Ethical Meaning Research Articles

ANCIENT GREEK EXPERIENCE OF POLITICAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF OIKONOMIA AS A BALANCE OF INDIVIDUAL AND GENERAL

The paper examines the political and legal means and ethical principles of harmonizing the interests of the individual and the general in the economic activity of ancient Greek society in the 8th–4th centuries BC. Explore the reform of the economic sphere, reveal the meaning of oikonomia, its structural components in the imagination and state legal practice of the ancient Greeks, highlight the shortcomings of legal regulation in matters of capital accumulation to level out the contradictions of the individual and the general. The ancient Greeks were aware of the antagonism between the individual and the general, understood the dynamic essence of their relationship and formed ethical and legal means of harmonizing the manifested contradiction. As a result of the pan-Athenian agreement, polic was determined as the dominant sphere, where oikonomia acted as a separate subject of citizen activity and consisted of three meanings: a) archaic form of blood-family economic activity, closed in itself, despotic in its essence and therefore destructive for the general; b) a household that naturally provides everything necessary for a patriarchal family and provides the opportunity for its owner to become a “master of industrial relations management.” Individual management experience ensures freedom for each citizen and can promote the interests of the general; c) chremastics is an element of оікіа. This type of activity, under the influence of egocentrism and an anti-human position, naturally threatens the common because it destroys the solidarity and democratic foundations of the policy. Therefore, certain types of chremastics (usury) were prohibited, and the type of activity itself was placed under ethical and legal control – in the form of voluntary charity. This policy was not effective and the way of managing authority was replaced by the state-legal way of managing domestic policy. Since the formation of the professional state apparatus and the formation of the Athenian Empire, oikonomia and chremastics have been transformed from a multiple phenomenon of the internal life of policy into a political lever of the external activities of the state. Athens was transformed into a large archaic оікіа – the majority of citizens and the state itself were enriched unlimitedly. Chremastics have become the dominant activity and value of the public sphere in Athens. This became one of the levers of a new imbalance of individual and general interests, the decline of ancient Greek civilization.

Genre and Style Metamorphoses of German Choral Cantata of 18th-19th Centuries

The purpose of the work is to reveal the genre-stylistic and spiritual-content instructions of the German choral cantata and the peculiarities of its existence in the musical-historical tradition of the 18th-19th centuries. The methodology of the work has a complex nature and is based on a combination of the principles of interdisciplinary, historical-typological, hermeneutic, art history and genre-stylistic research methods. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that, for the first time, it offers a generalisation of the poetic-intonational specificity of the German spiritual cantata of the 18th-19th centuries and its genre-stylistic metamorphoses in the specified period. Conclusions. The genre specificity of the German spiritual cantata is determined by its contact with the liturgical practice of the German Protestant church. This genre is directly related to the church sermon and therefore was called "sermon music", "motet", "concert", "dialogue", summarised by the concept of Hauptmusik ("Main music of the day"). The contact of the German spiritual cantata with its Italian analogues and opera did not exclude the presence of original features in it, among which the Protestant chorale, based on traditional for the 18th-19th centuries, dominates. polyphonic forms, on the significant role of the instrumental beginning. An essential feature of the genre can be considered its figurative and semantic focus on the reproduction of the sacred aspects of a person's life path, their spiritual ascent-transformation, interpreted in the context of the instructions of the Lutheran faith. The German romantic cantata, represented in the works of R. Schumann, F. Mendelssohn, R. Wagner, and J. Brahms, on the one hand, reflected a wide genre and style spectrum of the creative searches of the named authors, within the framework of which the cantata was synthesised with the typology of various genres – from chamber a vocal cycle, a leader's play up to an oratorio, a dramatic scene (in the works of R. Schuman). On the other hand, the romantics' appeal to the poetics of the choral cantata symbolised the revival of the German spiritual and musical tradition, summarised by the name of J. S. Bach, which was directly reproduced in the cantata compositions of F. Mendelssohn, R. Wagner ("The Brotherly Meal of the Apostles") and works of Y. Brahms. Despite all the differences in the textual basis of the works of the named authors and their aesthetic guidelines (Y. V. Goethe, M. Horn, T. Moore, paraphrases of biblical texts), their unifying quality is the "memory of the genre", focused on the reproduction of the individual's spiritual path and the high didactic and ethical meaning of their inner transformation.

