Mean Reading Research Articles

Constructing clean cookstove stack in Ghana

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Transition to cleaner cooking technologies has the ability to increase economic and environmental benefits, studies have shown that adoption of improved cooking stoves is very low and those who adopt clean cooking stove/ fuels are likely to stack with biomass fuel. The aim of this study was to identify promising “clean stacks” of stoves and fuels that are relevant to household energy needs in middle belt of Ghana. METHODS: A mixed method approach was used in data collection. Ten households who were exclusive users of biomass fuel were randomly selected from the Kintampo Health Demography Surveillance Survey. We used questionnaires to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics, household energy needs, stove use, and acceptability of stoves. The stoves that were given to participants were Mimi motos (a forced draft pellet biomass stove), Electric induction, Ethanol stoves and LPG stoves. Fuel was provided at no cost to participants. Each stove was assigned to the households for a period of two weeks, one after the other. After the single technology assessment, two most preferred stoves were given back to participants to use simultaneously for a period of one month. During this one-month period, participants exposure to PM2.5 were assessed. RESULTS:LPG and Ethanol stoves were the two most preferred stoves. The participants noted inconveniences and numerous mechanical and operational difficulties with the mimi moto and the electric stove. Induction electric stove recorded a mean reading of 0.10 volts Forty-eight-hour personal PM2.5 assessed during the clean stack period was slightly higher with mean concentration of 10.82 μg/m3 (0.54) compared to WHO guideline (10 μg/m3), but was substantially lower than baseline. CONCLUSIONS:Of the four stoves tested, participants expressed satisfaction with LPG stove and Ethanol stove as it met their daily energy needs. Adoption and acceptability of the improved stoves varied with different dishes or cooking tasks. KEYWORDS: clean fuel stack, exposure assessment, Ghana

The STArgardt Remofuscin Treatment Trial (STARTT): design and baseline characteristics of enrolled Stargardt patients

Background: This report describes the study design and baseline characteristics of patients with Stargardt disease (STGD1) enrolled in the STArgardt Remofuscin Treatment Trial (STARTT). Methods: In total, 87 patients with genetically confirmed STGD1 were randomized in a double-masked, placebo-controlled proof of concept trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 20 milligram oral remofuscin for 24 months. The primary outcome measure is change in mean quantitative autofluorescence value of an 8-segment ring centred on the fovea (qAF8). Secondary efficacy variables are best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), low-luminance visual acuity (LLVA), mesopic microperimetry (mMP), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), reading speed on Radner reading charts, and patient-reported visual function as assessed by the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25 (NEI VFQ-25) and Functional Reading Independence (FRI) Index. Results: Mean age of participants was 35±11 years with 49 (56%) female. Median qAF8 value was 438 Units (range 210-729). Median BCVA and LLVA in decimal units were 0.50 (range 0.13-0.80) and 0.20 (range 0.06-0.63), respectively. The median of the mean retinal sensitivity with mMP was 20.4 dB (range 0.0-28.8). SD-OCT showed median central subfield retinal thickness of 142 µm (range 72-265) and median macular volume of 1.65 mm3 (range 1.13-2.19). Compared to persons without vision impairment, both reading performance and patient-reported visual function were significantly lower (p<0.001, one sample t-test). Mean reading speed was 108±39 words/minute with logRAD-score of 0.45±0.28. Mean VFQ-25 composite score was 72±13. Mean FRI Index score 2.8±0.6. Conclusions: This trial design may serve as reference for future clinical trials as it explores the utility of qAF8 as primary outcome measure. The baseline data represent the largest, multi-national, STGD1 cohort to date that underwent standardized qAF imaging, reading speed assessment and vision-related quality of life measures which all contribute to the characterization of STGD1. EudraCT registration: 2018-001496-20 (09/05/2019)

A REVIEW ON OVERVIEW OF ETHICAL HACKING

The explosive growth of the Internet has brought many good things such as E-commercebanking, E-mail, cloud computing, but there is also a dark side such as Hacking, Backdoors, Trapdoors etc. Hacking is the first big problem faced by Governments, companies, and private citizens around the world. Hacking means reading email’s of someone, stealing passwords, stealing credit card numbers etc. An ethical hacker is one who can help the people who are suffered by this hackings. This paper describes about Ethical hackers, it’s types and phases of hacking

