Metaphorical Meaning Research Articles

Концептосфера «Еда/Пища» как источник метафорических номинаций детей раннего возраста в семейном дискурсе

The aim of the study is to identify the features of using the notions related to the conceptual sphere source “Food/Edibles” to create metaphorical nominations for young children in family discourse. The author considers subspheres, frames and slots included in this conceptual sphere, which elements are most often metaphorized for naming children, as well as their characterizing and evaluative potential. The scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that the work for the first time describes the metaphorical models of the formation of nominations for young children with the source sphere “Food/Edibles”, identifies the signs connecting the primary and metaphorical meanings, establishes the criteria for selecting the notions of the investigated conceptual sphere used to create metaphorical names of the child. The features of metaphors with the source sphere “Food/Edibles” as a way of nominating young children within the framework of family discourse are determined. The results obtained indicate a high degree of demand for images of vegetables, fruits, berries, bakery and sausage products, sweets, taste metaphors that can represent the distinctive features of a child and express a high degree of his positive assessment.

Duality in novels and films about pandemics

Both literature and films have been dealing with a disease outbreak for a long time. This paper will deal with the metaphorical aspect of viruses especially in the view of today’s pandemics. First, a brief overview of such novels and films will be given starting with Daniel Defoe and his A Journal of the Plague Year and films such as Twelve Monkeys, Contagion, Outbreak. The emphasis will not be on the virus itself but on its metaphorical meaning and the duality in novels and films – e.g. between good and evil, order and chaos. The paper will mostly focus on the novels The Stand by Stephen King, and the film Twelve Monkeys. The main idea which connects them all would be a virus as a metaphor, the end of humanity, and everlasting fight between good and evil.

Czy idąc prosto przed siebie, nie można zajść daleko?

Is It True that “If You Run Ahead of Yourself, You Cannot Go Very Far”? Image Schemata and Aphorisms
 The author uses a cognitive tool called image schemata to analyse aphorisms. The schemata originate from early bodily experience and are enable to ground the phenomenon of linguistic meaning there. The aphorism is defined not only as a linguistic fact but as a conceptual structure based on an axiological clash. The clash results from profiling opposite values in the used schemata. Considering the language-values relationship, the article adopts a cognitive linguistics approach which claims that valuation is an immanent part of symbolic language units and it mustn’t be relegated to the area of pragmatics. Following Krzeszowski’s concept, the author assumes that preconceptual schemata interact with the SCALE schema. The hearer/reader of the self-contradictory expression must reinterpret it using metaphorical meanings. These are easily available thanks to conceptual metaphors which include image schemata in their source domains.

When do arts-based methodologies work?: a case illustration involving newcomer experiences and knowledge-production in community-based research

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the joint-knowledge production that emerged through a community-based research project conducted in partnership with a social service organization. Specifically, we present an unanticipated metaphor (‘Canada is clean’) that became evident through utilizing an art-based methodology. The methodology had five participants assemble photo-diaries over the span of two weeks. Participants took (unedited) photographs of themselves and their environments using their smartphone. The photo diaries were then presented to two focus groups: (1) a group of consumer-recipients of the social service organization and (2) a group of program workers. The focus groups were analyzed through Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis tailored for assessing groups. We address the meaning of the central metaphor, though place an emphasis on the milieu that promoted its co-construction and thereby upon the conditions that enabled arts-based research to succeed.

KAJIAN SOSIO-TEOLOGIS TERHADAP MAKNA METAFORA DALAM NATONI PADA PENERIMAAN PENDETA DI GMIT

Natoni is one of the traditions, exactly a traditional speech, to Meto tribe. As a tradition, natoni is often used in ceremonial activities by the Meto tribe in Timor Island. As an expression closely related to the gods, natoni is considered very sacred to the Meto tribe. The ceremony used is, among others, a reception where natoni is the sense of respect and appreciation to others. This study was conducted to describe and to analyze the knowledge the congregation in Timor has about the meaning of metaphors in natoni of the reception of pastors at GMIT. A qualitative research method with a descriptive approach was used in this study and in-depth interview was used as technique of collecting data. The result shows that the congregation in Timor understands, interprets, and uses metaphors or descriptive language in the natoni of acceptance of the priests as respect and hope for the priests in which the metaphor is obtained from the lives of Meto tribe ancestors. In addition, the congregation’s understanding of the metaphor is currently based on the illustration of story in the Bible. Thus, the understanding is manifested into natoni verses with metaphors.

