Meaningful Choices Research Articles

Responsibility for Freedom

In commenting on the nature of freedom, it is argued that the positive aspect of freedom involves the preparation of the child, through inculcation of knowledge and skills, so that he may exercise meaningful choices and be aware of various possibilities. In general, it is argued that the environment inevitably affects such development of skill and knowledge and that educators have a responsibility deliberately to intervene so as to provide a learning environment which encourages a wider range of skill and knowledge in the child.

Isonomy, Austerity, and the Right to Choose Counsel

People who can afford to hire criminal defense attorneys have a Sixth Amendment right to choose a lawyer who is qualified, available, and free from conflicts of interest. The same right to choose counsel is routinely denied to people who need government-paid defense lawyers because they cannot afford to hire attorneys. In prior work, I invoked democratic theory to argue that this de jure discrimination blocks constitutional law formation by poor people and should be eliminated. This Article extends the analysis by explaining how a different theoretical approach—one grounded in libertarian commitments to private enterprise and austerity in public funding—shaped the nation’s first pilot study on counsel choice in a public defense setting. Those commitments sharply limited the measure of counsel choice offered and left the study with insufficient data to support generalizable conclusions. Thus, the study underscores questions about whether an equal right of counsel choice can be meaningful under conditions of austerity and might actually aggravate instead of ameliorate system deficits. The Article concludes that while meaningful counsel choice for poor people may be elusive, the constitutional interests at stake nevertheless warrant elimination of overt class-based discrimination from the vindication of a fundamental right.

Planning for outdoor play: Government and family decision-making

Background: Despite indisputable developmental benefits of outdoor play, children with disabilities can experience play inequity. Play decisions are multifactorial; influenced by children’s skills and their familial and community environments. Government agencies have responsibilities for equity and inclusion of people with disabilities; including in play.Aim: This multiple-perspective case study aimed to understand outdoor play decision-making for children with disabilities from the perspectives and interactions of: local government and families of primary school-aged children with disabilities.Material and method: Five mothers, four local government employees, and two not-for-profit organization representatives participated in semi-structured interviews. Inductive and iterative analyzes involved first understanding perspectives of individuals, then stakeholders (local government and families), and finally similarities and differences through cross-case analysis.Findings: Local government focused more on physical access, than social inclusion. Local government met only minimal requirements and had little engagement with families. This resulted in poor understanding and action around family needs and preferences when designing public outdoor play spaces.Conclusion and significance: To increase meaningful choice and participation in outdoor play, government understanding of family values and agency around engagement with local government needs to improve. Supporting familial collective capabilities requires understanding interactions between individuals, play, disability, and outdoor play environments.

‘If you got a tape on, you’re committed’: The revival of cassette tapes in Toronto’s New Wave of Traditional Heavy Metal scene

Abstract At the height of music digitization and dematerialization, we still find collectivities of people who use obsolete forms of music media not out of necessity, but as a conscious and meaningful choice. This article focuses on a case study of a surprising revival of cassette tapes in the New Wave of Traditional Heavy Metal (NWOTHM) scene in Toronto, Canada. I consider two broad questions. First, if the music of the bands in the scene can be easily downloaded or ripped off of a CD, and conveniently stored on computers and other devices, what is the appeal of cassette tapes for their consumers? And second, what new meanings have been ascribed to cassette tapes in the Toronto NWOTHM scene – has the main function of cassettes as a music storage medium changed entirely? In this article, I (1) propose that Toronto NWOTHM scene members have rekindled an attraction to physical media formats to close the tangibility gap between music and listener; (2) suggest that subjective media associations between various time periods and/or music genres foster the historically informed consumption of cassettes; (3) demonstrate these two points in the traditional heavy metal subculture in Toronto and (4) outline new meanings that cassettes have undertaken in this context, such as souvenir, materialization of subcultural capital and symbol of commitment.