Evaluation of Cymbopogon Citratus as Disinfectant and its Effect on the Dimensional Stability of the Resultant Gypsum Casts: An in Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Proper disinfection of impression is probably the most important procedure for dental lab to render it safe for further handling without affecting the accuracy of fine details. In light of these intermingling facts, author aimed to 1) investigate the antimicrobial effect of Cymbopogon citratus on selected microorganism colony and 2) the effect of the disinfectant solution on the dimensional accuracy of the resultant gypsum casts. MATERIALS & METHOD: Initially, tropicalgin Alginate was mixed and total of 20 impressions of the alginate and painted with bacterial colonies. Swabs were further subjected to culture and sensitivity tests for predetermined bacterial strains. Alginate impressions were immersed in glutaraldehyde 2% and Cymbopogon Citratus 30% for 10 minutes (ten each). The swabs were wiped on glass Petri dish and inoculated. The colonial growth was transferred to the glass slide for Gram staining which confirmed presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in control group. Cross-arch distance between 16 and 26 of the poured samples were compared with the cross arch distance in the typhodont teeth using digimatic vernier caliper. RESULT: Statistical analysis was attempted using SPSS version 22.0. The results of dimensional accuracy of 2% Glutaraldehyde (Group A) mean reading was 55.114, Variance =0.00687 and standard deviation were 0.8289 obtained. The results of dimensional accuracy of 30% Cymbopogan Citratus (Group B) mean reading was 55.403, Variance = 0.0268 and standard deviation were 0.16384 obtained. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the study, authors concluded that anti-microbial efficacy of 2% Glutaraldehyde was less in comparison to 30% Cymbopogon Citratus on resultant selected microorganism in this study and dimensional accuracy was superior in Cymbopogan citratus in comparison to glutaraldehyde.

Terms and conditions apply: Critical issues for readability and jargon in mental health depression apps

BackgroundMental health services are turning to technology to ease the resource burden, but privacy policies are hard to understand potentially compromising consent for people with mental health problems. The FDA recommends a reading grade of 8. ObjectiveTo investigate and improve the accessibility and acceptability of mental health depression app privacy policies. MethodsA mixed methods study using quantitative and qualitative data to improve the accessibility of app privacy policies. Service users completed assessments and focus groups to provide information on ways to improve privacy policy accessibility, including identifying and rewording jargon. This was supplemented by comparisons of mental health depression apps with social media, music and finance apps using readability analyses and examining whether GDPR affected accessibility. ResultsService users provided a detailed framework for increasing accessibility that emphasised having critical information for consent. Quantitatively, most app privacy policies were too long and complicated for ensuring informed consent (mental health apps mean reading grade = 13.1 (SD = 2.44)). Their reading grades were no different to those for other services. Only 3 mental health apps had a grade 8 or less and 99% contained service user identified jargon. Mental health app privacy policies produced for GDPR weren't more readable and were longer. ConclusionsApps specifically aimed at people with mental health difficulties are not accessible and even those that fulfilled the FDA's recommendation for reading grade contained jargon words. Developers and designers can increase accessibility by following a few rules and should, before launching, check whether the privacy policy can be understood.

Evaluation of online, publicly available cancer-related educational and self-management resources for symptom management.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the readability, suitability, and quality of publicly available online self-management (SM) resources for people with cancer. Resources were identified using two strategies: (1) a targeted search of 20 Canadian organizations and (2) a Google search. These were evaluated using the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM), the DISCERN tool for quality, and readability indices. The SM skills (e.g., problem-solving) and symptom management strategies addressed by each resource were also assessed. Descriptive and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to identify resources of the highest suitability and quality as well as resource characteristics associated with higher quality and suitability. A total of 92 resources were evaluated. The mean reading grade level for English resources was 10.29 (SD=1.64, range of 7.05 to 15.09) and 12.62 for French resources (SD=2.27, range of 10.12 to 15.65). The mean SAM score across the samplewas 50.4% (SD=10.6%), or 'adequate', and the mean DISCERN score was 61.1% (SD=11.8%), or 'fair'. The cluster analysis indicated that 10 resources scored highly on both the SAM and the DISCERN. In total, 91 symptom management strategies were identified. On average, resources addressed 2.73 SM skills (SD=1.58). There is a need for plain language resources for people with lower reading ability and resources that incorporate more SM skills. Study findings will help healthcare professionals, patients, and their families identify optimal resources to address cancer-related symptoms.

