration demand of crops, but satellite-based sensors are generally too coarse spatially and too infrequent temporally to provide information of use for the management of specific fields. Thermal cameras mounted on small unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have potential to provide canopy temperature information at high spatial and temporal resolutions useful for crop management; however, without appropriate camera corrections, the measurement biases of these uncooled thermal cameras can be larger than ±5°C. Such uncertainty can render such camera measurements useless. In this research, a pixel-based (non-uniformity) calibration algorithm and an atmospheric correction method based on in-field approximate blackbody sources (water targets) were developed for a thermal camera. The objective was to improve the temperature measurement accuracy of the thermal camera on various land surfaces including soil and vegetation. With sufficient accuracy, temperature measurements can be used for the estimation of latent heat flux of field crops in the future. The thermal camera was first calibrated in a laboratory setting where the camera and environmental conditions were controlled. The results indicated that in the range between 10°C and 45°C, the calibrated temperatures were accurate, with an average bias of 1.76°C, and had a high linear correlation with reference temperatures (water target temperatures) (R2 > 0.99). Variability of measurements was also better constrained. In-field atmospheric correction is also important for obtaining high-accuracy thermal imagery. By applying both pixel-based calibration and atmospheric corrections, the RMSE (root mean square error) of validation targets from two dates in 2017 was reduced from 4.56°C and 6.36°C before calibration to 1.32°C and 1.24°C after calibration. The calibration process also increased the range of temperatures in the imagery, which enhanced contrast and may help with identification of tie-points and stitching of images together to form whole-field mosaics. Keywords: Atmospheric correction, Pixel-based calibration, Thermal remote sensing, UAS, Water targets.

Conditions influencing the appearance of thermal windows and the distribution of surface temperature in hauled-out southern elephant seals.

Pinnipeds (true seals, sea lions and walruses) inhabit two thermally different environments, air and water, so need to make continuous adjustments to maintain a balanced body temperature. The thermal isolation properties of thick blubber keep warmth within the body's core, ideal for mammals while in the water; however, when on land, this thick blubber makes it difficult to lose heat. Some pinnipeds use thermal windows, discrete patches where temperature changes on their body surface, as a mechanism to dissipate excessive heat. We identify the factors that correlate with the appearance of thermal windows and changes in body surface temperature on southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, while they are hauled out ashore. Infrared thermography was used to measure surface temperature of the seals. Temperature was lower on the torso than the flippers and head, suggesting that not all body sites have the same role in thermal balance. Air temperature was the main driver of variation in the surface temperature of the seals' flippers and head; seals cool their superficial tissues when the air temperature is below ~ 2°C. This minimizes heat loss by reducing the thermal gradient between their skin and the ambient air. Wind speed was the main predictor of whether thermal windows appear on a seals' body surface. When wind speed was minimal, thermal windows occurred more often, which may be associated with either hair and skin drying, or producing thermal conditions for hair and skin regrowth. The type of aggregation (huddled or alone) influenced the surface temperature of the fore flippers; however, we did not find statistical influence of the seal's sex, state of moult, or the substrate on which they were hauled out (kelp or sand). Understanding how animals maintain their thermal balance is important if we are to predict how they will respond to future climate change.

Thermal evaluation of a highly insulated steel stud wall with vacuum insulation panels using a guarded hot box apparatus

