Meaning Of Phrases Research Articles

Etymological Studies of Common Turkic Etymons «bad», «kob»

Many lexical units of the language and their meanings need etymological analysis in relation to the origin and history of certain words. Etymology as a branch of lexicology explores the theoretical foundations and methodological improvement of the analysis. In order to find out the purpose of determining the origin and history of a certain word or words, it is necessary to find out: the primary meaning of some words, and in other words secondary, i.e. derived meanings, in third lexemes, the meaning of lexical phraseological phrases, in winged expressions, sayings and proverbs, as a result of collecting and analyzing materials and draw certain conclusions. The setting of such goals and objectives has existed since the formation of the science of language. Because the origin and history of words and their meanings interested the population for practical purposes, and scientists for scientific purposes. The main object of the research is the history of the semantics of words, so the article uses such techniques and methods as diachrony-synchrony, analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, component and complex analysis of the retrospective method. The article takes into account all lexical, stylistic and grammatical meanings, grammatical forms in the form of root and derived morphemes, as well as semantics in the composition of lexical and stable word combinations of the common Turkic root words «hob», «bad». The analyses werecarried out and covered the linguistic materials of the Turkic written monuments and modern Turkic languages. Etymological analyses of the etymons «hob», «bad» are theoretically based on the 5 principles of etymological theory developed by us: word semantics – semantic derivation – derivational process – types of reconstruction and semantic reconstruction – comparative bases of word etymology. Etymological analysis of the words «hob», «bad» is carried out at the phonemic, morphemic, lexemic and syntagmatic levels, i.e. it is subjected to a comprehensive analysis. As a result of comprehensive consideration of the Turkic etymon «ot» in aspects of the semantics of root words, derived words semantics and the semantics of the complex words we can conclude that archiseme of the etymon «hob» – value is «hollow, convex», that archisemes of the etymon «bad»: in the Turkic languages «face», in Arabic «desert, thirst», in persian «bad».

Issues and challenges with changing perspectives of outraging the modesty of women in India

The number of women's rights violations is steadily rising. This has taken a toll on women's life, causing mental and physical suffering. In Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, the concept of outraging women's modesty is thoroughly defined. The use of violence or illegal force with the goal to dishonor a person without any grave provocation is covered by Section 355. Furthermore, section 509 makes outraging modesty a crime. It is common knowledge that features of assault and unlawful force demand extensive explanation. It's difficult to deny that these offences have been on the rise in society. However, it has been noted that the abuse of these specialized and important legislation is widespread. Additional provisions appear to have been added as a result of the code modifications. This study seeks to examine the legal interpretations of Sections 354 and 509, as well as the current situation and the continued misuse of the laws. This Paper also attempts to analyze the interpretations made by courts in various situations and proposes modifications to strengthen the laws in light of changing circumstances, with a particular focus on the in-depth meaning of assault, criminal force, and other key phrases in that respect.

Teaching English Language Vocabulary to EFL Learners in the Arab Region: A Preliminary Reading

This study is intended to have an in-depth discussion on the chief subject of this research paper, which is the most appropriate method of teaching English language vocabulary to EFL learners in the Arab region. To conduct this study, the two researchers investigated and gathered a large set of notable sources of information and research papers having dealt with vocabulary instruction to find an answer to the main question of this study. Both researchers attempted to provide theoretical coverage of specific areas applicable to English language vocabulary instruction. This theoretical coverage investigated the basic methods and strategies employed by each one of them, which specialists have classified as specific media for teaching vocabulary. They are, in order, Grammar-translation, Direct Method, Audio-lingual, Total-physical Response and Communicative Learning. These methods have proven their efficiency, seriousness, quality, and practical validity in educational circles, whether there or here in the Arab region. However, these methods, despite their importance, did not prove their worth as did other simple techniques and strategies that were effective and more influential on the EFL learners. These include the use of visual aids, bi-lingual dictionaries, the introduction of repeated verbal/written drills and guesswork exercises to find the appropriate meanings of words or phrases. To attain such conclusions, the collected data ought to be comprehensive and insightful, with study results arising from detailed review of related literature.