REMINERALIZATION EFFECT OF EGGSHELL POWDER ON POST-ORTHODONTIC WHITE SPOT LESIONS COMPARED TO CPP-ACP: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL

ABSTRACT: Aim: White spot lesions are the only carious process lesions that can be remineralized non-invasively. The focus of modern dentistry is stopping the caries process without unnecessary damaging the tooth structure. The present clinical trial aimed to assess the remineralizing effect of eggshell powder (ESP) compared to Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) in carious post-orthodontic white spot lesions orthodontic treatment. Methodology: Twenty-Four patients were selected from the Clinic of Orthodontic Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University. Patients were divided into two groups according to the treatment received either ESP gel or CPP-ACP paste (GC Tooth-Mousse). The participants were instructed to use pea size eggshell powder gel or GC Tooth Mousse on the teeth surfaces using a clean finger twice daily after brushing their teeth with Colgate Total Original Care toothpaste. WSLs were assessed at baseline, 1 month, 3months and 6 months by DIAGNOdent (Kavo, Germany). Results: Data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA showed that there was no statistically significant difference in overall DIAGNOdent mean readings between ESP and GC Tooth Mousse groups at (P=0.136). Conclusion: Based on the data obtained in this study, it is suggested that ESP is effective and has a promising future in the treatment of post-orthodontic WSLs.

Remineralization potential of grape seeds extract gel versus casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate in white spot lesions in post orthodontic patients: A randomized clinical trial

Aims: To determine the effectiveness of grape seed extract (GSE) gel compared to Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) application in managing white spot lesions (WSLs) in post orthodontic patients. Statistical analysis used: All statistical calculations were done using computer program IBM SPSS advanced statistics (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Methods and Material: This study was a single-blinded randomized clinical trial where 24 participants with white spot lesions in at least two teeth were included and randomized into two groups (12 patients each) to receive either GSE gel or CPP-ACP paste application. GSE gel was used on WSLs after orthodontic treatment every week, while CPP-ACP paste was applied twice daily by the patients themselves. Baseline and post-intervention measurements of quantitative changes of WSLs were measured by KaVo DIAGNOdent at 1, 3 and 6 months. Data for quantitative changes of WSLs were recorded and analyzed for each group. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in overall DIAGNOdent mean readings between GSE gel and CPP-ACP paste groups at P=0.360. Conclusions: Based on the data obtained in this study, it is suggested that GSE promotes remineralization of WSLs post orthodontic treatment and, thus, might be considered an effective natural agent for treatment of early enamel carious lesions.

Visual Performances of a New Extended Depth-of-Focus Intraocular Lens with a Refractive Design: A Prospective Study After Bilateral Implantation.

PurposeThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the visual outcome of a new extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL) after bilateral implantation. A qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed and data were compared with those given by other studies regarding multifocal IOLs, which have the same purpose of giving spectacle independence to the patients.MethodsThe study enrolled 40 eyes of 20 patients who underwent cataract surgery with bilateral implantation of an EDOF IOL (Evolve Soleko, Rome, Italy). The mean age was 74.5±9 years (range 59–83ys). Refractive outcomes and contrast sensitivity were evaluated preoperatively and at 6-month follow-up. We also examined reading speed, glare, halos, difficulties in the night driving, the requirement for spectacles, and overall satisfaction with vision. Two questionnaires were administered for this purpose.ResultsAt 6 months, the percentage of eyes within ±0.50 diopters (D) from emmetropia was 82.5%. Of all patients, 90% were satisfied with their vision. The percentage of spectacle-free for near and distance vision patients was 70% and 95%, respectively. A postoperative binocular uncorrected 60cm intermediate visual acuity (UI60VA) of 0.2 logMAR or better was achieved in 92% of patients. Contrast sensitivity significantly improved postoperatively (p<0.001) and mean reading speed was good.ConclusionThis new EDOF IOL seems to provide an effective alternative to patients who desire a spectacle-free lifestyle postoperatively. These lenses can supply a satisfactory distance, intermediate and near vision, and retain good contrast sensitivity, with most patients reporting excellent satisfaction.

Teaching reading strategies in ELT

The term “strategy” can be applied to the behavior of a learner in a foreign language environment, which directly affects his learning – what the student does to control or transform the information received in a foreign language and regulate his learning. Strategies for learning a foreign language are special actions or techniques that are always problem-oriented, that is, students use them when the need arises, for example, to read and understand a foreign language text. Reading includes the skills and abilities associated with the possession of linguistic material (reading comprehension, guessing), as well as the ability to understand (extract) the information contained in the text for meaningful reading. This article discusses reading strategies in teaching English.