This paper presents the results of a Guarded Hot Box (GHB) experiment on a wall assembly made up of both steel stud framing and an external insulating assembly which incorporates vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) for which knowledge of the composition of the VIP barrier foil is not readily available. The purpose of the tests is to provide an experiment result for thermal resistance of a wall assembly containing several sources of thermal bridging, including those due to the barrier foil at the edge of and joint material between the VIPs and the condensation potential on the interior surface due to the steel studs. The steady-state GHB experiments were completed in accordance with ASTM C1363 for an interior air temperature of 20.9°C and an exterior air temperature of −34.9°C; this resulted in a thermal resistance for the wall assembly of 6.8 ± 0.8 m2 K/W. Surface temperature measurements on a VIP in the wall assembly indicated that increased levels of heat transfer were occurring at the edges of the VIPs as compared to the center of the panel confirming thermal bridges were present at the panel edge. Measurement of the temperature on the interior surface of the sheathing board around the steel stud indicated that the external insulation effectively minimized the risk of condensation due to the steel studs. Determining the thermal resistance and condensation risk for a wall assembly which contains VIPs for which knowledge of the barrier film is not readily available demonstrates the potential for use of such a wall assembly according to energy and building code requirements. The wall assembly and test details can also be used to compare industry standard calculation methods and detailed 2D and 3D simulations to the GHB test result. The comparison can be used to inform on the validity of using calculations and simulation methods in lieu of testing for energy and building code compliance. The comparison of calculations and simulations is not the scope of the work presented in this paper and will be explored in future publications.

Change of Specimen Temperature during the Monotonic Tensile Test and Correlation between the Yield Strength and Thermoelasto-Plastic Limit Stress on the Example of Aluminum Alloys.

This paper presents an attempt to generalize the description of the course of specimen temperature changes during the tensile test and to connect the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress with the value of a clear (physical) or proof strength (offset yield strength) on the example of tests of the following aluminum alloy sheets used in Poland for airplane structures: 2024-T3 and D16 in three grades: D16ATV, D16CzATV, and D16UTV. A thermographic camera was used for specimen surface temperature measurement during the tensile test. The Portevine–Le Chatelier effect (the so-called PLC effect) was observed for tests of specimens cut from sheet plates, which was strongly reflected in the temperature fluctuations. The course of temperature change during tensile tests was divided into four characteristic stages related to the occurrence of a clear or offset yield strength. It was found that if there is a clear yield strength, the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress was greater than this yield strength. If there was an offset yield strength, the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress was lower than this yield strength. The differences in the aforementioned values of individual yield strengths did not exceed several percent. Thus, it can be concluded that the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress determined on the basis of the course of specimen temperature changes during the tensile test is well correlated with the value of the yield strength of the material.

Experimental and numerical investigations of heat transfer and fluid flow in a rectangular channel with perforated ribs

The present work concentrates on perforated 90° ribs to improve the thermal performances in a rectangular cooling channel with an aspect ratio of 4:1. Three different types of perforated ribbed channels are designed and compared. Steady-state Liquid Crystal Thermography (LCT) is employed to measure surface temperature and derive heat transfer coefficients over the ribbed surfaces in the tested channels. The turbulent flow details are presented by numerical calculations with two established turbulence model, i.e., the k-ω SST (Shear Stress Transportation) model and the DES (Detached Eddy Simulation) model. Compared with the normal rib (Case 1), the low heat transfer behind the ribs is improved by the perforated ribs with slightly reduced pressure drop. This phenomenon is more obvious when the perforated ratio is larger (Case 4). The local heat transfer is enhanced by about 12%–24% and the overall heat transfer is enhanced by about 4%–8%. The overall thermal performance is also improved by the perforated ribs with a slightly reduced pressure drop. The recirculating flows behind the ribs are reduced by the perforated cases. The reduced recirculation flows enhance the local heat transfer in this region. However, the flow reattachment region is disturbed by the perforated ribs and the local heat transfer in this region is slightly decreased. As a perforated rib can improve the overall thermal performance and provide more uniform heat transfer fields, it is promising for applications in internal cooling of turbine blades.

Light-field multi-spectral radiation thermometry.

This Letter proposes light-field multi-spectral radiation thermometry based on an unfocused light-field camera, which can simultaneously record directions and intensities of incident rays. In this method, the direction information of rays is substituted by radiation spectrums via placing an array of filters in front of camera main lens, such that the image sensor can simultaneously acquire spectrums and intensities of rays. By decoupling a raw multi-spectral light-field (MSLF) image and utilizing traditional multi-wavelength pyrometer algorithms, the scalar field of surface temperature distribution can be achieved. To verify the method, measurement errors of different temperature levels on several typical areas of MSLF images are analyzed. In addition, the validation experiment demonstrates that accurate surface temperature measurement can be achieved with a single lens, single monochromatic image sensor, and just one snapshot in the proposed method.