Ethical self-efficacy among healthcare professionals caring for people with dementia: a brief pre- and post-report on the CARE intervention

BackgroundInterventions targeting healthcare professionals’ confidence in managing ethical issues in dementia care are limited despite documented positive effects of educational programs on staff knowledge and self-efficacy. However, inconsistencies in the literature regarding the impact of educational programs underscore the need for targeted interventions. The CARE intervention, specifically designed to enhance confidence in ethical decision-making, aims to address this gap. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the CARE intervention in enhancing the ethical self-efficacy of healthcare professionals caring for people with dementia, particularly those with initially low levels of self-efficacy.MethodsUsing a non-experimental pre-post evaluation design, the CARE intervention was administered to healthcare professionals (n = 86), measuring ethical self-efficacy pre-and post-intervention. We hypothesized significant differences in ethical self-efficacy mean scores pre- and post-intervention for all participants, particularly those with low pre-measurement scores, whom we expected to benefit most from the intervention. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests and Wilcoxon tests for the low pre-measurement subgroup analysis.ResultsWhile no significant change was observed in the entire sample, participants with low initial self-efficacy showed a statistically significant improvement post-intervention.ConclusionsThe CARE intervention holds promise in improving ethical self-efficacy among healthcare professionals with initial low confidence levels. Targeted interventions are essential in addressing confidence gaps in managing ethical challenges in dementia care, with implications for professional well-being and quality of care. Further research should explore long-term effects and expand sample size to enhance generalizability and sustainability of findings.

Martin Buber’s Small Theological–Political Tractate The Question to the Single One as a Call for Intersubjective Action

Abstract Martin Buber saw The Question to the Single One (his small theological–political tractate) as an addition that completed his dialogical work I and Thou by broadening dialogical thought to the theological–political–social level. This article presents new findings regarding the tractate’s composition. Furthermore, it delves into the concealed depth of meaning behind Buber’s argument with Søren Kierkegaard which is revealed from within the historical context of Nazi Germany. Indeed, the work is a brave and daring call to the German Christian as a single one standing before God, rousing him to behave in the intersubjective realm according to his obligation to social–political responsibility in response to God’s command. The ethical meaning deviates here from the historical: it constitutes a timeless call for action and responsible theo-political behavior on the social–political plane, which is relevant to our time; an ethical relationship with every other person, and deciding in favor of truth, even at the cost of opposing one’s own collective.

Virtual Clinical Trials - Implications of Computer Simulations and Artificial Intelligence for Musculoskeletal Research.

In silico clinical trials, particularly when augmented with artificial intelligence methods, represent an innovative approach with much to offer, particularly in the musculoskeletal field. They are a cost-effective, efficient, and ethical means of evaluating treatments and interventions by supplementing and/or augmenting traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs). While they are not a panacea and should not replace traditional RCTs, their integration into the research process promises to accelerate medical advancements and improve patient outcomes. To accomplish this, a multidisciplinary approach is needed, and collaboration is instrumental. With advances in computing and analytical prowess, and by adhering to the tenets of team science, realization of such a novel integrative approach toward clinical trials may not be far from providing far-reaching contributions to medical research. As such, by harnessing the power of in silico clinical trials, investigators can potentially unlock new possibilities in treatment and intervention for ultimately improving patient care and outcomes.

