Meaning Of Human Existence Research Articles

POTRET ETIKA ERA YUNANI

Ethics is the science that explains the issue of good and bad and about moral rights and obligations. The teachings of ethics began to be coined for the first time in ancient Greece. Therefore, this study aims to explain ethics in the Greek era. This research is included in the category of library research (liberary research). The data collected in this study used the documentation method, then analyzed using the analytical descriptive method. The results of this study indicate that ethical knowledge continued to develop until the Soclassic period, which among the philosophers at that time were Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates said that ethics is an issue that relates to humans and relates to the practical life of humans. Plato mentions ethics as an idea. According to him, the highest idea is the good and the meaning of human existence is to achieve the highest idea by recognizing reason and freeing oneself from the power of lust. While Aristotle in classifying philosophy, he divided philosophy into three fields of study, namely speculative or theoretical philosophy, practical philosophy and productive philosophy. Ethics is included in practical philosophy, namely philosophy that provides instructions for good human behavior. After that, Greek philosophy declined during the Hellenic era. At that time there were three teachings on ethics, namely: the first is skepticism, according to this school it is impossible for humans to achieve certainty and knowledge if they do not believe quickly, however, if humans want to achieve peace of mind, then they must not make decisions. a man who does not make decisions, then he is never wrong. The second, epicurism, this school says if humans want to get peace then he must eliminate his own fear. Finally, stoaism, this teaching views that truth does not lie in the understanding that is in itself, but lies in the incorporation of understanding in an assessment.

Key Function of the Bank of Russia: Contradictions and Problems

The article examines the most important categories, mechanisms, and instruments of the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia from the point of view of both its development and its implementation. The essence, origins and driving forces of the main contradiction of Russia's monetary policy are revealed. It is shown that monetary policy, along with the economic policy of the state, should act as a regulator of important meanings of human existence, such as the growth of real incomes of the population, directly affecting the redistribution of money – this market form of universal requirement for part of the national wealth. The author's position is presented, according to which inflation is not so much a macroeconomic indicator, as it is often customary to treat this phenomenon, as a fundamental process of a market economy that determines the redistribution of national wealth between economic entities through money. The authors identified and described the main problems and local contradictions in the development and implementation of a unified state monetary policy, presented a detailed description of these phenomena. The methodology of dialectical-systemic and logical analysis, which was used by the authors as a research tool, allowed for the first time to formulate the main contradiction of the unified state monetary policy. The presented formulation reflects the essential principles of the poles of contradiction – the contradiction between form and content. In order to solve the problems identified and existing for a long time, the authors justify the need to take priority organizational and legal measures, first of all, changing the statute, reforming functions, strengthening operational capabilities and staffing of the National Financial Council.

Перемены перемен: социальность и дефицит защиты

Despite the fact that social changes are often proclaimed as a combination of positive development prospects, in practice they will not necessarily lead to positive results for everyone and in general. The sociological, ontological and cultural essence of modern changes in the mode of unreliability and redundancy of security systems is revealed. The horizon of understanding the problem in the mode of transition to a new technological order, which requires individual adaptation of people to a risk-generating environment, to a society without guarantees, is proposed. The concepts of “the lack of protection” and “the culture of control” are the basic part of the content. It has been established that digitalization is not substantial, but epiphenomenal, and that the culture of control is an imperative of digitalized sociality and dehumanization. The lack of protection is a sign of transition to the metric rationality of the culture of control, which increases the inanity of the forms and meanings of human existence simplifying it to an adaptation formula. The nature of the lack of protection is not metric, but an internal process that leads away from the adaptive logic of protection to the depth of understanding the limits of its probability in practice. The quality of this level of reflection is not determined by the pressure of changes, but is formed in the creation of thought and the upbringing of will within the social whole.

Personalistic Pedagogy and Transcendence

In this paper I focus my attention on personalistic pedagogy, and its connection with transcendence, which was defined by Karol Wojtyła as ‘another name for the person’, because of its close link to the realisation of man as a person (Wojtyła, 1993, s. 230). In this regard, I focus my attention on references to transcendence in the studies of selected personalists. In its structure the article proposes reflection over the following problems: 1) the spiritual and transcending dimension of the bodily character of the human person; 2) the transcendence of the human person and the human person’s quest for values in the varieties of personalisms; 3) the ‘naturalisation’ of the ‘person’ category, and the openness to transcendence; 4) transcendence in historical, metaphysical and theological personalism; 5) education as a process between nature, culture and transcendence. According to Karol Wojtyła, when we talk about transcendence in relation to the human person we should take into account three dimensions: 1) transcendence in action; 2) transcendence towards another ‘I’ and 3) transcendence towards personal God. The biological life is never able to explain the spiritual life, and it is the spiritual life that gives meaning to the biological life, because the only sphere of the spirit reveals to us the value of the personal life and the meaning of human existence. This consequently leads to the need for separate reflection on the world and on man. In this sense, both in theoretical reflection and in practical action, the above-mentioned need is emphasised and points to respect for the ‘mystery of the child’, all the more acceptable in a climate of faith and openness to transcendence. Of course, the process of education and teaching can be approached superficially, in a shallow sense, in which we can remain closed to the possibilities and potential of human development. Epistemological distinctions connected to Maritain’s levels of cognition allow us to notice at least two types of teaching and education (flat and deep). A human being might stop (for various reasons, of course) at the lower levels of existence, and give up any aspirations to higher values, and to transcendence. Here we can seek help in explaining the part of staying open on transcendence of personalistic pedagogy.