Boiardo and Ariosto in Contemporary Sicilian Puppet Theater and the Tuscan-Emilian Epic Maggio

Boiardo and Ariosto in Contemporary Sicilian Puppet Theater and the Tuscan-Emilian Epic Maggio Jo Ann Cavallo Characters from medieval and Renaissance chivalric texts have been given tangible form through the centuries not only in operatic, melodramatic, theatrical and, more recently, cinematic adaptations, but also in popular performance traditions such as Sicilian puppet theater (opera dei pupi) and the folk operas (maggi epici) of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines. This essay traces the reimagining of a sampling of non-Christian characters and non-European places from Matteo Maria Boiardo’s Orlando Innamorato and Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso by a number of contemporary puppet theater and maggio companies. My contention is that an examination of select scenes available online, in conjunction with a close reading of the original episodes, may help students think more deeply about perennial issues addressed in the two poems—related to gender roles, the foreign and religious Other, violence, and political power—that continue to be relevant today.1 [End Page 48] Sicilian puppet theater No art form has devoted as sustained and elaborate attention to the Orlando Innamorato and the Orlando Furioso as Sicilian puppet theater.2 Although today we are past the time when Orlando and his fellow knights relived their adventures a puntate every evening in teatrini across Sicily and beyond, we can still encounter puppeteers, especially in Palermo, Catania, and Siracusa, who regularly present episodes from the two poems. The plays may be adapted for audiences who are no longer familiar with the original stories, but the puppeteers themselves have an intimate knowledge of their sources and make meaningful choices as they adapt narratives for the stage.3 Angelica The two most popular plays performed in Sicily today are the Innamorato’s battle between Rinaldo and Orlando for Angelica and the Furioso’s madness of Orlando. Since Angelica is central to both episodes, these plays offer ample material for a comparative examination of her character in contemporary Sicilian puppet theater. Regarding Angelica’s physical features, neither Boiardo nor Ariosto exoticize her beauty and a longstanding Italian and European artistic tradition has for the most part represented her with European features and dress. Most traditional Sicilian puppeteers have followed suit—with one difference. Although both Boiardo and Ariosto refer to Angelica as a blonde, matching Italian Renaissance standards for ideal beauty, most of the Angelicas I have encountered when attending puppet plays and visiting puppet museums in Sicily since 2000 have had dark brown hair, possibly reflecting the more Mediterranean colors of Sicilian women.4 When I asked members of the traditional public to [End Page 49] describe Angelica, the reply was invariably that she was beautiful, tout court. Nor did her clothing set her apart as a foreigner. As the puppeteer Enzo Rossi explained, the traditional puppeteer’s wife simply made sure that Angelica had the most elaborate and exquisite outfit.5 One can also find exceptions to the general Europeanization of Angelica. The puppeteer Enzo Mancuso (Associazione Carlo Magno, Palermo) remembers that his uncle constructed a brown-toned Angelica, remarking: “Questa è una Angelica che mio zio ha visto sempre così, ha visto sempre mulatta perché giustamente è indiana.”6 The puppeteer Alfredo Mauceri (Compagnia dei Pupari Vaccaro-Mauceri, Siracusa) decided to render more visible Angelica’s foreign status initially by constructing an Indian Angelica—complete with a bindi, nose earring, and henna tattoo—and subsequently by dressing her in Middle Eastern garb that, as the puppeteer himself explains, “non è certo un abito tipico del Catai, ma ciò consente di distinguerla dagli abiti europei indossati dalle altre dame.”7 In addition to giving Angelica a physical form, puppeteers also develop her character through action and dialogue. The question my students have found most compelling has been whether the plays pick up on and accentuate her more dangerous and seductive connotations or whether they instead bring her more in line with traditional precepts for female conduct. Most Sicilian puppet plays I’ve been able to film tend to temper her more compromising moments, perhaps to avoid any behavior that would be considered outside accepted norms. Regarding, for example, the staging of the Innamorato’s opening scene in Charlemagne’s court, the puppeteer Salvatore Oliveri (Compagnia...