‘Welcome to the Business of Living’, a Translation of Lexical Metaphor on a Company Website: A Case of Emirates Airline

Lexical metaphor functions as a rhetorical device that embellishes the texts with figurative meanings. In non-literary texts such as commercial texts on company websites, lexical metaphor can help to promote the company image and sales. It is vital in the service sector such as the airline industry where the competition is sky-high. This paper attempts to identify the lexical metaphor appearing on the English and Thai websites of Emirates Airline following Dickins’ (2005) classification of lexicalized and non-lexicalised metaphors. The study also explores how the lexical metaphors are rendered into Thai by means of literal translation and adaptation. It is found that more lexicalised metaphors are identified in comparison with the non-lexicalised type. As for the types of translation, literal translation plays more part in retaining while adaptation tends to remove the original metaphorical form and meaning in the translated version.

Metaphors in Adele's Song Lyrics: A Linguistic Perspective

Metaphor is one of the figurative languages that takes two different things by identifying one with another. By using metaphor, it helps speakers or writers to give a clear description through comparison or contrast. Music is the attribute of sound in every background of human. To investigate the form and the meaning of metaphor found in the lyrics of the songs of Adele aims at the readers, especially the students of English Literature Major to use lyrics of the songs as a media in studying meaning. The method which is used in this research is descriptive method. In collecting data, the writer focused on identifying the words, phrases or noun. The result shows in terms of the identified metaphors, the writer found that the lyrics of the songs can be categorized as metaphor nominative subjective, metaphor nominative objective, metaphor predicative and metaphor sentence. The parts of sentences identified as metaphors are analyzed based on Lakoff is theory about tenor and source. Tenor refers to the underlying idea or principal subject of metaphor while source conveys the underlying; the borrowed idea, or the thing that has been resembled. The result of this study shows that the metaphor contains a certain meaning based on the context and each of them refers to a certain object of tenor and source.

Entropy and Wealth.

While entropy was introduced in the second half of the 19th century in the international vocabulary as a scientific term, in the 20th century it became common in colloquial use. Popular imagination has loaded “entropy” with almost every negative quality in the universe, in life and in society, with a dominant meaning of disorder and disorganization. Exploring the history of the term and many different approaches to it, we show that entropy has a universal stochastic definition, which is not disorder. Hence, we contend that entropy should be used as a mathematical (stochastic) concept as rigorously as possible, free of metaphoric meanings. The accompanying principle of maximum entropy, which lies behind the Second Law, gives explanatory and inferential power to the concept, and promotes entropy as the mother of creativity and evolution. As the social sciences are often contaminated by subjectivity and ideological influences, we try to explore whether maximum entropy, applied to the distribution of a wealth-related variable, namely annual income, can give an objective description. Using publicly available income data, we show that income distribution is consistent with the principle of maximum entropy. The increase in entropy is associated to increases in society’s wealth, yet a standardized form of entropy can be used to quantify inequality. Historically, technology has played a major role in the development of and increase in the entropy of income. Such findings are contrary to the theory of ecological economics and other theories that use the term entropy in a Malthusian perspective.

Metaphorical Perception of Kazan Through the Prism of the Tatar Gastronomic Culture

The relevance of the research topic is due to the interest in urban space and its cultural and symbolic meaning. The city, perceived as a text, helps in interpreting to understand its specifics and represent it at different levels, which increases, among other things, its tourist attractiveness. The purpose of the study is to analyze the metaphor of Kazan-a woman through the prism of the gastronomic culture of the Tatars. Materials and Methods of Research. The methodological basis of the research consists of the cosmosophical ideas of G. D. Gachev, as well as the books of K. F. Fuchs, K. Nasyri, F. Ibragimova, S. Lutfullina, in which there are characteristics of the gastronomic culture of the Tatars. In the original metaphor, analyzed from the point of view of G. D. Gachev’s cosmosophy, where Kazan represents the Cosmos, and a woman represents Psyche, a missing link is found – the Logos. It is this link that, while remaining an open structure, accommodates various spheres of manifestation of the national mind in the field of culture and art, which helps to identify the feminine qualities of the city when interpreting the metaphor. Results. A stable association associated with Kazan is its Tatar national cuisine. This is no coincidence. The very history of the city according to some extant legends and legends is associated with the cauldron, which is a mandatory attribute of the cuisine. Despite the primacy of the man in the family, the mistress of the kitchen is a woman. It is on her that a huge number of duties are assigned to prepare food and create a spiritual atmosphere during the meal. Gastronomic culture, acting as a Logo, allows us to identify such qualities of Kazan, interpreted as an image of a woman-hostess, as hospitality, cordiality, respect, sensitivity, creativity, rationalism, skillful and careful handling of products. Discussion and conclusion. Clarification of the meaning of the Kazan-woman metaphor requires further study. At the same time, other spheres of culture and various texts of art can act as Logos.

