Meaning Of Utterance Research Articles

Analisis Tuturan Dalam Proses Peminangan Masyarakat Kedang Omesuri, Kabupaten Lembata (Sebuah Kajian Pragmatik)

Kedang language is a distinctive languagein Lembata, East of Nusa Tenggara. The uniqueness of Kedang language revealed in the utteranceof proposes process. The utterance appeared in several phases, namely introduction (oluqlokaweq/padayungnute), propose (dahangrehing), and belisdetermining (uang bele). This study aims at describing the form of utterance and describing the meaning of utterancein the propose process in KedangOmesuri, Lembata Regency. The method used in this research wasdescriptive qualitative method. The data source was the elders or personagein Kedang Omesuri and the data were in the form of written datasuch as books and articles about the propose tradition, while the oral data were obtained from elders or personage in KedangOmesuri. The data were obtained through observation, interview, recording, and documentation. The data then analyzedthrough(a) transcriptdata, (b) translation data, (c) data classification, (d) analysis, and (e) summarizing. The study showed that 17 utterances found in the propose process that consisted of 10 explicit meaningful utterances and 7 implicitmeaningful utterances. KedangOmesuri’s community used implicit meaningful utterances in the propose process for it was descended from their ancestors and was also the art expressionin communication.

Dimensions of Implication A Review of the Saying-Meaning-Implying Trichotomy

Grice’s distinction between what is said and what is implicated in the theory of Conversational Implicature is a sketchy proposal, because what is said is quite complex and is the main source of controversy among the philosophers of language and linguists. This article aims at reviewing the modern theories of meaning. Semanticists, linguists and language philosophers have posited meaning in various dichotomies: sentence meaning / utterance meaning; sentence meaning/ speaker meaning; saying / implying, implicature/ explicature; implicature/ entailment; implicature/presupposition; implicature/ enrichment; implicature/ inference. These meaning dichotomies have failed to address the question of whether or not implication should be recognized as a two-way process or a three-way process. In Grice’s theory, ‘what is said’ can be envisaged in two more distinctions: ‘what is said versus what is implicated’, and ‘what is said versus what is meant.’ Moreover, after the establishment of the implicature notion, some linguists and language philosophers argued for additional terms to account for other aspects of pragmatic inferences that implicature theory has failed to recover. In conclusion, it is believed that the traditional account of meaning dichotomy, which is between what is said and what is implicated, is better substituted with trichotomy: what is said, what is meant, and what is implicated.

قاعدة: (الاستثناء مما لا حصر فیه: معیار العموم) تأصیل وتطبیق على بعض آی الکتاب الحکیم