Foreclosure, Disclosure, and Political Engagement

Abstract Considering the increased institutionalization of scholar-activist research across many university contexts, this reflection critically engages the assumed harmony between scholarship and activism in migration research. Collaboratively authored by eight academics at various disciplinary, geographic, gendered/racialized, and career-level junctures, the article examines the commitments, aspirations, anxieties, and contradictions of activist scholarship. The reflection elaborates on concepts such as accompaniment, reciprocity, foreclosure, disclosure, and impact, putting a finer point on what responsible, ethical, and political research means in the neoliberal university today. The discussion develops insights from a 2023 workshop, convened by Noor Amr and Katharyne Mitchell, at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity in Göttingen, Germany.

Makna Etis dan Estetis pada Tari Tradisional Aceh, Betawi, Bali, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Papua

Discussions about ethical and aesthetic meaning in art, especially traditional dance will always be an interesting study to discuss amidst technological developments and globalization. This research aims to examine and describe the ethical, ethical, and aesthetic values of traditional Indonesian dance consisting of the regions of Aceh, Java, Kalimantan, Bali, Sulawesi, and Papua. The problem discussed in this research is what is the ethical and aesthetic meaning of traditional dance in Indonesia? This type of research is qualitative using a descriptive-analytical approach. The use of this qualitative method can provide more comprehensive knowledge results because it emphasizes process and meaning. Data collection in this research was carried out by interviews with dance maestros, cultural figures, choreographers, and dance academics. This research can provide a comprehensive understanding of the diversity of Indonesian traditional dance to expand the scope of knowledge of arts and culture. The results of this research show that traditional dances from the six selected regions have similarities in terms of geography, themes, and clothing. In general, the birth of traditional dance in these six regions was created from two regions, namely the coast and the mountains. Three big themes are usually raised in traditional dance, namely ritual, war, and entertainment. Clothing in the six selected regions has different characteristics. This difference has of course been regulated by the traditions and customs of the people who believe in it so that it becomes an ethic and aesthetic in a dance performance.

The Urgency of Social Ethics in Santri Tradition at Muhammadiyah's Pesantren

This research aims to analyze the characteristics of social ethics in Santri (student) traditions, symbols and symbolic meanings of social ethics in Santri traditions, and the urgency of social ethics in the context of developing Santri traditions. The approach in this research is a case study in Pondok Pesantren Modern Al-Manar Muhammadiyah Boarding School Ogan Komering Ilir. Data collection used observation, interview, and documentation techniques. At the same time, the research data was analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques, such as the Miles & Huberman model. The results showed that the characteristics of social ethics in the Santri tradition can be identified into four forms of social action, namely instrumental rationality action, value-oriented rationality actions, traditional actions, and affective actions. As the perpetrators of the tradition, Santri only understands the Santri tradition in its theological and sociological meanings. Ustaz (teacher), as the shaper of the Santri tradition, understands the sense of tradition in various contexts, namely theological, philosophical, sociological, psychological, political, economic, and cultural. The urgency of social ethics in the context of developing the Santri tradition is as a value system in the process of forming the Santri tradition, as a code of ethics contained in the Santri tradition, and as a moral philosophy to explain the existence of the Santri tradition.

노인맞춤돌봄서비스 현장에서 ICT 활용과 사회복지 종사자의 전문가 윤리 기반 실천경험 연구

The use of science and technology and ethical considerations have recently been applied to the field of social welfare, and professional ethics for social welfare workers is emerging as a major task. In order to actively reflect these changes of the times, the ‘Korean Code of Ethics for Social Workers’ was revised in 2023 to strengthen the scientific and technological ethical standards of social workers. This study explored the meaning and limitations of social worker professional ethics for dedicated social workers who provide ICT services, focusing on customized care services for the elderly. In addition, directions for the use of science and technology and the professional development of social workers were proposed. To conduct this research In-depth interviews were conducted with five social workers working in customized care services for the elderly and analyzed using a qualitative case study method. As a result of the study, it was analyzed that 1) “Recognition of the need for training related to the use of ICT care devices and insufficient ethics education system”, 2) “Ethical issues that prevent workers from developing expertise and expanding services related to the use of ICT”, 3) “Ethical issues due to the structure of ICT safety support services that require sacrifices of workers”, 4) “Ethical issues due to personal information protection infringement and absence of alternative services that occur when responding to safety support”, 5) “Providing ICT devices with low technological acceptability to clients It was analyzed as an “ethical problem that arises from its use.”Based on the results of this study, policy and practical approaches and alternatives were presented to improve social welfare expertise related to the use of science and technology.