Impact of Coulomb Correlations on Magnetic Anisotropy in Mn3Ga Ferrimagnet

Traditional density functional theory (DFT) miserably fails to reproduce the experimental volume and magnetic anisotropy of D022 Mn3Ga, which has recently become one of the most sought-after materials in order to achieve a stable spin switching at low current density. Despite great progress over the last 10 years, this issue has hitherto remained unsolved. Here, taking into account the effects of strong electronic correlations beyond what is included in standard DFT, we show by comparison with the experiment that the DFT+U method is capable of quantitatively describing the volume and the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) in this alloy with physically meaningful choice of onsite Coulomb-U parameter. For the first time using a plane-wave code, we decompose MAE into spin channel-resolved components in order to determine spin-flip and spin-conserving contributions. The Mn atom at the tetrahedral site is identified as the primary source of the high perpendicular MAE with the most dominant spin-orbit coupling (SOC) occurring between its two orbital pairs: ↑↑ coupling and ↓↓ coupling between {{boldsymbol{d}}}_{{{boldsymbol{x}}}^{{bf{2}}}-{{boldsymbol{y}}}^{{bf{2}}}} and dxy, and ↑↓ coupling between dyz and {{boldsymbol{d}}}_{{{boldsymbol{z}}}^{{bf{2}}}}. Using the SOC-perturbation theory model, we provide interpretation of our numerical results. These results are important for quantitative microscopic understanding of the large perpendicular MAE observed in this material, and should assist in harnessing its potential for applications in futuristic spintronic devices.

Project TEAMS (Talking about Eating, Activity, and Mutual Support): a randomized controlled trial of a theory-based weight loss program for couples

BackgroundObesity risk is shared between spouses, yet existing weight loss programs focus on individuals and not the marital dyad. Given the interdependence of weight in couples, weight management outcomes might be improved by targeting joint weight loss and the creation of an interpersonal milieu that supports long-term behavior change. According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), greater autonomous self-regulation of behaviors, and subsequently better treatment outcomes, are observed in needs supportive environments in which personally meaningful choice is supported and criticism and control are minimized. Correlational analyses confirm these pathways in weight management, with needs support from one’s spouse or partner emerging as a distinct predictor of weight loss success. Research is now needed to establish causal links and to develop and test weight loss interventions designed to facilitate the needs supportive behavior of spouses.MethodsProject TEAMS (Talking about Eating, Activity, and Mutual Support) is a randomized controlled trial testing a couples-based intervention, grounded in SDT, designed to change the social context of weight loss by training spouses to provide needs support for each other’s eating and physical activity behavior. Sixty-four couples will be randomized to either 6 months of behavioral weight loss treatment informed by SDT (SDT-WL) or to 6 months of standard behavioral weight loss treatment (BWL). Couples will attend weekly sessions for 6 months and will be assessed at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months. By bolstering needs support, SDT-WL is predicted to increase autonomous self-regulation and perceived competence and produce greater weight loss and maintenance than standard behavioral treatment. Exploratory analyses will examine the SDT process model prediction that the influence of needs support on treatment outcomes will be mediated by autonomous self-regulation and perceived competence.DiscussionThis study addresses the fundamental importance of interpersonal support in weight management by focusing on couples rather than individuals and using a rich theoretical framework to train spouses in supportive behaviors.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov; NCT02570009.

To engage students, give them meaningful choices in the classroom

Providing students with choice can be a powerful means of supporting student engagement. However, not all choice opportunities lead to improved student engagement. Teachers can increase the likelihood that students will value choice by analyzing how students associate feelings of autonomy, competence, and relatedness with the choice provided them. To illustrate, the authors present three cases of teachers providing their students with choices and explain the resultant student engagement in terms of these key student feelings.

An Invitation: Multicultural Art and Visual Learning in Elementary Education

In this article, I recount pivotal encounters that occurred in a course entitled Multicultural Art and Visual Learning during the summer and fall of 2016. I approach this as teacher research, as I personally faced the challenge of how to responsibly engage with Culture Wars as an educator. Through recounting experiences, I extend an invitation to others who are open to the possibility that learning with and through the arts provides students opportunities to make meaningful choices within in their own learning, helps them develop empathy for each other, engages them in challenging dialogues about culture, and prepares them to contribute to life in our democracy and efforts to create a just world.