حاولت هذه الورقة العلمية دراسة قاعدة الاستثناء معيار العموم من خلال النظر في مفهومها، وفي قيودها، وفي تطبيقات منتقاة لها، وخرجت بجملة من النتائج منها: أن الاستثناء: إخراج بعض ما يتناوله اللفظ بإلا أو ما قام مقامها من الأدوات، وأن العام هو اللفظ الواحد الدال من جهة واحدة على شيئين فصاعدا، وأن المعيار هو ما يختبر به الشيء، وأن المراد به هنا ما يختبر به عموم اللفظ، وتبين أن المعنى الترکيبي للقاعدة يظهر أن صحة الاستثناء مما لا حصر فيه - أو ما يعلم به کون اللفظ عاما أو لا- هو الاستثناء، وأن هناک فرق بين جواز الاستثناء ووقوع الاستثناء، فجواز الاستثناء معيار جواز العموم، ووقوع الاستثناء هو معيار وقوع العموم، وتبين أن للعلماء صيغا کثيرة للقاعدة، وأن أولها في الاستعمال: الاستثناء دليل الإحاطة، وأن أولاها بالاستعمال الاستثناء معيار العموم، وتبين - أيضا - أن دليل القاعدة لغوي، مما يترکب من العقل والنقل، وخلصت الورقة إلى أنه لا بد من توافر شروط القاعدة الخمسة وهي: أن يکون الاستثناء عبارة عما لولاه لوجب دخوله قطعا أو ظنا في المستثنى منه، وأن يکون المستثنى لفظا محتملا للعموم، وأن يکون الاستثناء لما هو من أفراد مدلول اللفظ لا لکلي لما هو من أجزائه، وأن يکون الاستثناء تاما، ومما يعتبر مفهومه، وتبين أن للقاعدة أهمية کبرى، وأنها راجعة إلى قول القائلين بأن صيغ العموم حقيقة في العموم مجاز في الخصوص، وأنه يمکن التعرف بالاستثناء الحقيقي على صيغ العموم، وتوصي الورقة بالتعمق في معايير الحکم على الألفاظ وکذلک التعمق في التطور التاريخي المعرفي لصيغ القواعد الأصولية، ومن جهة التطبيق توصي بأن يکون هناک مشاريع تطبيقية للقاعدة على الکتاب والسنة. The present research paper attempts to study the rule stating that to non-restrictive provisions is the general through investigating its concept, its restrictions, and some selected cases of its implementation. It concludes with some findings, such as the following: Exception refers to excluding some aspect of the utterance meaning by using the Arabic particle of exception, ˀillā (except), or any other equivalent particle. A general term is a single utterance which could, through one of its aspects, refer to two things or more. A Criterion is the tool against which an item is tested. Here, it is a means that tests whether an utterance is generic in sense, demonstrating that the structural significance of the rule shows that the validity of exception in a non-restrictive item is due to the exception itself. There is a difference between the permissibility of an exception and the occurrence of an exception. The permissibility of exception is the criterion allowing the permissibility of generalization; the exception itself proves the rule of generalization. It has been shown that scholars have many formulations of this rule; the first rule in use is that exception is a piece of evidence for generality. The first applicable rule is that exception is the criterion of generalization. It turns out that the evidence of the rule is linguistically based and that it relies on both reason and revelation. The study concludes that there are five conditions that the rule must meet. These are: the exception must involve an indispensable element which could have been likely or certainly considered part of the original rule to which exception is made. The excluded item must be an utterance whose nature is virtually general. The exception must be made to one item that is incorporated in the utterance meaning and must not be made to a general item that involves some parts therein. The exception must be complete and must be made to items that are within its concept. The study also highlights the fact that this rule is of considerable significance and that it is attributed to the view maintaining that general statements really denote generalization but they may metaphorically refer to particularization. The true exception can be employed to pinpoint forms of generalization. The study recommends that painstaking efforts must be exerted to reflect the criteria for judging utterances and words as well as the historical cognitive development of the forms of the fundamental rules. In practice, it recommends that there should be some practical projects to apply the rule under study to texts of the Qur’an and the Sunnah.

The Liaison Interpreter’s Role as an Intercultural Mediator: A Cognitive-Pragmatic Approach

Liaison interpreting is a type of interpreting performed in cross-cultural communications. The role of liaison interpreters has been studied by scholars for many years. For a long time, interpreting has been regarded as a communication activity, which solely converted languages and transferred the linguistic meaning of the original utterances. However, the practitioners and researchers began to realize that interpreting is a bilingual as well as bicultural communication activity. It bridges the cultural gap for people who don’t share the same language or cultural background. Therefore, this paper proposes an account of the liaison interpreter’s role as intercultural mediator as an alternative to other accounts of the interpreter’s role in the literature on liaison interpreting. The account of the liaison interpreters’ role as intercultural mediator is derived from the principles of a theoretical framework that draws on the findings of the theory of sense (Seleskovitch and Lederer, 1995) and Sperber and Wilson’s (1986, 1995) relevance theory of communication (RT). The account provides the basis for formulating a clearer definition of the concept of intercultural mediation in the context of liaison interpreting (LI). With data from authentic examples from interpreters’ actual performance, this paper intends to analyze interpreter’s role as an intercultural mediator in interactions within the framework of cognitive-pragmatic approach (CPA). In order to enhance liaison interpreters’ competence of cultural mediation, the paper then provides some implications for interpreters training in China.