Comparison of english and uzbek proverbs

A proverb is a concise, figurative, meaningful, and wise phrase or sentence created by a person based on life experience, usually with instruction. Proverbs show life experiences of the ancestors with their attitudes toward society, history, mood, ethical and aesthetic feelings, and positive qualities. It has been honed among the people for centuries, and has taken a concise and simple poetic form. Demonstrating the beauty of any language, the subtlety and charm of our speech, the logic of our intellect and thinking, such artistic layers is a vivid mirror of the centuries-old life experiences and way of life of our people. Proverbs are so common and have been used for centuries in lively conversations and interactions as well as in works of art and science. One of the factors that reflect the culture of the nation, the identity of the people, and the national values is the oral art of the people, which is unique to each nation.

Design of Tone Recognition System for Pipa Strings Based on Wireless Sensors

Pipa has been widely used as a wooden musical instrument as early as the Han period. It mainly relies on human fingers to pluck the strings to make sounds. The timbre of the pipa also has a very strong national characteristic. Understanding the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences requires tone recognition. For tone identification, the fundamental frequency conveys the most unique information. This paper summarizes the influence of the pipa’s characteristics, technology and skills of the player, and the player’s factors on the timbre of the pipa performance. In addition, given the problems of low accuracy and high data packet loss rate in the existing pipa playing tone recognition methods, this paper proposes a pipa string playing tone recognition algorithm based on wireless sensors. According to the sensor stage and weight-corresponding characteristics, on the premise of minimizing the total mean square error, the optimal weight corresponding to the sensor measurement value is found according to the adaptive mode. The unbiased estimated value of the measured value of each node is obtained through iterative calculation. The Euclidean distance between the measured value and the estimated value of each sensor obtained by the normalization process is used as the adaptive weighted recognition weight. It completes the conversion of the adaptive weighted recognition algorithm structure and the binary recognition result. The experimental results show that the proposed method has good tonal recognition accuracy in the pipa playing environment.

T'aengniji by Yi Chunghwan (1690–1756?): Land and Politics

Abstract This article examines T'aengniji (1751) by Yi Chunghwan (1690–1756?) in three different historical periods: late Chosǒn, the beginning of the 1910s, and the 1970s. These three stages were selected to compare how changes in Korean politics were reflected in the understanding of the book and in the understanding of the idea of sojunghwa 小中華, or Korea as “Little China,” in particular. These stages also depict the popularization of T'aengniji from its completion by Yi Chunghwan in manuscript form to its printing by Ch'oe Namsǒn (1890–1957) in 1912 and the first translations into Korean during Pak Chǒnghŭi's presidency (1963–79). A comparison of different T'aengniji manuscripts with the printed version by Ch'oe Namsǒn shows that the devotion to the Ming dynasty emphasized by Yi Chunghwan vanished in the beginning of the twentieth century under the pressure of the strong influence of social Darwinist ideas. The version by Ch'oe Namsǒn was used for the first translations from hanmun (Literary Sinitic) into modern Korean, thus changing the original meaning of many phrases. On the other hand, a Korea-centered T'aengniji that emphasized the importance of Korean history, geography, and culture contributed to the building of modern Korean ethnicity. Analysis of the same description of Mount Paektu in Yi Chunghwan's T'aengniji and Ch'oe Namsǒn's T'aengniji shows how one piece of information was read differently by different readers. Depending on the historical period when the book was read and the dominant political course of the time, the Korean Peninsula depicted in T'aengniji was either Confucian and sadae compliant or prosperous, strong, and autonomous.