Purpose in Life of Elite Athletes after Spinal Cord Injury.

Background: Searching for the meaning of human existence is man’s fundamental orientation. People are free to find meaning in their lives, and while they are not always free to choose the conditions of life, they are free to choose their attitude toward the conditions in which they find themselves. When people experience an unchangeable situation, the most important thing is the attitude they take toward it. This study aimed to identify the sense of meaning in life among elite athletes after a spinal cord injury (SCI) and to analyze the different aspects contributing to this domain. Methods: The study involved five athletes with at least national-level achievements in sports prior to a SCI. The study consisted of an interview using a communicator and filling out two online questionnaires—a personal questionnaire and the Purpose in Life Scale. Results: Analyzing the quantitative results, four participants achieved results indicating a high sense of meaning in life, while one participant achieved a significantly lower result. Conclusions: What affects one’s purpose in life is not so much the objective physical limitation but how much physicality one perceives to have lost as a result of the injury. Elite athletes stay involved in the sporting environment, which prevents the loss of purpose and maintains a sense of meaning at a high level. Both telling the story of your own illness and listening to the stories of others help the process of self-healing.

RELIGINIO ATSIVERTIMO BRUOŽAI IR PRASMĖ

Present social and personal spiritual crises make it necessary to actualize the significance of a personal return to God. The Church invites to evaluate again the importance of religious conversion in preventing various social and personal spiritual pathologies. In this context, discussion and specification of a multidimensional phenomenon of religious conversion is problematic. Following the objectives of the Church to deepen the faith and renew evangelisation, this research aims to answer the following scientific questions: what are the typical features of a religious conversion? What are the factors that can influence the dynamics of this process? What are the changes a personal religious conversion may inspire? This article presents a theoretical analysis of a phenomenon of conversion. The research has shown that personal transformation and existential fulfillment of one’s personal life is an essential meaning of a religious conversion. Religion performs a positive psychotherapeutic function, it gives a meaning to a human existence and contributes to a personal maturity, also leads to a wholesome relationship with God where the meaning of human existence is completely fulfilled. Religious conversion may be considered as one of the fundamental elements of a spiritual health within the context of the present life challenges.

Ilya Repin: From Raising to Resurrection

The diversity of topics and ideas in the art of Ilya Repin (1844–1930) has long been seen as a result of the artist’s changeability, the inconsistency of his views and the suddenness of his creative talent. Therefore, it is important to show the integrity of Repin’s artistic world and to discover a certain foundation for his professional activity. This article traces the artist’s path from the early academician work “The raising of Jairus’ daughter” to one of his late paintings, “The Golgotha”. If you try to assess a vast number of Repin’s picture motifs you’ll see that over the whole course of his professional career he was working step by step on the subject of life and death, demonstrating interest in the meanings of human existence. These aspects worried the painter in connection not only with Gospel subjects but also with historical pictures and portraits.

Kierkegaard and Spirituality: Accountability as the Meaning of Human Existence by C. Stephen Evans

Kierkegaard and Spirituality: Accountability as the Meaning of Human Existence by C. Stephen Evans

Kierkegaard and Spirituality: Accountability as the Meaning of Human Existence

Kierkegaard and Spirituality: Accountability as the Meaning of Human Existence

THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE OF SEVERIN BOETHIUS: MAIN CONCEPTS AND MEANINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF MEDIEVAL THEOLOGY