Cultural conceptualisations ofloong(龙) in Chinese idioms

AbstractThis study investigates the abundant metaphorical meanings of the termloong(‘dragon’) in Chinese idioms and the cognitive and cultural factors that influence those meanings from the perspective of Cultural Linguistics. To this end, we present a systematic categorisation of the idiomatic expressions involving the termloongin Mandarin Chinese based on three conceptual metaphors:a human being is a loong, a concrete entity is a loong, andan abstract object is a loong. We then elaborate on the cultural conceptualisations ofloongfrom three perspectives: cultural schemas, cultural categories, and cultural metaphors. The results of the study show how the metaphorical conceptualisations ofloongare profoundly influenced by Chinese culture. The resulting study is intended to add to the pool of studies which lend support to the view that a fine-grained study of the metaphors of a particular culture and their linguistic realisation can shed light on how culture influences human cognition. Finally, the study calls for a clearer integration of cultural approaches into conceptual metaphor theory and it explores some possibilities in this regard.

Arrangement of Rhythms and the Operation of a Machine in Lee Yuksa’s Poetry

This study basically aims to investigate the arrangement of rhythms in Lee Yuksa’s poetry. The rhythm was originally generated from the sound signal to extend the limited space of the body to the limitless ground. The investigation of rhythms in this study means, after all, a political act on the territory of the subject who creates and arranges rhythms, in other words, the examination of the process of losing the territory, or reterritorializing the lost territory. At this time, the artistic methodology of rhythm is the aspect of temporalization and spatialization of the sound itself or the aspect as the meaning of metaphor or metonymy modified to suit the medium of text. In sum, in this study, the rhythms of sound and sense are referred to simultaneously. In the studies of Lee Yuksa’s literature, a study of the rhythm as a discourse and rhetoric of territorialization has been conducted several times with respective methods. And yet, there have been no studies that traced the generation of meaning, in which territorialization and rhythm premise each other in his poetry. Hopefully, this method will resolve the interpretative dilemma remaining overlooked in his literature. The arrangement of rhythms means the application of the convention and order of the universal rhythm of ritornello, which is the source of the poetic effect, to Lee Yuksa’s poetry. Through this, this study would investigate what unfamiliar and alien rhythms are arranged in his poetry, violating the convention of rhythm. This is to understand the aspects of the reception of Lee Yuksa’s poetry of his age. The operation of a machine is a job to reveal the mechanism by which such unfamiliar and alien rhythms were inserted. This aims to examine the aspect of the reception of Lee Yuksa’s poetry by the posterity and the effect of such unintended rhetoric of a machine.

Metaphorical Perceptions About Being A Teacher in Turkey During The Pandemic Period

In this study which aims to uncover and examine the metaphorical meanings that teachers have attributed to the concept of teaching during the pandemic period, phenomenological method that is a qualitative research design was used. The study group of the research consists of the teachers working in public primary, secondary and high schools in a city in the Western Black Sea Region during the spring semester of the 2020-2021 academic year. The teachers participating in this study were selected on a voluntary basis. In order to collect the data, a semi-structured interview form used in qualitative research method was used as a data collection tool. Content analysis that consisted of such procedures as coding, finding themes, organizing the data according to code and themes was used in the analysis of the data. Based on these perceptions, 278 metaphors were obtained related to the concept of ‘’being a teacher in Turkey during the pandemic period’’. The related metaphors were grouped under 12 categories by the researchers. When they were examined, it emerged that the preferred metaphors usually reflected a negative structure.