Noninvasive intratumoral thermal dose determination during in vivo magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia: combining surface temperature measurements and computer simulations

Purpose Noninvasive thermometry during magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MNH) remains a challenge. Our pilot study proposes a methodology to determine the noninvasive intratumoral thermal dose during MNH in the subcutaneous tumor model. Methods Two groups of Ehrlich bearing-mice with solid and subcutaneous carcinoma, a control group (n = 6), and a MNH treated group (n = 4) were investigated. Histopathology was used to evaluate the percentage of non-viable lesions in the tumor. MNH was performed at 301 kHz and 17.5 kA.m−1, using a multifunctional nanocarrier. Surface temperature measurements were obtained using an infrared camera, where an ROI with 750 pixels was used for comparison with computer simulations. Realistic simulations of the bioheat equation were obtained by combining histopathology intratumoral lesion information and surface temperature agreement of at least 50% of the pixel’s temperature data calculated and measured at the surface. Results One animal of the MNH group showed tumor recurrence, while two others showed complete tumor remission (monitored for 585 days). Sensitivity analysis of the simulation parameters indicated low tumor blood perfusion. Numerical simulations indicated, for the animals with complete remission, an irreversible tissue injury of 91 ± 5% and 100%, while the one with recurrence had a lower value, 56 ± 7%. The computer simulations also revealed the in vivo heat efficiency of the nanocarrier. Conclusion A new methodology for determining noninvasively the three-dimensional intratumoral thermal dose during MNH was developed. The method demonstrates the potential for predicting the long-term preclinical outcome of animals treated with MNH.

Using an acoustic levitator to investigate the drying kinetics and solids forming process of individual droplets during spray drying

AbstractSpray drying is a widely used process to turn slurries into dry powders and is especially important for thermally-sensitive materials, that are often found in the food or pharmaceutical industry. However, detailed insight into the drying kinetics during spray drying is difficult to investigate due to the boundary conditions in a spray drying tower. As a result, there is a lack of important information on the drying process and subsequent solidification of individual droplets. In this context, an experimental setup for a droplet positioned in a stationary ultrasonic field of an acoustic levitator is designed to enable a non-contacting measurement of the drying kinetics and the subsequent solidification process. To generate a comparable situation like in a real spray drying process, the droplet is positioned in an airflow, where air temperature, humidity, and velocity can be adjusted over wide range. Using an infrared camera to measure the surface temperature and a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) camera for object recognition, the droplet can be observed continuously and drying kinetics of the droplet can be determined from the measured surface temperature and decreasing droplet size. Result of a 10 wt.% aqueous micro particle TiO2 suspension are reported and show that the investigated method is a very valuable and fast tool to safely scale-up spray drying systems very close to real process conditions. Especially when only small sample amounts are available in an early development stage.

A luminescent temperature sensor based on rhodamine B on a polymer-ceramic substrate for aerothermal measurements

Temperature-sensitive paint (TSP) is a type of luminescent temperature sensor that can provide surface temperature measurements on the surface of a test article. These surface temperature measurements can be used to determine heat flux and visualize boundary layer transition on an aerodynamic body. This paper presents the static response characteristics of a TSP based on rhodamine B (RhB) applied on a polymer-ceramic supporting matrix. Six solvents with varying polarity indices were used to apply the RhB to the sensors, which were then evaluated in terms of luminescent signal level and temperature sensitivity. The results are presented and also compared to previous results for RhB on an anodized aluminum matrix. The temperature range was between 150 K and 365 K. The study confirms that the influence of the solvent on the sensor’s final characteristics is significant, and shows temperature sensitivities as high as −4.8% K−1 at 150 K when dichloromethane is used as the application solvent.