A SURVEY OF GEORGIAN STUDENTS' CAREER CHOICES

The article reviews career guidance as a support mechanism for professional education and considers it as a necessary tool to choose the right career. The need of providing advisory service to young people and adolescents regarding professional guidance, identifying strengths and weaknesses, realizing one’s interests and inclinations may arise at various stages of life: after the completion of basic level, finishing secondary school, starting a professional career, changing a job, career planning, starting a family, unemployment. In each of these situations young people and adolescents may need help from professional consultants. Within the scope of the article secondary and tertiary level students and parents from Georgia have been surveyed. The questionnaires were designed to identify students’ and parents’ attitudes towards professional orientation classes, how they evaluate the importance of career guidance at school, which grades they consider most suitable for professional orientation classes. The survey attempts to find out who gives advice to Georgian secondary-level students when making career choices from students’ and parents’ perspectives. Tertiary level students were also surveyed in an attempt to find out what or who influenced them when choosing careers and to evaluate their satisfaction with their decisions. It also looks at the level of parents’ involvement in the implementation of professional guidance at schools. Through the analysis and processing of qualitative questionnaires we summed up the main challenges and problems that hinder making meaningful career choices. The article draws up some conclusions and recommendations important for Georgian environment.

Recognition and Redistribution: Finding Common Ground between Two Conceptions of Freedom

Today, critical theory is marked by a conflict between two competing theories; these theories are recognition based theories of freedom and theories that equate justice with the notion of just distribution. The recognition paradigm argues that there are sources of oppression and exploitation that have less to do with material differences, and more to do with how people relate to each other in a social context, or even the attitudes that institutions can adopt towards certain groups of people (Cordelli, 2015, p.679; Honneth, 2012, pp.37-38; Schemmel, 2012, p.123; Young, 1999, p.417). Honneth's recognition theory, for example, advocates for the subordination of distributive justice to recognition concerns, making it a 'dependent variable in relations of recognition' and treating intersubjectivity as the primary means for promoting freedom (Honneth, 2012, p.46). That is, maldistribution ought to be considered a symptom of misrecognition or disrespect rather than being a primary cause for social injustice. This approach, however, is criticized as being an overly simplistic and one-sided account of morality that reduces justice claims to feelings of recognition and disrespect (Fraser, 2001; Lazzeri, 2009; Thompson, 2006; McNay, 2008; Zambrana, 2013, Zurn, 2005). For example, Fraser (Fraser and Honneth, 2003, pp.22-37) argues that a politics of recognition, centering on the concern of self-realization, is a reductive account of social justice that wrongfully equates morality to cultural concerns and psychological harm.Honneth (2014) attempts to shore up his theory by explicating how moral norms, and freedom itself, are embedded within and dependent upon social relations through a reconstruction of Hegel's three social spheres of action: relationships, markets, and the state. However, Honneth's theory of recognition still remains vague in terms of outlining a satisfying approach for dealing with the issue of distributive justice. Even if we accept that Honneth has successfully made the case that a theory of recognition is necessary for understanding social demands for distributive politics and their normative justification, it is still not sufficient in terms of dealing with a variety of distributive justice claims. As we will see, Zurn (2005) demonstrates that this deficiency in Honneth's theory is not easily remedied due to complications in Honneth's attempt to classify distributive justice claims as ultimately being recognition claims. However, if we are convinced of the necessity of a theory of recognition to explain and justify redistributive politics, then what is needed for a more complete theory of freedom is an account of distributive justice that at the same time embodies and addresses recognition needs. I propose, as one possible solution to this problem, supplementing Honneth's theory of recognition with an account of distributive justice that simultaneously addresses the recognition requirements for ethical life and freedom. The two supplements that I propose are drawn from Nussbaum's capability approach and Pettit's theory of non-domination. My aim in this article is to demonstrate how combining these two approaches is one example of how specific policies for distributive justice can be closely imbricated, even mutually reinforcing, with Honneth's border criteria of justification through mutually recognized social norms.1First, it will be argued that while Nussbaum's capabilities approach is decidedly a program for political action, it is not only sensitive to the diversity of conceptions of the good life held by individuals, but emphasizes the dignity and respect for individuals, and the importance of individual self-realization in underwriting free choice. It will also be shown that increasing opportunities for intersubjective recognition is necessary for the development of what Nussbaum calls her list of central capabilities, the capabilities a person needs in order to be counted free.2 The highlighting of various institutional provisions for the promotion of people's capacity to make meaningful political choices, what Nussbaum refers to as a positive conception of liberty, offers a distributive program of justice that can also address recognition needs identified by Honneth. …

"Clearing the track". Priority and process in assisting students to choose careers

This paper describes a secondary school careers intervention.The core components are systematic identification of students according to need, individual counselling, and a personalised work and training exploration programme.The intervention fits within a comprehensive careers and transition scheme and it enhances school and community relations as well as supporting students to make meaningful career choices.