FORMATION OF FUTURE SOCIAL WORKERS’ READYNESS TO WORK WITH THE FAMILY: TRAINING ON THE USE OF ART TECHNIQUES

The article raises one of today problems, which needs to be solved in the conditions of the modern changing development of the Ukrainian society. The basis of this topic is high-quality professional training of future social workers who will be able to effectively interact with the family or its
 individual members. The authors emphasize that the use of art techniques in social work with the family is a new direction in the social professionals activities, for example, to prevent, diagnose and correct the clients’ perception; their awareness of the importance of the functions of their family and the formation of a valued attitude to the achievements of their kind, etc. The article also notes that through the use of a variety of pictorial, plastic, musical, metaphorical and other means, social professionals have the opportunity to creatively obtain material for research and assistance in solving family problems.
 The main idea of the training developed by the authors is to reveal the essence of art techniques in the activities of a social worker while working with the family. The presented training material is aimed at solving such tasks as to characterize the type of art techniques for the activities of social workers and social educators; to promote the awareness of future social workers of the value of the family and family relationships; to study the influence of gender on the life of all family members. Among the developed exercises are such art techniques as collage, meditation, work with plastic and paper materials, etc.
 The presented article emphasizes that art activity in cases of work with families will help to clarify the peculiarities of clients' perception of their own "family portraits", will allow to see the features of "joint activities" of family members and reveal the "world of parent-child relations". The authors take into account that both children and their parents are not often ready to interact with social professionals, feeling ashamed, afraid or just uncomfortable though the process of immersion in the world of creativity and artistic expression is able to implement important for family life therapeutic action and finding ways to solve complex problems.

Modalization of Speech Actions as the Basis of the Metaphoric Transfer (on the Example of German Economic Discourse)

The question of the nature of speech modalization has been repeatedly considered in linguistics from various positions, which is partially reflected in the text of the article. The authors of the publication propose to look at the points of intersection of the process of metaphorization of statements within the framework of one type of discourse with the expression of the author's attitude to and/or assessment of its content. To substantiate the validity of this approach, the authors refer to the methodology of logical analysis of language, the theory of intersubjectivity and the theory of evaluativity, linking cognitive methods of analyzing the process of metaphorization with a broad understanding of the category of modality. This formulation of the problem fits into the modern scientific paradigm of interdisciplinarity and the actualization of interdisciplinary relations, which reflects the relevance of the proposed text. The scientific novelty of the topic is an attempt to determine the correlation of the category of modality in its axiological and ideological aspects with metaphorization as a means of actualizing evaluativity in economic discourse. Commonly, denoting phenomena, processes or results is not limited to their nomination, but the producer of the utterance gives them a modal assessment. The empirical material containing fragments of texts of the German-language mass media on economic topics reflects the validity of the proposed interpretation of the issue, shows the potential relationship of phenomena in the intersection of various connotative meanings of a cognitive metaphor, potentially serving to express the attitude to the proposition of an utterance at the level of intersubjective assessments that create a modal frame of the text. The given examples clearly demonstrate that cognitive metaphors in various forms of their implementation could serve to express ideological modality from the standpoint of intersubjectivity, since the producer of the text relies on the reflection of a fragment of reality in the communicative and cognitive activity of subjects of the national-cultural community of people. The article recognizes a certain ambiguity of the proposed interpretation of the category of modality, which is considered in the traditional grammar as an expression of possibility, ought and desirability, or as a confidence, doubt and assertion that the action is carried out at different time levels using phrases with modal verbs, modal words or adverbs, particles, etc. Thus, the article can be considered as an indirect invitation to a discussion on the issue.

Nie do przebycia? O granicach i ich przekraczaniu w powieści "Tunel" Magdaleny Parys

This article is an analysis of Tunel (The Tunnel), the novel by Magdalena Parys, a Polish author living in Germany. The action of the book focuses on the fictional construction of an escape tunnel built under the border wall between the western and eastern part of Berlin in the early 1980s. This, somehow, predestines Parys’s work to be read in the context of transgression, and crossing limitations. Starting with the writer’s non-literary inspirations, the article shows the multiplicity of literal and metaphorical meanings of the term “border” and examines how the motif functions in the presented world.

The journey of Jephthah’s daughter: On spatial cognition, body and language in Judges 11:37

The traditional literal interpretation of the text in Judges 11:37 shows exceptional variation in topographic depiction. The literal interpretation of Driver, published in Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, is an example. From a linguistic perspective, no attention was paid whatsoever to the relation of interiority between an objective body and an objective space. This article proposes a cognitive semantic perspective and argues that the motion-path verb ירד (yrd) in Judges 11:37 carries a metaphorical meaning, and the linguistic processing, that is, the metaphorical mapping of the image schematic structure of CHANGE (up-down) as the source domain onto that of BEHAVIOUR as the target domain, involving activation of cultural spatial and bodily systems. With this background in mind, Judges 11:37 represents a new understanding for similar UP-DOWN image schemas applied in the Hebrew Bible.Contribution: This article contributes to the understanding of the apparent ‘inexact’ sense of the use of ירד (yrd) in Judges 11:37.