Bias Analysis and Correction of Ground Surface Temperature Observations across China

Based on the ground surface temperature (GST) and snow surface temperature (SST) measurements during the period of adjustment from manual to automatic observation systems in China, the influence of observation methods on GST and its relationship with snow cover is analyzed. GST is corrected by SST, and the correction effect is evaluated. The results show that, during the parallel observation period, the winter GSTs from automatic observations are generally higher than those from manual observations, with the automatically observed national daily GST 1.18°C higher. The adjustment has a greater impact on GSTs at 0200, 0800, and 2000 Beijing Time (BT) than at 1400 BT, and it has the greatest impact in Northeast and Northwest China, with deviations of 5.24 and 2.09°C, respectively. The GST deviation is closely related to the snow depth and annual snow totals. The average daily GST deviation increases at the rate of 0.66°C per 1-cm increase of snow depth when it is < 15 cm, while it tends to be stable at around 10°C for snow depth over 15 cm. The GST deviation at a station is affected by its winter snow totals in Northeast and Northwest China, where the largest deviations are found where snow totals are all above 1000 cm. After the correction with SST, the mean deviation between the automatic and manual observations as well as the false trend can be effectively reduced. Following the correction, the mean deviation of daily GST decreases by 5.8°C, and its trend decreases from 1.87 to 0.65°C decade−1.

Controlled processes at laser coating deposition

A description of the method is given of coating deposition under irradiation with a horizontal laser beam of a gas-dust medium which is an ensemble of micro-particles moving in the gas in the form of a free vertical jet. A number of coatings are obtained on various substrates and the results of measurements of their characteristics are presented. A setup based on a cw CO2-laser for the synthesis of diamond coatings in optical discharge plasma in the laser plasmatron mode has been created. The effect of spherical lens aberrations on the discharge maintenance thresholds is established. A diamond film was obtained on the surface of a tungsten substrate when a plasma jet was expelled into atmospheric air. An automatic system for measuring surface temperature in real time has been developed and created. The system was tested for laser cladding of metal powder in a pilot production.

Pt thin-film resistance temperature detector on flexible Hastelloy tapes

Platinum (Pt) thin-film resistance temperature detector was fabricated on the flexible Hastelloy tapes using magnetron sputtering and MEMS processes. NiCrAlY buffer layer and AlON/Al2O3 insulating layer were deposited on the tapes for stress release and electrical insulation. Post annealing was applied to improve the stability of the sensors. The performance of the sensor was calibrated with temperature up to 550 °C. Compared with the sensor on the alumina ceramic substrate, the sensor on Hastelloy tapes have much smaller thermal hysteresis, higher linearity and excellent stability. Moreover, this flexible sensor can be easily integrated with the metallic components by the welding and the maximum curvature of the sensor is 2 cm−1. This Pt thin-film temperature sensor has great potential in the surface temperature measurement of hot components in harsh environment.

Limiting condition for auto-ignition of finite thick PMMA in forced convective airflow

This contribution experimentally addresses the auto-ignition of finite thick PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) subjected to parallel forced convective airflow. 1–15 mm thick samples, 30–60 kW/m2 heat fluxes (HF) and 0–1.2 m/s airflow velocities (u) were utilized to examine the auto-ignition mechanism and the limiting condition of non-ignition cases. Critical temperature, surface temperature evolution and ignition time were recorded. A modified numerical model, considering both PMMA and thermal insulation layers, and theoretical correlations developed for thermally intermediate solid were employed to analyze the experimental data. Results show that three regimes corresponding to different controlling mechanisms are identified: (1) solid-dominant regime, u ≤ 0.4 m/s, where auto-ignition is primarily determined by the heat transfer and pyrolysis in solid; (2) transitional regime, 0.4 m/s < u < 1.0 m/s, where both solid and gas phases have nonnegligible contributions; (3) gas-dominant regime, u ≥ 1.0 m/s, where gas phase chemical kinetics is responsible for the observed non-ignition phenomenon. Critical temperature is reliable only in the solid-dominant regime. In all the ignition scenarios, critical temperature increases with increasing sample thickness and u, but it barely changes with varying HFs. In the gas-dominant regime, surface temperature measurement suffers greatly from the generated large bubbles, worsening the agreement with numerical predictions. Based on the simulated in-depth temperature, estimated Biot number and thermal penetration depth, 1 mm PMMA is not thermally thin, whereas 15 mm sample is approximately thermally thick. Furthermore, thermal diffusivity of PMMA and the critical HF are estimated by fitting the measured ignition times.