An ethical «turn» in epistemology

The work is devoted to the issue of expanding the problematic field of epistemology and rethinking its fundamental concepts in the light of human subjectivity. The place and role of philosophical epistemology in the complex of modern studies of cognition, its characteristics are considered: the focus on finding the relationship between the cognitive and ethical meanings of cognition, the correlation of epistemological problems and existential issues of human existence. The difference between humanistic and technocratic rationality is substantiated.

KONSEP KEPEMILIKAN HARTA DALAM ISLAM

Property in Islam is a significant concept that encompasses various aspects such as ownership, distribution, and utilization. Islam emphasizes the importance of legal and transparent ownership, where wealth must be acquired through honest and ethical means. Unethical practices like theft and usury are strictly prohibited. Fair distribution of wealth is also emphasized, as seen in the obligation of zakat, a mandatory payment given to those in need. Islam promotes the idea that wealth should not be selfishly retained by a few, but should be fairly distributed to benefit society as a whole. Additionally, Islam highlights responsible utilization of property. While recognizing individual property rights, Islam also emphasizes the responsible and conscientious use of wealth. Overall, the concept of property in Islam is grounded in principles of integrity, fairness, and responsible stewardship.

Gratitude, freedom and refusal

ABSTRACT This paper is an exploration of gratitude as a fundamental concept in psychoanalysis. Melanie Klein’s classic article “Envy and Gratitude” (1957) named gratitude at one pole on an axis of human suffering and flourishing, but with a few notable exceptions, the article stimulated research into envy. This paper explores the historical and philosophical traditions that have, to some extent unconsciously, influenced our contemporary understandings of gratitude. The paper also works to explore the social and ethical meanings of gratitude as well as gratitude’s psychoanalytic significance. The aim is to uncover the overall psychic significance of gratitude and its place in human flourishing.

Вл.С. Соловьев и «Новое время»: жанровое разнообразие философской публицистики

The traditional connection between philosophy, literature and journalism in Russian culture has led to increased interest in issues of social development, the meaning of human existence, morality and ethics on the pages of small periodicals, weekly and daily newspapers. Often judgments about new trends in literature (F. Bulgakov, N. Engelhardt, P. Weinberg, etc.) turned into independent philosophical and journalistic statements. The article updates the term “philosophical journalism” in the context of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. The specificity and genre diversity of this phenomenon are revealed through the analysis of texts associated with the name of Vl. Solovyov in the newspaper “Novoye Vremya”. In this regard, special attention is paid to the controversy between S. Syromyatnikov and P. Parensov, which reflects not only the perception of the ideological and philosophical system of Vl. Solovyov by the authors of a popular periodical, but mainly one of the ways of forming philosophical journalism of the Silver Age. 510 issues of the newspaper “Novoye Vremya” (November–December 1902, February–December 1903, February–May 1904) were selected as sources.

The content of the process of forming the ethical responsibility of cadets in the conditions of training in a departmental university of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia

The article reveals the need to prepare a cadet – a future employee of the Penal System, who is characterized by ethical responsibility as a systemic personal formation, which has the meaning of value as a set of relations of the future employee of the Penal System to official activities, to people involved in the sphere of this activity, to himself as a subject of such activity, realized (systemic personal formation) in the activities of the Penal System employee through a set of personal qualities that determine the implementation of moral choice by the Penal System employee in the process of professional activity and form the content of ethical responsibility as a personal quality. The article proposes a definition of the concept of «ethical responsibility of a cadet of a departmental university of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia – a future employee of the Penitentiary System» and its substantive content (values, relationships, personal qualities). It is substantiated that the content of the process of forming the ethical responsibility of cadets is based on scientific ideas about the professional ethics of a Penitentiary System employee, about the ethical meaning of the requirements imposed on him, concretized in the values and personal qualities that characterize the ethical responsibility of cadets. It is argued that the implementation of this content is carried out through the identification in the material of academic disciplines and extracurricular educational work of values that determine the cadet's attitude to official activities, to the people involved in it and to himself as its subject, introducing the cadet to these values and developing his personal qualities, through which the external expression of these relationships is carried out. Examples of the implementation of the content of the process of forming the ethical responsibility of cadets are given: classes in academic disciplines and events within the framework of extracurricular educational work, which introduce cadets to values and develop qualities, then implemented within the framework of industrial practice.

FUNCTIONS OF ETIQUETTE IN THE POETICS OF F. M. DOSTOEVSKY’S NOVEL “DEMONS”

The article clarifies the value function of etiquette in the novel “Demons,” identifies communicative situations in which observance of etiquette or, conversely, departure from generally accepted norms of behavior affects the characters and beliefs of the characters. Noble, folk and folk-poetic (epic, fairy-tale) etiquette are considered. Various forms of his expression are analyzed — through the character’s speech, gestures, facial expressions, actions. The importance of moral attitudes that determine the ethics and the inner world of a person is demonstrated, reflecting to a greater extent in the external way of acting and relationships than the knowledge of the secular manners and communication culture. Despite the decent manners noted by the chronicler, Pyotr Verkhovensky regularly wanted to offend and insult his interlocutors; Stepan Trofimovich’s external untidiness appears along with his bad habits and inclinations; Verkhovensky’s “five” created a special behavioral narrative demonstrating their views and immoral appearance; the degraded and slovenly Lebyadkin begins to jauntily observe the etiquette when he sees a personal benefit in it. The different styles of the characters’ etiquette behavior allowed to identify a peculiar typology of heroes, in which, on the one side are the characters with elegant manners, but without a moral core, occupy diametric positions, on the other hand — heroes who are far removed from refined education, but not devoid of moral principles and virtues. Dostoevsky shows various functions of etiquette, many of which turned out to be a manifestation of the lack of the characters’ spirituality and served as a means to achieve their selfish goals. In addition to secular etiquette, elements of national consciousness are introduced into the poetics of the work. At its core are the Orthodox faith and love for Christ, which was a genuine ethical guideline for Dostoevsky. The convergence of the noble world with the folk world formed new value concepts of the novel’s characters, which was implemented in external behavior. The inclusion of folk culture in the cultural context introduced into the work complementary religious and ethical meanings inseparable from goodness and truth, which were significant for Dostoevsky.

Cultural Intermediation and Civil Society: Towards a Hermeneutically Strong Conception

Literary fiction narrates ethical and moral meaning. It is rich with ethical conceptions of the good life and expressions of moral universalism, and it assumes a meaningful role in civil society through this richness. And yet, existing conceptions of cultural intermediation do not consider this richness; they are reductive in the way they focus on the social-structural space in between author and reader. Cultural intermediation is trimmed down to competition and generalizations of taste and aesthetic acclaim without considering cultural meaningfulness. In this article, I propose and discuss a new conception of cultural intermediation that builds a bridge between understanding the production and reception of literature in social-structural terms and society’s civil discourse. I draw on a diverse set of authors from philosophy and cultural sociology – discourse ethics and civil sphere theory in particular – to form a critique of intermediation. I conceptualize what it means to claim that literary text is a morally meaningful medium in three different ways: productive intermediation, receptive intermediation and critical intermediation. And I highlight that literary fiction is not culture per se, but that it enables actors to mediate culture. From authors along with agents, publishers, distributors and critics towards readers, literary text is embedded in culture-specific context. This is a hermeneutically strong conception of cultural intermediation that contributes to a meaning-centred sociology of literature.