THE STRUCTURE AND MEANING OF PHRASES WITH PREPOSITIONS "О" (ABOUT), "ПО" (ON), "ДЛЯ" (FOR) AND "С" (WITH), WHICH CORRESPOND TO PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE WITHOUT PREPOSITION IN PERSIAN

The article is devoted to the structural and semantic analysis of phrase with prepositions "о" (about), "по" (on), "для" (for) and "с" (with), which correspond to prepositional phrases without preposition in the Persian language. The research resources have been applied to current work include «Russian-Persian Dictionary by G.А. Voskanyan» [1] and «Comprehensive Dictionary "Sokhan"», edited by H. Anvari [10]. Russian phrases with prepositions cause various difficulties for Iranian students when translating into Persian or from Persian into Russian. The purpose of this work is a structural and semantic analysis of phrases with prepositions "о" (about), "по" (on), "для" (for) and "с" (with), as well as the analysis of the corresponding structures in the Persian language. The article shows that, Russian phrases with the mentioned prepositions that have the structure of "noun + preposition + noun" while expressing different meanings, correspond to the Persian phrases without prepositions that have different components of the word in their composition. The results can be used practically for teaching the Russian language to Iranian learners, as well as in order to minimize the mistakes of Iranian students when using and translating Russian phrases with these prepositions.

Automatic Labeling of Clusters for a Low-Resource Urdu Language

Document clustering techniques often produce clusters that require human intervention to interpret the meaning of such clusters. Automatic cluster labeling refers to the process of assigning a meaningful phrase to a cluster as a label. This article proposes an unsupervised method for cluster labeling that is based on noun phrase chunking. The proposed method is compared with four other statistical-based methods, including Z-Order, M-Order, T-Order, and YAKE. In addition to the statistical measures based labeling schemes, the approach is also compared with two graph-based techniques: TextRank and PositionRank. The experiments were performed on the low-resource Urdu language corpus of News Headlines. The proposed approach's effectiveness was evaluated using cosine similarity, the Jaccard index, and feedback received from human evaluators. The results show that the proposed method outperforms other methods. It was found that the labels produced were more relevant and semantically rich in contrast to other approaches.

‘Instafashion’, ‘adeventures’ and ‘gals on the go’: The creative use of English in Greek fashion magazines

AbstractThis paper examines the use of English in Greek fashion magazines. It assesses the frequency of the use of English in these media, uncovers its discourse forms and functions, and illustrates why English is being used in the first place. As it is shown, English mainly takes the form of naming and headings and what characterizes its use is creativity and innovation. Through language play, intertextual references, clips, deliberate spelling mistakes, and alternations of the intended meaning of idiomatic phrases, English has a variety of functions such as creating emphasis and attracting the reader’s attention. Like other settings where English bears a non-official status, the use of English features capitalizes on the symbolic and indexical value of this language. English is used because it symbolizes progression, innovation, and success and because it indexes knowledge of and association with globalized fashion and beauty discourses and styles circulating worldwide in fashion magazines, on social networking sites, and platforms. The findings of this study can be used to examine the extent of the homogenization of the fashion discourse worldwide while similar studies can be conducted with different types of media to compare the way that English is used in a variety of contexts in Greece and elsewhere.