Reading for Comprehension in Individuals with Down Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development: Similar or Different Patterns of Ability?

Reading for meaning is one of the most important activities in school and everyday life. The simple view of reading (SVR) has been used as a framework for studies of reading comprehension in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). These tend to show difficulties in reading comprehension despite better developed reading accuracy. Reading comprehension difficulties are influenced by poor oral language. These difficulties are common in individuals with DS and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but they have never been compared directly. Moreover, the components of reading for comprehension have rarely been investigated in these populations: a better understanding of the nature of reading comprehension difficulties may inform both theory and practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether reading comprehension in the two populations is accounted for by the same component skills and to what extent the reading profile of the two atypical groups differs from that of typically developing children (TD). Fifteen individuals with DS (mean age = 22 years 4 months, SD = 5 years 2 months), 21 with ASD (mean age = 13 years 2 months, SD = 1 year 6 months), and 42 TD children (mean age = 8 years 1 month, SD = 7 months) participated and were assessed on measures of receptive vocabulary, text reading and listening comprehension, oral language comprehension, and reading accuracy. The results showed similar levels in word reading accuracy and in receptive vocabulary in all three groups. By contrast, individuals with DS and ASD showed poorer non-word reading and reading accuracy in context than TD children. Both atypical groups showed poorer listening and reading text comprehension compared to TD children. Reading for comprehension, investigated through a homograph reading accuracy task, showed a different pattern for individuals with DS with respect to the other two groups: they were less sensitive to meaning while reading. According to the SVR, the current results confirm that the two atypical groups have similar profiles that overlap with that of poor comprehenders in which poor oral language comprehension constrains reading for comprehension.

Teaching higher-order comprehension strategies to a Grade 2 learner who struggled to read for meaning: A case study

Higher-order comprehension skills are necessary to understand a text, yet many South African learners have not been taught these skills. The aim of this study is to explicitly teach higher-order reading comprehension strategies to a Grade 2 learner who could not read for meaning. This study is based upon Vygotsky’s Social Constructivist theory. Data were collected through pre- and post-tests, an intervention programme, interviews and classroom observations. The findings suggest that the learner acquired higher order thinking skills after being taught reading comprehension strategies. The teacher guided, paced and modelled the learner’s reading progress, creating a safe learning environment. The results suggest that teaching higher-order comprehension strategies and creating safe learning environments had an impact on developing the Grade 2 learner’s higher-order thinking skills.

Assessment of noise pollution and its perceived health risks on residents of Owerri Metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria

Noise pollution is recognized as a serious health hazard to individual and society at large. In most cities, noise pollution is regarded as the most hazardous form of pollution behind air and water pollution. This study was conducted to assess the noise pollution level and its perceived health risks on the residents of Owerri Metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria. Physical measurement of noise levels was carried out at 24 different locations; three locations from 15 different political wards were selected. Each location was assessed three times at three consecutive periods (7.30-8.30a.m., 11.30 a.m.-12.30 p.m. and 3.30 – 4.30 p.m.). Thereafter, the mean reading for each location and that of each ward were calculated. Also, 900 respondents comprising adults who live and/or operate in the Council were interviewed on the perceived health risks associated with noise, using structured and standardized questionnaire. The results obtained showed that the computed mean noise level at the 24 different locations ranged from 79.4 – 95.8dB, and the cumulative for the 8 wards ranged from 87.0 – 91.2dB, all of which were significantly (P&lt;0.05) above the acceptable ranges of &lt;80dB, for most of the areas surveyed, thereby rating the noise level unsatisfactory in each case as they were all within levels that can cause discomfort and pains in man. Perceived health risks enumerated by participants include; annoyance, lack of concentration, disturbed sleep, headache, hearing impairment and whistling and buzzing of the ear. The need for greater commitment by all agencies and organs involved to reduce this serious health hazard was highlighted.