How to Do Philosophical Things With Words

We highlight a particular meta-philosophical assumption; namely, the philosophical “Claim-Claim” to the effect that meaningful philosophical utterances are, at least in core cases, descriptive claims. In Section I, we explain the Claim-Claim and describe its place in contemporary philosophy. In Section II, we sketch some of its stultifying implications. In Section III, we attempt to make these implications vivid by considering a case study. Specifically, we show that the Claim-Claim has had a pernicious effect on recent attempts to make sense of Martin Heidegger’s philosophical project. Section IV explains Heidegger’s positive pragmatic account, while Section V is a brief and polemical attempt to advance an alternative to the status quo.

Лексико-фразеологічні засоби реалізації експресивності в книзі «Самовчитель графомана» Антона Санченка

The article deals with lexical and phraseological means as representatives of expressiveness. The importance of the study is due to the fact that the analysis of expressive lexical and phraseological means allows to interpret in detail the intentions of the author and understand the principles of thinking of the writer. The study of the communicative-pragmatic meaning of utterances is extremely important within sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics. The aim of the work is to trace the peculiarities of the realization of expressiveness at the lexical-phraseological level and to determine the dominant functions of expressive units in the book “Samovchytel hrafomana»” [“Graphoman’s self-study»] by A. Sanchenko. Expressiveness is a complex category that actively functions in linguistics and manifests its power in a large number of linguistic tools, techniques, signs. Expressiveness has the ability to activate cognitive process, show various plans of relationships, motivate to action. The text is written in a language that, of course, focuses on literary norms, but the author avoids excessive use of vocabulary that performs only a cognitive-informative function. It was found that in the analyzed text colloquial, abusive and slang vocabulary performs expressive-emotional, evaluative, character-creating functions and explicitly or implicitly reproduces the ironic-humorous effect. The choice of the expressive vocabulary depends on the micro-topic, within which specific images and situations are presented. The phraseological units in an unchanged and transformed form reproduce the leading intentions of the author: irony, informing, mostly disapproving attitude to human behavior. Phraseological units are divided into two groups according to the level of expressiveness: 1) phraseological units that function with an unchanged structure and reproduce traditional ideas about the world of things and people in the work; 2) transformed phraseological units, the semantic field of which is loaded with the subjective assessment of the writer. It is established that lexical and phraseological expressions appeal to the emotional and sensory sphere of recipients, release a powerful suggestive influence. The analyzed expressive means can be investigated in more detail on the basis of known claims about implicit and explicit expressiveness, strong and weak stance of expressiveness.

Medical Term and Status Generation From Chinese Clinical Dialogue With Multi-Granularity Transformer

This paper describes a generative model for extracting medical terms and their status from Chinese medical dialogues. Notably, the extracted semantic information is particularly important to downstream tasks like automatic medical scribe and automatic diagnosis systems. However, how to effectively leverage dialogue context to generate medical terms and their corresponding status accurately remains less explored. Existing generative approaches treat dialogue text as a single continuous text, ignoring conversational characteristics like colloquialism, redundancy and interactions. Between the doctor and the patient, a variety of colloquial medical information is frequently discussed. Each speaker (doctor and patient) plays a specific role in the interaction's goals. As a result, the importance of role information and interactions between utterances cannot be overstated. Furthermore, existing generative approaches only use character-level tokens, disregarding word-level tokens, which are the shortest meaningful utterances in Chinese. In this paper, we propose a Multi-granularity Transformer (MGT) model to enhance the dialogue context understanding from multi-granularity features. We incorporate word-level information by adapting a Lattice-based encoder with our proposed relative position encoding method. We further propose a Role Access Controlled Attention (RaCa) mechanism for introducing utterance-level interaction information. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets illustrate our model's validity and effectiveness, achieving state-of-the-art performance on both datasets.

Literature, Narrativity and Composition in the age of Artificial Intelligence

My paper attempts to briefly trace the interactions between A.I. and literature while noting the various ways in which machine intelligence participates in the generation and comprehension of narrative. Modern research in A.I. and narrative theory remains deeply involved in the pioneering field of narrative generation, while literary works composed by A.I. are scant, facing major issues with regard to comprehensibility and innovation. What are the factors that limit the literary potential of narrative creation by machines? Can such factors be curbed and how? My paper will briefly try and address these questions regarding the shortcomings of narrative generation and processing by A.I. I shall employ a cognitive-narratological framework in assessing several narratives created by A.I. programs, focussing on schema and frame designs and the lack of coherence in generating meaningful utterances. The paper shall also attempt to highlight how such incomprehensible or often dis-coherent compositions are apt to be cognised by human readers. What does this tell us about our own cognising and mentalizing abilities? The paper will address problems of cognition that play a major role in the development of logical and algorithmic structures for the process of writing as a whole and foretell the limitations of writing machines (whether sentient or not). I believe that the various interactive zones between literary narratives and artificially intelligent structures open up an entire new field of discourse that is worthy of exploration—a field in which the text, society and digital systems come together in a state of “libre jeu.”