An Effective Cooling Device for Minimal-Incision Kidney Transplantation.

BackgroundThis study investigated the safety and efficacy of a new cooling device for use in minimal-incision kidney transplantation (MIKT).Material/MethodsFrom June 2016 to December 2021, 9 patients underwent MIKT surgery in our hospitals using the new cooling device to maintain hypothermia. We recorded and analyzed information on the etiology, comorbid status, ongoing renal replacement assessment, BMI, HLA mismatching sites of donors and recipients, and perioperative and postoperative clinical data for recipients.ResultsKidney transplantation was successfully performed in all patients. The kidney surface temperature measurement results showed that the intraoperative renal anterior and posterior surface temperatures were stable at approximately 3.8±1.2°C and 5.2±1.3°C, respectively, during ice-water circulation. The mean operation time was 112±15 min, the artery anastomosis time was 16±6.0 min, and the vein anastomosis time was 14±4.5 min. All recipients recovered uneventfully. The patients were followed up for 6–30 months. Urinary and vascular complications were not found in any recipients.ConclusionsThe new cooling device can facilitate MIKT. It is safe and feasible to carry out MIKT using the new cooling device, which can reduce surgical trauma and improve the quality of vascular anastomosis with satisfactory cosmetic results.

Design and Implementation of Fuzzy Compensation Scheme for Temperature and Solar Irradiance Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System.

Photovoltaic (PV) systems need measurements of incident solar irradiance and PV surface temperature for performance analysis and monitoring purposes. Ground-based network sensor measurement is preferred in many near real-time operations such as forecasting and photovoltaic (PV) performance evaluation on the ground. Hence, this study proposed a Fuzzy compensation scheme for temperature and solar irradiance wireless sensor network (WSN) measurement on stand-alone solar photovoltaic (PV) system to improve the sensor measurement. The WSN installation through an Internet of Things (IoT) platform for solar irradiance and PV surface temperature measurement was fabricated. The simulation for the solar irradiance Fuzzy Logic compensation (SIFLC) scheme and Temperature Fuzzy Logic compensation (TFLC) scheme was conducted using Matlab/Simulink. The simulation result identified that the scheme was used to compensate for the error temperature and solar irradiance sensor measurements over a variation temperature and solar irradiance range from 20 to 60 °C and from zero up to 2000 W/m2. The experimental results show that the Fuzzy Logic compensation scheme can reduce the sensor measurement error up to 17% and 20% for solar irradiance and PV temperature measurement.

In-Situ Lithium-Ion Batteries Thermal Runaway Detection and Overcharge Performance Analysis with Internal Resistance Temperature Detector