The article considers the issues of some initial provisions of the theory of cognition as part of the theology of the famous medieval thinker Severin Boethius. The main concepts of cognition are considered: reason, intellect, intelligence, divine knowledge, universals, divine mind, simple form and others. The aim of the article is to systematically present the key problems that reveal the place of cognition as an activity that determines the meaning of human existence in the epistemological doctrine of S. Boethius. Arguments in favor of the relationship between the concept of “divine mind” by S. Boethius and the concept of νους (from the Greek “mind”) in Aristotle. The origin of the concept of “simple form” is revealed. Based on conceptual analysis, it has been shown that much of Severin Boethius’ epistemological ideas are borrowed from Aristotle. Research has been conducted on the relationship between the concepts of “simple form” and “divine knowledge” as different types of knowledge acquired through “divine intelligence”. The significance of the concepts of the highest level of cognition is demonstrated and the purpose of their introduction by S. Boethius in the work “Consolation from Philosophy” (in the context of his epistemology) is investigated. The reasons for the diversity of means of cognition and types of knowledge, as well as the reasons for their different perfection (according to the principle of hierarchical nesting) are identified. It has been determined that the metaphysical entities that participated in such a division are destiny, providence, and the divine mind. The human use different means of cognition in education and science has been studied and the distribution of means of cognition and types of knowledge in accordance with individual sciences according to the classification of S. Boethius has been established. The result of the study is a theological interpretation of the views of S. Boethius on the limits and possibilities of human knowledge and purpose of human as a being created by God.

C. Stephen Evans, Kierkegaard and Spirituality: Accountability as the Meaning of Human Existence

C. Stephen Evans, Kierkegaard and Spirituality: Accountability as the Meaning of Human Existence

Стратегії розвитку гуманітарної освіти в добу технократизму та глобалізації

The article is devoted to the study of basic strategies for the development of humanities education in the technocratic and global world. It is stated that total pragmatism and technocratism of our lives causes a deep crisis of study of humanities and leads to the destruction of those human virtues that form the culture. The current state of humanities education and its prospects are assessed in terms of the need to shape the spiritual world of man, his intellectual and spiritual needs. The humanities are creating a socio-cultural space where a human is of the highest value, and culture itself is the embodiment of all the important meanings of human existence. The general tendency of development of the modern Ukrainian education is reduction of the general volume of the humanities taught in schools, colleges and universities. In the context of economic and pragmatic expediency in education, the impact of the humanities on society and public consciousness is distinctly diminished. The need for new strategies for the development of humanities education is justified by the need to enhance its role in society. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the purpose of the study of humanities is in the development of human potential and critical thinking, orientation to dialogue and free development of the individual, formation of the ability to outline the current moral and value imperatives, raising of the individual with an active civic position. By these qualities, the new model of humanitarian education differs from the old one, based on the acquisition of knowledge and the successful completion of standard tasks. It is also important to create an independent, non-conformist community of humanity scholars, which should show examples of high intellectual and spiritual culture, civic position and patriotism.

What is the Meaning of Immanuel Kant’s Notion of the Human Being as the Ultimate End of Nature?

The article explores Kant’s notion of the human being as the ultimate end of nature, presenting an ethical interpretation of this notion. The author of this article believes that the analysis of Kant’s assumptions will allow a deeper understanding of our own hermeneutical situation, in which ecological problems force us to rethink our relationship with nature and the meaning of human existence. Analyzing Kant’s early texts on Lisbon earthquake and his reflection on the sublime in the Critique of Judgement, the author asks how the experience of an uncontrolled natural element complements Kant’s ethical vision of nature’s teleology. Emphasizing the importance of insight into human vulnerability for the implementation of moral purpose in nature, the article outlines guidelines for interpretation that allow the relevance of Kant’s position in the context of contemporary environmental ethics.

Elements of Folk Poetics in the Novel Pleasant Things. Utopia by T. Bołdak-Janowska

The aim of the article is to analyse the elements of folk poetics in the novel Pleasant things. Utopia by T. Bołdak-Janowska. The category of folklore is understood in a rather narrow way, and at the same time it is most often used in critical and literary works as meaning a set of cultural features (customs and rituals, beliefs and rituals, symbols, beliefs and stereotypes) whose carrier is the rural folk. The analysis covers such elements of the work as place, plot, heroes, folk system of values, folk rituals, customs, and symbols. The description is conducted based on the analysis of source material as well as selected works in the field of literary text analysis and ethnolinguistics. The analysis shows that folk poetics was creatively associated with the elements of fairy tales and fantasy in the studied work, and its role consists of – on the one hand – presenting the folk world represented and – on the other – presenting a message about the meaning of human existence.

Motion of Human Nature towards "Imago Dei" in the Thought of St. Maximus the Confessor

St. Maximus the Confessor has a profound understanding of human mutability and human striving for the divine. In his opinion, this striving reflects the very meaning of human existence, which is to be in relation and ultimately in communion with God. Human nature cannot exist without this mutability; at the same time Maximus regards it as positive and intended by God, contrary to Origen’s understanding of the motion of souls. The idea of mutability and relationality of human nature has a profound impact on modern philosophy, but still needs clarification. Maximus might represent an anthropology that is appealing to our time and at the same time deeply grounded in Christian tradition. This article is an attempt to sketch the main lines of Maximus’ argumentation.