Development of Oral Communicative Competence: A Teachers’ Perspective

This study was an attempt to determine the point to which the English language textbook, “English for Class 8” prescribed by the Punjab Textbook Board fulfills the learners ‘language learning needs of English as foreign language in Pakistan. The study aimed to explore as to what degree the suggested textbook increases the likelihood of learning the language and the diligent effort to development oral communicative competence (OCC) among the target learners. A quantitative approach enabled the researcher to comprehensively answer the research question. The results indicate that the relevant course book fails to facilitate the target learners to acquire English as foreign language to enable them to use the language for communicative purposes. The tasks presented in the textbook, do not focus on sociolinguistic and extended verbal expression in speech of the target language. By including tasks that challenge the learners to engage themselves in producing meaningful utterances, the present English language textbook can become even better a tool to develop speech proficiency.

The Perlocutionary Acts of the Characters in Wonder a Novel by R.J. Palacio

This research discusses the use of perlocutionary acts uttered by the characters in Wonder a novel by R.J. Palacio. It explores how the acts of perlocutionary are conveyed by the characters in the whole novel. The purpose of this study are to find the type of perlocutionary acts uttered by the main characters, the intended meaning of utterances, and the character’s purposes in using such perlocutionary acts. This research applies pragmatics theory about speech acts to analyze the use of perlocutionary acts in conversations. This study is qualitative research and it uses document as the source of the data that is Wonder a novel by R.J. Palacio. The result of this study show that there are three types of perlocutionary uttered by the characters. The types of the illocutionary acts are verbal perlocutionary acts, non verbal perlocutionary acts and verbal non verbal perlocutionary acts. Those utterances have the intended meanings that are influenced by the context of situation in every phenomenon.

Are "Modal Adverbs" automatically Modal Markers? The Case of French "Certainement" with its Epistemico-Modal and its Evidential Use

The French adverb certainement (‘certainly’) is labelled a “modal adverb”. It has two (sentence adverb) uses according to the literature, called “strong modal use” and “weak modal use”. The strong modal use is indeed strong (epistemico-)modal in that it indicates total certainty, whether subjective or intersubjective. What is called its “weak modal use” is shown to be an evidential use. It indicates primarily that the content qualified by the adverb results from a non-monotonic inference, performed by the speaker, whose conclusions are plausible, defeasible, and thus never totally certain. This is due to the presence of an evidential-inferential component in its meaning. As for the so-called weak modal element of “probability” in its meaning, we reanalyse it as “non- certainty” and argue it is an element of utterance meaning, a property of quasi-assertions to which non-monotonically inferred content gives rise. Finally, we claim that the adverb also has a meaning component that we call “epistemic posture of certainty”, shown to be different from epistemic modality. On the basis of three parameters and their values, we show how certainementcan be interpreted, in a series of contextual configurations, either as an instance of its epistemico- modal use or of its evidential use.