Thermal safety is the main roadblock for applications of high energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and catastrophic LIB failure has long been a public concern. There have been numerous LIB safety testing standards and many LIB safety management devices, including isolating shutdown separators, protective electrode coatings, safety valve, etc., that are proposed for LIB service safety and reliability improvement. Despite the application of LIB tests and safety devices, thermal runaway is still reported as a major threat to equipment and personal safety. In order to improve the in-service safety, the battery management system (BMS) and safety devices need to examine and analyze the LIB performance in a real-time manner so the rapid thermal runaway progress can be detected and prevented at an early stage. Due to the complex nature and rapid reaction rate of thermal runaway, BMS and safety device with capability of comprehensive in-situ analysis of LIB thermal runaway progress have seldomly been reported. A simple BMS capable of examining the LIB thermal safety and detecting thermal runaway related reactions needs to be developed.Existing LIB thermal safety management systems typically rely on temperature sensors including thermocouples, thermistors, fiber bragg-grating sensors, etc. Despite their success in LIB surface temperature measurement, they cannot be applied for direct electrode temperature measurement, which is crucial for thermal runaway detection and prevention. Existence of thermal resistance between the battery surface and electrodes also impedes the development of quick responding LIB temperature monitoring systems based on surface temperature measurements. To address this issue, we propose the application of resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) in LIBs with the help of additive manufacturing. By embedding RTDs into operating LIBs, reliable in-situ monitoring of the electrode temperature can be achieved, which is beneficial for early detection and prevention of thermal runaway. In this work, thermal runaway in LIBs was triggered by overcharge and external short circuit (ESC). Battery temperature was recorded by the internal RTD embedded on the electrodes and external RTD mounted on the battery surface. Significant temperature difference of ~9 ºC and ~20 ºC were detected between the electrode and battery surface in ESC and overcharge of small lab-fabricated Li-ion coin cells. The temperature difference can be as high as ~200 ºC for large capacity Li-ion pouch cells. In ESC, the internal RTD detected thermal runaway ~ 10 times faster than the external RTD despite of the battery type. Besides, the internal RTDs can provide accurate electrode temperature contour and comparison of anode and cathode temperatures during regular operation and thermal runaway of LIBs. The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) which is comprised of reduced electrolytic compounds like ROCO2Li, (CH2OCO2Li)2 and ROLi, can contribute to heat generation in LIB thermal runaway. The effect of SEI can be analyzed with in-situ examination of cathode and anode temperatures. Transient temperature difference captured by the internal RTD indicated that anode is the critical electrode and contributes more to the heat generated in thermal runaway. This helps to optimize temperature sensor arrangement for more effective monitoring and prevention of thermal runaway.The internal RTD also provides opportunity for in-situ analysis of chemical reactions in thermal runaway. Gas generated in thermal runaway has a high concentration of CO, H2, CH4, etc., which is prone to ignition and explosion. The generated gas can affect LIB structure as it causes deformation of electrodes and separators. Although this is hard to be detected with most basic BMS, it can be examined with electrode and battery surface temperature comparison, as the LIB thermal resistance is changed during gas accumulation. Different modes of thermal runaway can be differentiated by analyzing the temperature profiles, which allows for customized thermal runaway prevention and control strategy.

On the temperature analysis of magnetic abrasive finishing of aluminum 6060 using finite element method

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process is the superfinishing process used to enhance the surface quality of metallic and nonmetallic materials such as alloys, composites and ceramics etc. This process erodes material from a workpiece surface in the form of micro-chips with the help of flexible magnetic abrasive brush (FMAB) in working gap with the presence of a magnetic field. This process generates heat due to rubbing action that produced by FMAB between the interface surface of FMAB-workpiece. Thermal stability of the finishing surface of workpiece is vital during finishing of MAF process because it affects the surface texture and surface integrity. Measuring surface temperature at the interface of FMAB-workpiece during finishing is very tough in MAF process. In the present study, finite element analysis (FEA) is used for simulation of magnetic flux distribution and surface temperature distribution of interface surface of aluminum 6060 workpiece-FMAB of MAF process. FEA predicts the magnetic flux density in between 0.429 T and 1.263 T for current between 3.0 A and 6.0 A) and surface temperature distribution in the range of 27.33 ºC–34.92 ºC for different processing conditions of process parameters. FEA simulated results are validated by comparing with experimental finding and estimated error between simulated and experimental results are in the range of 4.94%–10.26%. Finally, the present developed FEA is employed on the mild steel workpiece to cross-examine the simulated behavior of magnetic flux density and surface temperature at the finished interface surface of mild steel.