C. Stephen Evans, Kierkegaard and Spirituality: Accountability as the Meaning of Human Existence

C. Stephen Evans, <i>Kierkegaard and Spirituality: Accountability as the Meaning of Human Existence</i>

Режисерсько-творча специфіка дитячого естрадного театру «Зірковий час»

The purpose of the article is to scientifically and theoretically substantiate the artistic features of the children's variety theater, to identify the specifics of directorial practices in such groups, to characterize the content, forms and working methods of the example of the children's star theater “Star time” in Odessa. The research methodology involves the use of the following scientific approaches: integrated is to disclose the essence of all aspects of the artistic specificity of children's theater; cultural is for contrasting and comparing the philosophical, historical, psychological, pedagogical and art components in the activities of children's pop theater; empirical is for observing, interviewing children and parents, etc. Scientific novelty. For the first time, for the research purpose, the experience of creative and organizational activity theater “Star Time” of Odessa was collected, the basic directorial techniques in work with children were characterized and the directions of the collective further development were summarized. Conclusions. Theater as a means of personality formation is one of the first places among other types of children's creativity, it is for children a source of information about the world and the laws of life, and it makes you think about the meaning of human existence and the depths of the human soul. Therefore, the children's pop theater “Star Time” of Odessa proposed a theoretical model of the children's pop theater, consisting of two areas of the collective. The first involves the analysis and determination of the working features with participants in the performance, as well as compliance with certain principles in their activities. The second direction relates directly to the creative activities of children's pop theater, in particular methods, forms and means. The article describes modern directorial techniques and defines the professional activities features of the director working in the children's team, which are extremely cautious about children's theater creativity, taking into account the age, physiological, psychological properties of children, the need to create such an organization of theatrical creativity of children that will ensure full self-expression of young actors, while maintaining a resemblance to a natural children's game; analyzed the main directorial and creative technologies, as well as further prospects for the children's theater development.

THE IDEA OF COMMON GOOD IN NEW NATURAL LAW THEORY

The article deals with the concept of common good in New Natural Law theory in the conception of its main representative John Finnis. At the beginning it concentrates on the description of common good and its importance in the context of the meaning of human existence. This has clear parallels with the description of common good in current catholic social teaching and it draws significantly from the teaching of St. Thomas Aquinas. The article continues with some critical views on Finnis’s description and alternative natural law theory of common good. The importance of the concept of common good in New Natural Law theory is analyzed at the end of the article.

Critique et appropriation

The paper deals with a series of writings on Plato and Platonism issued by Jan Patočka (1907–1977) in the immediate post-war period. In Eternity and Historicity (1947), he contrasts Platonism as metaphysics of being with Socratism as questioning the meaning of human existence, and criticizes modern forms of Platonism of ethical values interpreted as objectively valid norms. In lectures on Plato (1947–1948), he explains Plato’s theory of Forms in terms of Husserl’s theory of horizontal intentionality and Heidegger’s theory of ontological difference. Similarly, in Negative Platonism (1952) he interprets Plato’s theory of Forms in terms of a distinction he makes between between the eidetic contents (the intelligible Form) and the transcendental character (chōrismos) of the Platonic Idea. The latter is the necessary condition of the former but it does not constitute an intelligible object of its own. Patočka suggests retaining the Platonic notion of transcendence while dissociating it from the metaphysics of intelligible Forms. The paper puts these post-war writings on Plato and Platonism into the context of Patočka’s search for his own position as a phenomenologist.

Eschatological Images in the Living Speech of the Con­temporary Old Believers of Perm Prikamye

This article considers the reflection of certain peculiarities of Old Believer religious consciousness in the language of the contemporary Prikamye Old Believers. The description of vocabulary, phraseology, paremiology, and utterances found the living speech of contemporary believers is aimed at the restoration of the cultural context of tradition and revealing the peculiarities of expression of the eschatological theme, the main one for Old Believer ideology. Observations of the living speech of the Old Believer dialect bearers help reveal a set of linguistic forms expressing the meaning of human existence, including vocabulary and proverbs reflecting the ideas of Old Believers concerning death and new birth of the world, the ways of death visualisation, posthumous existence, and fate of the souls of the dead. In the course of interpretation of such means, supplemented by the descriptions of the Old Believer ritual practices, the author reveals the attitude tradition bearers have towards death as well as the peculiarities of their life ideals and moral values. To reveal cultural and ideological meanings, the author analyses the figurativeness of words and expressions existing in the Old Believer vocabulary, comparing religious and cultural connotations of language forms under study. While describing the means representing the ideas of the end of the world and the person’s death, the author emphasises their relation to religious texts and verbal pre-Christian tradition symbolism. The author concludes that the Old Believer linguistic worldview reflects a peculiar syncretic worldview which is associated with the fading away of the tradition and the decline of religious literacy. The linguistic representation of the Old Believer worldview peculiarities denotes that not only book learning, but also naive religious archaic ideas have an effect on their consciousness.