Passion of the Russian Soul in the Context of Nikolai Berdyaev's Philosophy

The paper compares two intellectual traditions, that is, psychoanalysis and Russian philosophy. As a result, it demonstrates the kinship of the main methodological principles of both of these two trends of thinking in twentieth century. First, a psychoanalytic image of the Russian type of cognition is set - this is an existentially loaded experience of asking the truth, carried out by a person from the people. In culture, this image is presented as an agent of truth, usually in need. The following demonstrates the attitude to this image in the work and personal way of knowing N.A. Berdyaev. In this part of the article, a psychoanalytic study of the work of the Russian philosopher is done. In particular, the neurotic nature of N. Berdyaevs letter, which is expressed in the excessive emotionality of the text and the prophetic emphasis, which sets the tone throughout his work, is noted. The main part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the intuitive-symbolic method of working with consciousness in the psychoanalysis of Freud and the philosophy of Berdyaev. Here the author emphasizes the practical side of the psychoanalysis and to how an emotionally and bodily tinted meaning arises in that context. This phenomenological reconstruction allows us to draw a parallel with what constitutes a symbol in the tradition of Russian religious thought, which also notes the experienced nature of the work of obtaining the meaning of a symbolic utterance. In this perspective, the author conducts a hermeneutic reconstruction of the continuity of the method of these two traditions from mystical Christian theology, in which the knowledge of God is understood as a passionately lived experience of communication with the Other, which occupies the status of a lover. This article represents the initial stage of a more detailed study of the relationship between psychoanalysis and Russian philosophy.

Makna Ujaran Implisit dalam Vlog Mat Luthfi: Analisis Teori Relevans

This study researches the meanings of implicit utterances in Mat Luthfi’s vlog. This qualitative study employs relevance theory, a linguistics-based theory proposed by Sperber and Wilson drawn from the discipline of pragmatics. This theory foregrounds three main concepts comprising the role of context, cognitive effects and processing efforts. The research data consists of implicit dialogue uttered by characters in the video. Data were identified, transcribed, and subsequently analysed based on Relevance Theory. Library research was also used to further explore the implicit and Relevance Theory-based expressions. The findings show that there are ten utterances in the vlogs with implicit elements. These in turn indicate that the speaker wished to convey specific messages to listeners. This study explains that in the Malay community, utterings are various in meaning and are not merely confined to their literal meanings for correct understanding and interpretation. Hence, the meaning of an utterance is more easily understood when interpreted using the Relevance Theory.

Makna Ujaran Implisit dalam Vlog Mat Luthfi: Analisis Teori Relevans

This study researches the meanings of implicit utterances in Mat Luthfi’s vlog. This qualitative study employs relevance theory, a linguistics-based theory proposed by Sperber and Wilson drawn from the discipline of pragmatics. This theory foregrounds three main concepts comprising the role of context, cognitive effects and processing efforts. The research data consists of implicit dialogue uttered by characters in the video. Data were identified, transcribed, and subsequently analysed based on Relevance Theory. Library research was also used to further explore the implicit and Relevance Theory-based expressions. The findings show that there are ten utterances in the vlogs with implicit elements. These in turn indicate that the speaker wished to convey specific messages to listeners. This study explains that in the Malay community, utterings are various in meaning and are not merely confined to their literal meanings for correct understanding and interpretation. Hence, the meaning of an utterance is more easily understood when interpreted using the Relevance Theory.

Meaning and Meaning Making in Arabic: Moving from Semantics to Pragmatics to Ka:rmatics

Ka:rmik Linguistic theory is one of the most revolutionary theories in linguistics which aims to describe language from a causal perspective of WHY giving rise to WHAT through HOW: “As you are, so you think; as you think, so you speak (or act)” (Bhuvaneswar). In an adapted form, it can be modified as: As you are, so you think; as you think, so you mean. In his extension of semantics to ka:rmatics in dealing with proverb-meaning, Bhuvaneswar (2012) has shown a new dimension of meaning and meaning-making, namely, the causal dimension of creation, change, and transformation of meaning in language. According to Bhuvaneswar, if semantics deals with sentence meaning and pragmatics with utterance meaning, ka:rmatics (i.e., experiential pragmatics) explores experiential meaning via dispositional meaning of contextual meaning (pragmatics) of sentential meaning (semantics). What this amounts to is a causal understanding of meaning as it is created, changed, and transformed as languages are evolved and developed: Language is as it is (i.e., lingual meaning is as it is) because of what it is (dispositionally) intended to do (i.e., to mean) what it does (i.e., means).
 In this paper, an attempt has been made by selecting two sentences used in real life Yemeni Arabic to show how meaning is derived. In the process, it will be shown how semantics becomes pragmatics and pragmatics becomes ka:rmatics.

Gender Differences in Selections Among Topics for Producing Meaningful Utterances.

Gender Differences in Selections Among Topics for Producing Meaningful Utterances.