AUTOMATIC TEXT TRANSLATION SYSTEM FOR ARTIFICIAL LLANGUAGES

The growing number and variety of artificial languages leads to the need and relevance of creating automatic dictionaries for their translation in order to facilitate human communication. Such languages include languages where vocabulary, phonetics, and grammar have been specifically designed to achieve specific goals and to communicate with a group of people by interests or place of residence. These languages can be distributed among people of certain professions or among neighboring nations. Examples are slang and surzhik. The common for them is that there is a basic language (literary), the intersection in spelling and meaning of words and phrases with which is quite large. The main goal of the project is to create a system of automatic translation of words and texts from / into arbitrary languages, including hybrid, artificial and slang ones. The proposed model shows the interaction and partial interdependence of the creation and adjustment modules and the translation module of the dictionary, which is explained by tacking the approach of reverse propagation of the translation error. To perform experiments and analyze the performance of the proposed approach to the organization of automatic translation of texts from and into arbitrary language, a software application was developed, which includes a subprogram of initial word processing for dictionary organization, one for creating a working dictionary and one for two-way improvement of created dictionary by the inclusion of new texts in order to improve the quality of translation, including the search for word phrases, idiom, and translation for them, the subprogram of dividing the dictionary into sub-dictionaries with a small percentage of text, the subprogram of the translator itself. To test and analyze the results of the proposed generalized model, three types of source texts were used: literary poetry translation, literary prose translation, literal prose translation. The results of the experiments showed that the proposed approach provides a high level of translation (up to 98,8%) in similar languages (between such languages as Ukrainian-Russian, or Ukrainian - Ukrainian-Russian surzhik wih equal word order in the sentence), especially with a literally translated source text. It has become known that the use of artistic texts to generate dictionaries is possible, but not very effective.

A dual framework for implicit and explicit emotion recognition: An ensemble of language models and computational linguistics

One of the research domains in the field of sentiment analysis is automatic emotion recognition in texts which is a worthy topic in human-computer interaction. Text processing has always faced many challenges. The main one is the structural and semantic differences of sentences which have had a significant impact on the malfunction of auto-recognition systems. This problem becomes more prominent in short texts in which words and their concurrences are limited and insufficient. As a result of this, word frequency and TF-IDF weighing cannot well represent the relationship between words and the appropriate feature vector, leading to an undesirable accuracy of emotion recognition. Thus, different strategies should be applied to improve the feature vector and to formulate the features properly. The desired strategy should be able to identify the words that can distinguish between classes well and also to find the relationships between words and meaningful phrases using natural language processing concepts. In this paper, a combination of emotional models, categorical and hierarchical, are used for an emotional text recognition which could discover simultaneously explicit and implicit emotion in a short text. Our approach called DuFER, proposed a weighed method which improves the feature vector using language models and computational linguistics through applying a modified TF-IDF weighing to words as well as Maximum Likelihood Estimation weighing to expressions. Four implicit and explicit emotion datasets are used for the experiments. The results show that the accuracy of both implicit and explicit emotion recognition has increased and DuFER is actually the first successful dual framework in recognizing implicit and explicit emotions from text.

PhraseAttn: Dynamic Slot Capsule Networks for phrase representation in Neural Machine Translation

Word representation plays a vital role in most Natural Language Processing systems, especially for Neural Machine Translation. It tends to capture semantic and similarity between individual words well, but struggle to represent the meaning of phrases or multi-word expressions. In this paper, we investigate a method to generate and use phrase information in a translation model. To generate phrase representations, a Primary Phrase Capsule network is first employed, then iteratively enhancing with a Slot Attention mechanism. Experiments on the IWSLT English to Vietnamese, French, and German datasets show that our proposed method consistently outperforms the baseline Transformer, and attains competitive results over the scaled Transformer with two times lower parameters.

REGISTER SEPAK BOLA DALAM BUKU SEPAK “DOLAR” BOLA KARYA AMIR MACHMUD NS

The purpose of this study is to describe 1) the forms of football registers used in the book “dolar” football by Amir Machmud NS; and 2) the meanings of football registers words and phrases used in the book “dolar” football by Amir Machmud NS. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques rafer to notice and record. The data analyses techniques in this study are 1) categorization; 2) presents the table; abalyses data; and taking conclusions. All findings data are chosen based on needing as much as 113 data conclusions of words and phrases from Indonesian, words and phrases fron English, and word and phrases that are a mixture of Indonesian and English. There are two findings in this research, 1) thirteen forms of football registers in the form of words and one hundred phrases totaling, with categories of verb words, nouns, numeral and categories of verb phrases, nouns phrases, adjective phrases; 2) the meaning of words and phrases of the football register is divided into two, namely the actual meaningful denotative or meaningful number of 45 and connotative or forty five meaningless words.