Content, Readability, and Accountability of Freely Available Online Information for Patients Regarding Epiretinal Membranes

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess content, readability, and accountability of online information for patients regarding epiretinal membranes (ERMs). Methods: Cross-sectional study evaluating nine major medical websites on ERMs. Fifteen questions assessed patient-relevant content. Four indices estimated U.S. grade literacy level of the text. JAMA benchmarks (authorship, attribution, disclosure, currency) evaluated website accountability. Results: Average content score was 36.78 (SD 13.91, 95% CI ±0.64) from a possible maximum of 60, with significant variability between websites (H = 22.68, p=0.004). Mean reading grade level was 12.29 (SD 2.30, 95% CI ±1.50). No website achieved all JAMA benchmarks; only one website fulfilled three of the four. Content score did not correlate with Google rank (order of listed websites, r = −0.23, p=0.55) or JAMA benchmarks (r = 0.19, p=0.62) but significantly correlated with mean reading grade (r = 0.67, p=0.05). Conclusion: Online information regarding ERMs varies significantly, may not adequately answer common patient questions, and is written at too complex a literacy level for the average patient.

Using digital storytelling as a turn‐around pedagogy

AbstractDigital storytelling is the process of telling stories in a multimedia platform while foregrounding meaning making, collaboration and the amplification of marginalised narratives. Grounded in a theory of “turn‐around pedagogies,” this research article aims to expand discussions of digital storytelling to include providing opportunities for primary students labelled “struggling readers” to tell their own literacy stories multimodally. Data were drawn from a 2‐year long research project using digital storytelling with preservice teachers and primary students to document shared learning during a reading collaboration programme. Specifically, this article centres two of 21 digital storytelling collaborations as case studies to represent themes that emerged through multimodal analysis in order to address the research question “in what ways are preservice teachers and primary students making meaning of their individual and shared learning multimodally through the process of digital storytelling?” Findings highlight how allowing primary students to use digital tools to tell their stories opened up new spaces for students to represent their literate identities and literacy learning on their own terms, which supported preservice teachers in planning for meaningful reading instruction. Strategies for planning to use digital storytelling in the primary school classroom as a turn‐around pedagogy are shared and areas for consideration are raised.

Assessing the quality and readability of NHS urology webpages in England

Objective: To examine the readability of urology webpages to assess their suitability for the general population and their inclusivity for varied levels of health literacy. Methods: We accessed all urology department websites from NHS trusts in England. A standard framework was used to assess these for ease of navigation, availability and quality of urology-specific information. Text was analysed using Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level and Ease Score to measure readability. Results: From the 132 NHS trust websites investigated, 117 (88.6%) had a urology-specific webpage, a considerable increase from 98 trusts (68%) in 2010. However, a smaller proportion of websites explained their services and procedures, and only 23.9% explained common urological conditions. Websites still appeared outdated, 23.9% had spelling errors, and 75.2% made none or poor use of images. The mean reading grade level was 13.40, equivalent to a UK reading age above 18 years, and the mean reading ease score was 30.35, in the range of ‘difficult’ text. Conclusion: Our data suggest that urology-specific webpages are not providing useful content for patients and are too complex for the general population to understand. Improvement would allow patients to be able to utilise such resources to aid decision making and to navigate complex NHS pathways. Level of evidence: Not applicable

Assessment of an AI Aid in Detection of Adult Appendicular Skeletal Fractures by Emergency Physicians and Radiologists: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Diagnostic Study

Background The interpretation of radiographs suffers from an ever-increasing workload in emergency and radiology departments, while missed fractures represent up to 80% of diagnostic errors in the emergency department. Purpose To assess the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI) system designed to aid radiologists and emergency physicians in the detection and localization of appendicular skeletal fractures. Materials and Methods The AI system was previously trained on 60 170 radiographs obtained in patients with trauma. The radiographs were randomly split into 70% training, 10% validation, and 20% test sets. Between 2016 and 2018, 600 adult patients in whom multiview radiographs had been obtained after a recent trauma, with or without one or more fractures of shoulder, arm, hand, pelvis, leg, and foot, were retrospectively included from 17 French medical centers. Radiographs with quality precluding human interpretation or containing only obvious fractures were excluded. Six radiologists and six emergency physicians were asked to detect and localize fractures with (n = 300) and fractures without (n = 300) the aid of software highlighting boxes around AI-detected fractures. Aided and unaided sensitivity, specificity, and reading times were compared by means of paired Student t tests after averaging of performances of each reader. Results A total of 600 patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 57 years ± 22; 358 women) were included. The AI aid improved the sensitivity of physicians by 8.7% (95% CI: 3.1, 14.2; P = .003 for superiority) and the specificity by 4.1% (95% CI: 0.5, 7.7; P < .001 for noninferiority) and reduced the average number of false-positive fractures per patient by 41.9% (95% CI: 12.8, 61.3; P = .02) in patients without fractures and the mean reading time by 15.0% (95% CI: -30.4, 3.8; P = .12). Finally, stand-alone performance of a newer release of the AI system was greater than that of all unaided readers, including skeletal expert radiologists, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92, 0.96). Conclusion The artificial intelligence aid provided a gain of sensitivity (8.7% increase) and specificity (4.1% increase) without loss of reading speed. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