An examination of ideology in translation via modality: Wild Swans and Mao’s Last Dancer

ABSTRACT This paper compares the semantics of grammatical choices in Chinese with the system of modality in English, with particular reference to descriptions from systemic functional linguistics. The latter is a theory much informed by both English and Chinese in its development. Based on existing literature on language typology, this paper seeks not only an examination of the usefulness of this grammatical potential to translation scholars but also to provide more delicate typological descriptions to ensure commensurability in translation. As modality is often expected to be a key site for expressing interpersonal judgements, this paper investigates whether choices in this system can be indicative of patterns of ideologically motivated regularities, or shifts, in the translated texts. This paper uses the Chinese translations of Wild Swans and Mao’s Last Dancer as domains of study, both of which are highly successful but politically controversial autobiographies written in English by Chinese migrant writers. Incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches, this study has found how meaningful choices of modality have altered the evaluation of political leaders.

Environmental assessment of bioproducts in development stage: The case of fiberboards made from coconut residues

Fiberboards made from agro-industrial residues have been developed recently to add value to residues and decrease demand for wood and its byproducts. Nonetheless, new bioproducts made from residues are not inherently beneficial to the environment and bring no guarantee of improved efficiency in the use of resources, when compared to standard products. The impacts of these new bioproducts shall be compared to standard products to foster improvements and reduce potential harms to the environment from the development stage. This study assesses the environmental impacts of new coconut husk-based fiberboards, at development stage, aiming to prioritize those for future improvements and up-scaling. The following fiberboards are analyzed: i) MDF made exclusively of coir and fiber; ii) MDF UF made of coir and fiber bonded with urea-formaldehyde; and iii) HDF made only of coir and fiber. This assessment is performed considering different scenarios for allocation procedures (mass and economic, for current and future husk market value) and production scales (lab and pilot). The up-scaled husk-based fiberboards are compared to commercial wood-based panels to support decision about which products should be further improved. Short and long-term research agendas are proposed for reducing the potential impacts of these new products. This cradle to gate study is based on the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards for life cycle assessment, considering the production of fiberboards with 6.05*10−5 m3, at laboratory scale, and 1 m3, at pilot scale. The results show that husk-based MDF and HDF have high potential in terms of environmental performance. Nonetheless, they still require improvements to better compete with wood-based fiberboards when mass allocation is the criteria applied in the product modelling system. The hotspot analysis of MDF and HDF highlights the need to reduce impacts in husk transportation and processing, as well as in coconut farming. Two research agendas are proposed to improve MDF and HDF environmental performances: i) a short-term agenda, focused on reducing transportation distances and reusing nutrient rich effluents from husk processing in crop irrigation; and ii) a long-term agenda, focused on reducing the dependence of coconut farming in commercial fertilizers and improving the efficiency of irrigation. From this environmental assessment, the importance of applying both mass and economic allocation in the study of new bio-based products is shown. Furthermore, the need to design and evaluate up-scaled processes, at laboratory stage, in order to make meaningful choices among products is also highlighted. The methodological framework adopted in this study may support research teams searching to improve the environmental performance of products from laboratory stage.

Trafficking Rescue Initiatives as State Violence

In the last several years, the anti-domestic violence movement has gradually moved away from initial state response policies mandating arrest and prosecution of aggressors. Scholars and advocates argued that these forms of state intervention, which were intended to protect survivors, in fact deprived them of meaningful choices and potentially put them in greater fear or danger. Ironically, as the anti-domestic violence movement sought to disentangle itself from law enforcement, the criminalization of human trafficking offenses empowered law enforcement interventions that could be criticized on similar grounds. This article compares experiences of domestic violence and trafficking survivors and their interactions with law enforcement. Though domestic violence and trafficking law share common policy history, the justice system now responds to these offenses very differently; trafficking survivors are often treated as “victim-offenders” who may be punished rather than protected. The typologies of emotional abuse developed by Professor Linda Mills to frame experiences of domestic violence survivors also suggest that trafficking survivors might comparably experience law enforcement “rescue” interventions as violence. The article concludes that, as in the case of the domestic violence movement, policies that support survivor autonomy and safety are the most promising for survivor protection and trafficking prevention.