ANALISIS GAYA BAHASA DALAM NOVEL GANJIL GENAP KARYA ALMIRA BASTARI

The focus of this research is to emphasize the analysis of the use of language styles in odd and even odd novels and the most dominant language styles in odd even novels by Almira Bastari. The purpose of this study is to describe the style of language contained in the novel Odd Even by Almira Bastari. The problems that will be explored in this study are: 1) what are the types of language styles in the Odd Genap novel by Almira Bastari, 2) what is the meaning of the style of language contained in the odd even number by Almira Bastari, 3) what are the most dominant language styles in the novel Ganjil Genap by Almira Bastari. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method with the type of library research. The data used in this study are words, sentences, discourse related to the style of language contained in the novel odd even by Almira Bastari. The data source used is 342 pages odd evenly published novel by Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. Data collection techniques carried out by library and record techniques the data analysis technique uses the matching method. Based on the analysis of the use of the language style in Almira Bastari's Odd Even Novel, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) the language style found in Almira Bastari's odd-even novel based on the sentence structure includes repetition. Based on whether or not the meaning directly includes: ellipsis, litotes, hyperbole, and paradox. Based on figures of speech include: simile or equation, and personification. 2) Meaning of Language Style in Almira Bastari's Odd Even Novel a) repetition means denotation, b) ellipsis means denotation, c) litotes means denotation, d) hyperbole means connotation, e) paradox means denotation, f) simile means denotation, g) metaphor means denotation, and h) personification means connotation. 3) The most dominant language style in Almira Bastari's Odd Even novel is ellipsis.

Metaphorical Argumentation

It is a fact that novel metaphorical utterances appear in natural language argumentation. It seems, moreover, that these put forward metaphorical propositions that can have different roles (data, warrants or claims) in argument structure. There can even be good argumentation which is indispensably metaphorical. However, not all metaphor theories provide an explanation of metaphorical meaning compatible with these claims. In this article, we explain the three main views on metaphorical meaning and show, analysing some examples, their consequences for metaphorical argumentation. Our analysis shows that only the cognitive view can explain that there are arguments which can only be generated using novel metaphors.

Nature as Woman in Willa Cather’s O Pioneers!

The present paper explores the metaphoric and symbolic meaning of feminized nature in Willa Cather’s novel O Pioneers! through the perspective of ecofeminism. The reveals that the invasion of human beings into nature is related to the patriarchy, the inequality between men and women and the binary opposition of man and nature.It primarily focuses on the characters towards nature especially in two ways – the desirable peaceful nature as a virgin and the chaotic destructive nature as a witch. This paper basically analyses how nature or land in the novel is portrayed like a virgin and a witch at the same time when the Nebraska prairie is changed into agricultural farmland. The portrayal of nature or land as stubborn or unruly land in the novel reflects the negative attitude of male characters towards nature and as such their failure to understand the Nebraska prairie especially the land of Hanover. This paper concludes that the association of women and femininity with nature in environmental discourse perpetuates patriarchal traditions and domination.

Poetics of the artistic image

The article deals with the main objects of study of literary criticism - the objective-cognitive and subjective-creative aspects of the artistic image. Since the artistic image is the result of the artist's knowledge of the truth and creative thinking, it has been proven that this is a literary category with aesthetic power, metaphorical meaning and multifaceted properties. On the basis of comparisons of world and domestic literature, define on the history of the formation and development of an artistic image, created by the author in various artistic approaches are formulated. The main purpose of the article is to show through contextual analysis that the mastery of imagination and artistic thinking of the writer is reflected in the ability to create an artistic image. The main results and conclusions of the study boil down to the fact that an image is a whole system with its own laws and individual characteristics. Since the image is a reflection of thoughts and mood, it has properties of a material and emotional nature. There are many ways to define and create an artistic image. To classify an artistic image, it is necessary to highlight several key features, such as genre, thematic, typical, archaic, semantic, structural and stylistic. The article also offers new judgments about the versatility of the artistic image, in its wide semantic range, generalized and individual characteristics. With the help of the above examples, it is confirmed that any phenomena and abstract concepts in objective reality are reflected in the form of an image presented in aesthetic consciousness. The main ideas presented in the study are important for a deeper understanding of the nature of the artistic image, the ability to classify the types of images according to their individuality. Keywords: Artistic image, imagery, aesthetic category, objective-cognitive aspects, subjective-creative approach