Ethics and Integrity in Research: Why Bridging the Gap Between Ethics and Integrity Matters

Ethics and integrity should be intertwined within the concept of Responsible Research. Integrity Officers should also be Ethics Officers, enforcing compliance with rules and norms, but also raising awareness on the meaning of ethics in researchers’ daily work. Paul Ricoeur’s definition of Ethics – “the aim of living a good life with and for others in just institutions” (Ricoeur in Oneself as Another. University of Chicago Press, 1994) –, points out the relational dimension of Ethics that matters to all the stakeholders in scientific research. The dialogical interaction between Ethics and Integrity can help to prevent researchers from assuming self-regulation as the only possible path to be followed. In this paper, the challenges and the opportunities posed by this approach will be outlined and discussed, mainly, the challenges of building trust bottom up, while setting up restrictions to comply with rules and norms top down. Concerning the opportunities, the focus will be on making better science and building a solid network among the various stakeholders of the research system.

Simone Weil et les dimensions mystiques de la nourriture

This article aims to examine the mystical meanings of food in the texts Gravity and Grace, Waiting for God, and First and Last Notebooks by the French philosopher Simone Weil (1909-1943). The main questions posed over the course of this study are as follows: How does Weil interpret food in her mystical texts? What relationship do her ideas have with her context of the Second World War, with Judaism, with her body? Are biomedical understandings of behavior, such as anorexia nervosa, applicable to Weil? The methodology will involve an in-depth reading of the three texts mentioned above, sketching the key theories of decreation and affliction. The main thesis of the paper is that food has an irremediably ambiguous status in Weil, marking both the degrading subjection of the human being to the earthly laws of necessity and gravity, and paradoxically, a path to salvation, where, through the spiritual transformation of decreation, the human being eats and is eaten by God. The author argues that this quasi-Christian mysticism must first be understood in Weil’s context of the Second World War, and that it also involves a problematic relationship with Judaism. Moreover, this study contends that interpretations utilizing primarily medical frameworks to understand Weil's food deprivation, such as anorexia nervosa, are insufficient. Such pathologization, as will be demonstrated, neglects the complex and often ambiguous mystical, ethical, and ontological meanings that Weil locates in hunger.

Sudut Pandang Islam Tentang Perjalanan dan Tujuan Hidup Manusia

This journal discusses the journey and purpose of human life from an Islamic perspective. It aims to provide more understanding about human life spiritually according to Islamic teachings. The study draws on various primary and secondary sources, including the Quran, which is the holy book revealed to mankind through the Prophet Muhammad, and the hadith. An interdisciplinary approach is used to integrate Islamic concepts with modern scientific understanding of human life. The study explores the meaning of ethics, virtue, and blessings in an Islamic perspective on the human life journey. It highlights the importance of living a life of good morals and benefitting others, with the aim of achieving success, happiness, and a good afterlife. The findings can deepen people's understanding of the purpose of life and inspire them to live a charitable and pious lifestyle, and not to be a vain creation of Allah but to be His Khalifah on earth.

Reading the Meaning of the Realization of a Residential House in Tenganan Pegringsingan Village, Bali using the Hermeneutic Method

Discussion of traditional architecture is still interesting to do because of the high meaning in it. Including traditional Balinese architecture, more precisely the house in Tenganan Pegringsingan Village. The house for the indigenous people of Tenganan Pegingsringan Village consists of several building periods, including Bale Buga, Sanggah, Bale Meten, Bale Tengah and Paon. The aim of the study was to analyze the meaning of the embodiment of a residential house in Tenganan Pegringsingan Village, Bali using the hermeneutic method. The research method used is a qualitative method with primary data from direct observation in the form of photographs, interviews and secondary data from literacy which is then compiled, the two data can be analyzed using a hermeneutic approach to obtain results and conclusions. The meaning of the house in the village of Tenganan Pegingsringan was born from the activities of its users who have the same values and expressions. Different users from community groups based on village manners have the same residential meaning. The meaning of the house form in Tenganan Pegingsringan Village has ritual, symbolic, ethical, religious and sustainable meanings.