Going beyond address forms

The cognitive properties of morphosyntactic choices are at the base of any usage, patterns and tendencies they could possibly reveal; thus, by means of the cognitive properties of salience and informativeness, variation in second-person tú and usted must be considered as inherently meaningful, implying that each form conveys a different meaning that is used to pursue concrete communicative goals in discursive interaction. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of tú and usted and their syntactic variants (preverbal, postverbal and omitted) reveals that these forms are unevenly distributed across different textual genres and socioprofessional affiliations of speakers. It may be concluded that tú and usted contribute toward shaping the different communicative styles on the basis of the cognitive dimensions of objectivity and subjectivity, respectively. Considering these pronouns as meaningful choices by themselves, this study attempts to go beyond the traditional approach that treats them as terms of address, delving into the discursive and cognitive traits which underlie such a variation.

Information Flow Solipsism in an Exploratory Study of Beliefs About Twitter

There is a dearth of research on the public’s beliefs about how social media technologies work. To help address this gap, this article presents the results of an exploratory survey that probes user and non-user beliefs about the techno-cultural and socioeconomic facets of Twitter. While many users are well-versed in producing and consuming information on Twitter, and understand Twitter makes money through advertising, the analysis reveals gaps in users’ understandings of the following: what other Twitter users can see or send, the kinds of user data Twitter collects through third parties, Twitter and Twitter partners’ commodification of user-generated content, and what happens to Tweets in the long term. This article suggests the concept of “information flow solipsism” as a way of describing the resulting subjective belief structure. The article discusses implications information flow solipsism has for users’ abilities to make purposeful and meaningful choices about the use and governance of social media spaces, to evaluate the information contained in these spaces, to understand how content users create is utilized by others in the short and long term, and to conceptualize what information other users experience.

A Tale for Our Times: From the Bronx to Chicago in 76 Years.

This essay is a reflection on how personal history shapes who we are as we age and what matters to us, focusing on women. I begin by briefly recounting the formative aspects of my early years and midlife, and then show how these influence the choices I make in old age, as well as the concerns and anxieties I experience. I discuss lifestyle, family, and economic concerns, along with fear of dementia, and ageism. I conclude with a few comments about the kind of society that would facilitate decency and meaningful choice for the heterogeneous group who constitute America's aging.

Promoting independence among children with disabilities at the Milwaukee Center for Independence (MCFI)

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) [1] formally and explicitly recognizes the importance of how to achieve independence for individuals with a disability. This encompasses individual autonomy, the opportunity to be actively involved in decision-making processes, and the opportunity to access the physical, social, economic and cultural environment [1]. To ensure independence is achieved, it is crucial that individuals have access to a range of opportunities and resources so that they can make meaningful choices and decisions about the management of their life and environment [2]. The Milwaukee Center for Independence (MCFI) is a nonprofit agency assisting individuals with a disability to live and work successfully in their communities. At MCFI, the concept of independence is reflected throughout the agencies many evidence-based programs and services. The purpose of this article is to describe how independence is fostered in children attending the School for Early Development and Achievement (SEDA), an affiliate of MCFI. Founded in 2002, SEDA provides early intervention services to at-risk children from grades K4 through 2nd, with a particular focus on children with early developmental disabilities. SEDA is a free public school chartered through the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The intended audience for this article includes parents and families of children with early developmental disabilities, teachers, special educators, speech, occupational and physical therapists, donors and potential donors of non-profit organizations.

Approaches to accounting environmental factors in forming the price for real estate by the example of Astana

Problems of the environment in the modern world have negative consequences, thereby emphasizing the urgency for today. The ecological situation, especially in large and industrial cities, is dangerous for residents of these cities due to non-compliance with environmental standards. As a consequence, one of the promising vectors of urban policy aimed at the effective use of land resources is the inclusion of environmental factors in the valuation of real estate. The cost of real estate is formed by taking into account the aggregate of physical, economic, social and administrative factors. This article is devoted to the study of environmental factors from the perspective of their influence on housing pricing. Due to low environmental education, passivity of meaningful choice, residents often acquire real estate guided only by prestige and subjective visual assessment. However, the value of environmental goods increases markedly when the environmental factor acts as a limiting factor.