A Study to Assess the Effect of Supplementary Nutrition on Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Selected Anganwadis, Bengaluru South

Background of the Study: Protein energy malnutrition has been identified as a major health and nutrition problem in India. Hence, the investigator felt the need to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional supplement among preschool children in selected Anganwadis, Bengaluru. Materials and Methods: Using purposive sampling technique, a total of 60 samples were selected with 30 in experimental and 30 in control group. Quasi-experimental design with pretest nutritional assessment and posttest nutritional assessment with control design is used. Results: The prereading mean weight score was 11.49 and the postreading score increased to 12.28. Similarly, the prereading mean score of height 94.32 increased to a mean score of 94.52 in posttest. While considering the head circumference of the preschool children, the pretest mean score of 47.82 changed to 48.03 during the posttest. During the pretest, the mean reading of mid-arm circumference was 14.67, which then increased to a mean value of 14.80 during the posttest. The chest circumference of the children was 50.85 during the pretest which then increased to 51.01 during the posttest. Thus, an overall improvement had occurred in the anthropometric measurements of preschool children even though statistically, it is not significant. Conclusion: The overall findings of the study revealed that there was a marked improvement in the anthropometric measurements of preschool children. Hence, it can be concluded that the nutritional supplement was effective in improving the nutritional status of the children.

A STUDY ON DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION BETWEEN GLIPIZIDE AND CIMETIDINE IN RABBITS

Objective: To study the effect of Cimetidine (H2 receptor antagonist) in combination with Glipizide (Sulfonylurea) on the blood sugar level in rabbits.&#x0D; Methods: Six albino rabbits were taken for the study. Glipizide was administrated to each rabbit as a single drug therapy on day 1 and it was co-administrated with Cimetidine to each rabbit as a combinational drug therapy on day 7. Cimetidine was administrated to each rabbit from day 2 to day 6 as single drug therapy. Blood sugar levels were estimated on day 1 and on day 7 at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h.&#x0D; Results: The mean blood sugar level readings at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h on day 1 were 90.4, 69.4, 62.9 and 65.7 mg% and on day 7 were 89.4, 74.8, 65.5, 56.4 and 61.2 mg % respectively. When mean blood sugar level on day 1 and day 7 was considered, there was a significant reduction in blood sugar level at 1, 2, 4 and 6 h and there was no significant fall in blood sugar level at 0 hour after co-administration of Glipizide and Cimetidine.&#x0D; Conclusion: Cimetidine, when co-administered with Glipizide, significantly increases the hypoglycaemic action of Glipizide.

Evaluation of online Spanish and English health materials for preventive mastectomy. are we providing adequate information?

Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in US Hispanic women. When present, lower health literacy levels potentially within this patient population require tailored materials to address health disparities. We aim to evaluate and compare Spanish and English online health care informative resources on preventive mastectomy. A Google web search using "preventive mastectomy" and "mastectomía preventiva" was conducted. The first ten institutional/organizational websites in each language were selected. Assessment of mean reading grade level, cultural sensitivity, understandability, and actionability was carried out utilizing validated tools. The mean reading grade level for English materials was 14.69 compared with 11.3 for Spanish, both exceeding the recommended grade level established by the AMA and NIH. The mean cultural sensitivity score for English information was 2.20 compared with 1.88 for Spanish information, both below the acceptability benchmark of 2.5. English webpages scored 65% and 35% for understandability and actionability, respectively, while Spanish webpages scored 47% and 18%. Online English and Spanish preventive mastectomy materials were written at an elevated reading level and lacked cultural sensitivity. Spanish language information demonstrated inferior understandability, actionability, and cultural sensitivity. Addressing these issues provides an opportunity to help resolve health literature disparities regarding preventive mastectomy for US Hispanic women.