Topical Issues of Synonymous Comparisons in Jurisprudence (on the example of the Word «Interest»)

The study of numerous cases of applying the method of synonymous comparison of words and terms in the legal literature revealed that these comparisons are often made not at the level of words and terms, but at the level of concepts and categories, which is unacceptable from the point of view of the doctrine of synonymy Using specific examples of comparing the word «interest» with phrases in which this word is also used, the author substantiates inadmissibility of such comparisons. The paper explains the prospects for more active use in jurisprudence of certain concepts from the terminological apparatus of linguistics, in particular the terms «quasisynonym» and «engionim». The paper analyzes the long-term use of the terms «legitimate interest» and «legally protected interest» by the domestic legislator. It is shown that this happens due to the need to more accurately designate the real phenomenon, and for this, it is precisely those meanings by which these words and phrases differ that are most suitable. The author suggests that the legal approach to determining the meanings of such words and phrases cannot end with «declaring» them synonyms, but should focus on finding those significant differences between them, which give grounds to the legislator to use these quasi-synonyms.

Refleksje na temat dynamiczności i deliberatywności wykładni trudnych przypadków na przykładzie spraw dotyczących osób LGBTQ+

The article illustrates the numerous contexts and the multifaceted nature of the LGBTQ+ persons’ rights to citizenship, to have a correct civil status record, or to benefit from tax reductions or exemptions of on the same terms as other citizens, e.g., those in heterosexual unions. It shows how complicated it has become to adjudicate on matters that, in view of the subject-matter of regulation, should be relatively clear and predictable. Reflective interpretation of law makes it possible to take into account its non-eliminable changeability, as well as the fluidity of meaning of terms and phrases used in legal texts – factors which oblige the interpreter to refer to extra-linguistic contexts of interpretation, i.e., to functional and systemic arguments. The author considers that it is not possible to reach an adequate understanding of the current legal context without analysing the social and cultural context, especially when considering pluralism of values as the modus vivendi of a democratic society.

The methods of pathos expression in patriotic songs

The article concerns the phenomenon of pathos, which is considered a category in rhetoric, and the methods of its expression in Chinese patriotic songs. There has been a specific kind of pathos in patriotic songs, a heroic one. The lyrics and tunes of such songs contain the considerable extent of influence on a listener, and, therefore, they cause deep patriotic feelings in his or her heart. Tropes defined the figurative meaning of words and phrases are able to express solemnity and inspiration inherent in patriotic songs. There have been national, cultural, and linguistic features in tropes analyzed in the article.

«Әйел» концептісінің ұлттық-мәдени сипаты

One of the topics that will forever be studied in science and society is the issue of women. Names related to the concept of «woman» in the knowledge of the Kazakh people, language units, lexico-phraseological, paremiological units, concepts formed in the concept of the people, data confirming the concept of «woman» in modern artistic texts, which allow us to recognize the taste, attitude, feelings, psychology, diverse features of Kazakh women, determine their place in Kazakh culture. The most important issue is the definition of the role and place of woman in the life of society, in national culture, in the linguistic and cultural direction of the language data that characterize her, and the interpretation of the lexical-semantic, conceptual content of the concept of woman in the context of the level of background knowledge. The article considers the contribution of the phraseological system of the language to the modernization of the mentality inherent in a particular linguistic and cultural community. The concept of «woman» is based on the national character of the concept of woman as a whole, the linguistic and cultural features of the social consciousness and mentality of the two peoples, national values and views on the world, which are embodied in the phraseological fragment of the Kazakh world image. The research is aimed at a deeper understanding of the meaning of phraseological phrases used in the Kazakh language. Phraseological phrases indicate the place occupied by the female subject in modern society.