An Efficient Deep Learning Based Method for Speech Assessment of Mandarin-Speaking Aphasic Patients.

Speech assessment is an important part of the rehabilitation process for patients with aphasia (PWA). Mandarin speech lucidity features such as articulation, fluency, and tone influence the meaning of the spoken utterance and overall speech clarity. Automatic assessment of these features is important for an efficient assessment of the aphasic speech. Hence, in this paper, a standardized automatic speech lucidity assessment method for Mandarin-speaking aphasic patients using a machine learning based technique is presented. The proposed assessment method adopts the Chinese Rehabilitation Research Center Aphasia Examination (CRRCAE) standard as a guideline. Quadrature based high-resolution time-frequency images with a convolutional neural network (CNN) are utilized to develop a method that can map the relationship between the severity level of aphasic patients' speech and the three speech lucidity features. The results show a linear relationship with statistically significant correlations between the normalized true-class output activations (TCOA) of the CNN model and patients' articulation, fluency, and tone scores, i.e., 0.71 (p < 0.001), 0.60 (p < 0.001) and 0.58 (p < 0.001), respectively. The linearity of the proposed Mandarin aphasic speech assessment method and its significant correlation with the speech severity levels show the efficacy of the method in predicting the severity of impaired Mandarin speech. The outcome of this research envisages assisting speech-language pathologists in Mandarin-speech impairment assessment and promoting early support discharge; hence could alleviate the stress that the healthcare system is currently experiencing in China nationwide. The framework of the proposed Mandarin aphasic speech assessment method can be readily extended to other languages.

Meaning Component Analysis of Euphemism and Dysphemism in Indonesian Da’wah

The objective of this research is to describe the forms of euphemism and dysphemism in Indonesian da’wah. The data were in the form of preachers' utterances containing expressions of euphemism and dysphemism. The data involved the context of utterance containing expressions of euphemism and dysphemism. The data were collected from audio documentation on the internet, namely Spotify. In providing data, the researcher used simak (observation) method with documentation and note-taking techniques. In analyzing the data, the researcher used agih method with BUL technique. Furthermore, the data analysis technique used was the substitution or replacement technique and the meaning component analysis. The meaning component analysis was performed to analyze euphemism or dysphemism utterances by showing the components that make up the meaning of utterance and comparing them with the components that make up meaning of neutral utterance. From the research results, it can be seen that euphemism and dysphemism were found in the form of words, phrases, and sentences.

PENDEFINISIAN OBJEK DAN PELENGKAP DALAM KAMUS BESAR BAHASA INDONESIA SEBAGAI PENUNJANG LITERASI

Literacy cannot be separated from language skills. The most basic language skills are the ability to compose meaningful utterances. For that purpose, a proper understanding of the sentence-forming elements and their functions is needed. Unfortunately, the definitions of the two sentence element functions, namely objects and complements, in KBBI still overlap. The overlapping definition can confuse language users. This paper aims to clarify the differences between object and complement and to correct the inaccuracies in the definition of these two words. Thus, the definition of each of the two functions becomes more appropriate and easily understood by Indonesian language learners. This research was conducted with a functionalism approach through the analysis of syntactic and semantic functions, by paying attention to lexicographic principles. The analysis was carried out on six naturally occurring sentences. The sentences are taken from the Indonesian web corpus. The results of the data analysis in this study indicate that objects and complements are indeed different. From these differences clear and non-overlapping boundaries are obtained.

Promoting Cross-Cultural Understanding and Communication: International Chinese Students’ Use of Laughter as a Means to Modify the Meaning of Speech

Student mobility across national borders has been increasing at an extraordinary pace. Correspondingly, much research has been conducted into issues concerning learners that move internationally to pursue learning in a culturally different country. To a great extent, vigorous debate and research did promote cross-cultural diversity, understanding and communication. However, few studies have looked into international Chinese students’ use of laughter in much detail, given that laughter plays a significant part in shaping or molding meaning. This article demonstrates with examples of a group of ICSs on how their use of laughter alters the meaning of utterance in speech. The findings offer insights that aim at promoting cross-cultural understanding and communication so that a much smoother and a more inclusive and successful adjustment of these learners can be facilitated.