Morpho-Syntactic Properties of Kisukuma Nouns

The study focused on identifying the morphological properties found in Kisukuma nouns which make nouns different from other Bantu languages. The study was guided by distributed morphology theory developed by Halle and Marantz (1993). The study was purely qualitative approach whereby data were collected through questionnaires, documentation review as well as focused group discussion. Ten respondents who were the native speakers of the Kimunantunzu dialect of Kisukuma age of forty-one to eighty were chosen. The study found that the interrelation between morphology and syntax in Kisukuma nouns can be analyzed without ignoring the morpho-syntactic properties. Moreover, it was found that the agreement properties are triggered by the nouns. That is to say, nouns determine what other elements could co-occur with them and bring a meaningful sentence or phrase. Also affixes are very important in forming nouns in Kisukuma just like in other Bantu languages. The researcher recommends that more interrelation studies to be investigated on the other levels of linguistics as well as distinction among the dialects of Kisukuma.

한국 비결가사 연구: 비결에서 비결가사로의 전환과 전개

This paper aims to see how thoughts of Chŏng’s Predictions (鄭鑑錄) changes to divinatory prose-poetry (秘訣歌辭). The opportunity for this transformation was achieved through Eastern Learning (東學), and the thoughts of Chŏng’s Predictions are critically accepted and transformed and developed into the divinatory prose-poetry. Like the Chŏng’s Predictions, the divinatory prose-poetry is the prose-poetry that informs the time of danger in the future and suggests ways to get out of that danger. Divinatory prose-poetry suggests a new interpretation of the meaning of secret phrases or secret words hidden in the existing Chŏng’s Predictions. The theme and content of the divinatory prose-poetry are closely related to the secrets of the existing Chŏng’s Predictions. While accepting the prophetic signifier that is familiar and important to the popular audience, it goes through a process of appropriation that converts the signified into the content of the new religion. The divinatory poetry accepts and subverts the thought of Chŏng’s Predictions. The subject is the following divinatory prose-poetry: The Song of Kung-ŭl (弓乙歌), The Song of Gathering Medicinal Herbs (採芝歌), The Song of knowing to stop (知止歌), prose-poetry in Kyŏgamyurok (格菴遺錄). This thesis aims to estimate the writing date of these prose-poetry and investigate the transition and development process.

FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC FIELD OF GRADUATION CATEGORY IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

There are a lot of scientific researches on semantic relations in world languages, in particular, the study of the status of graduality as a general linguistic phenomenon. Since gradation plays a special role in human cognitive activity, in determining the pragmatic aspect of speech acts, it is important to conduct a scientific research on the description of gradation, classification, peculiarities of expressions in non-relative languages. Particular attention is paid to the research aimed at revealing the similarities and differences of cognitive, semantic and pragmatic features of languages of different typological nature. The status of gradation is defined differently by linguists, which can be explained by the complexity, versatility, and prevalence of this phenomenon in a language.Gradual relations are marked in the categories of semantics, parts of speech, functional-semantic categories, complex syntactic structures, grammatical meaning, categorical signs, speech lexicon, in the system of connotational meanings of words and phrases, internal text gradation in complex sentences, and so on.This, in turn, indicates how broad the scope of the research on linguistic gradation is. Defining the essence of the category of gradation implies the study of it together with the relevant logical-philosophical concepts. In philosophy, gradation is not distinguished as an important concept. While it is related to concepts such as quality, quantity, and measurement on the one hand, we can observe that it is inextricably linked with the concept of action on the other. Accordingly, in this article, qualitative and quantitative signs serve as a criterion for the formation of systematically related dialectical integrity. Based on the theory of measurement, the grading process can be expressed in the form of a scale that records each phase of change using special signs.In this way, the ontological nature of gradation is defined by some linguists, that is, gradation is classified as a scale represented in steps as a variable object. The phenomenon of gradation exists in the language system, as noted above, and requires in-depth study in semantic and functional terms. Gradual sign, as a sign of change, is a phenomenon that is manifested, to a certain extent, or another, which is characterized by size, relativity, and variability.The functional-semantic features of gradation require a cognitive approach. This approach implies that a language is studied not only as a unique object but also as a means of relating to all the textual processes that take place in the human mind.