Mean Monthly Temperature Research Articles

Dependence of maize yield on hydrothermal factors in various agro-climatic zones of the Rostov region of Russia in the context of climate change.

Trends in mean monthly temperature and precipitation during the growing season and their effects on the maize yield were analyzed at the Zimovnikovsky (Zim) and Rostov (Ros) state variety plots (SVPs), located in different agro-climatic zones of the Rostov region. For these two SVPs, in the period of 1975-2019, the Mann-Kendall test showed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in mean temperature (0.70 and 0.52°C/decade) and a trend of decreased total precipitation (- 14.81 and - 10.40mm/decade) during the maize growing season. The dependence of the maize yield on hydrothermal factors was estimated for the period of 2011-2019 using the Pearson correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). The mean temperature in September at Zim negatively (r = - 0.78), and in June at Ros positively (r = 0.77) correlated with yield, which explained, according to the value of the coefficient of determination (R2), up to 60.7% and 58.7%, respectively, of the interannual variability of the maize yield. The precipitation in July at the Zim and Ros positively correlated (r = 0.75 and r = 0.71) with yield and explained up to 55.9% and 50.6%, respectively, of the interannual variability of the maize yield. The total amount of precipitation during the growing season at Zim was the dominant factor, explaining up to 75.7% of the interannual variability of maize yield. The continuation of the observed climatic trends during the growing season could lead in the next decade to both a decrease in the maize yield by an average of 0.25 t/ha at Zim and an increase in the maize yield by an average of 0.42 t/ha at Ros.

Quality assessment of surface temperature reproduction by a model archive, the COSMO-CLM Russian Arctic hindcast, based on station data

The COSMO-CLM Russian Arctic hindcast data are compared with station data on monthly and long-term timescales using surface air temperature data at 146 weather stations in the study region. Some of the climatological ETCDDI indices are calculated, and the quality of the model archive reproduction of mean and extreme 2 m temperatures is evaluated. Generally, the hindcast succeeds in reproducing the thermal regime of the Arctic. The existing errors are caused by the large distances of the nearest model grid points from a station and the inaccuracies in the coastline or surface elevation description. The model underestimates the mean monthly temperatures by one degree on the average. The hindcast shows a tendency to underestimate the temperatures in the western part of the region, which has a mild climate, and to overestimate the low temperatures in the severe climate regions.

Influence of Monsoon Climate on Chemical Weathering of Granitic Regoliths

AbstractChemical weathering of silicates is a key process regulating global climate and biogeochemical cycles. However, little consensus has emerged on whether and how climate controls the chemical weathering of regolith. We present data on climate, geochemistry, and denudation rates of six low‐gradient granitic regoliths in the summer monsoon region. We used the time‐integrated Na loss rate (QNa) and chemical depletion fraction (CDF) to indicate plagioclase weathering and total weathering, respectively. Most profiles are primarily influenced by supply‐limited weathering (i.e., tectonic control on weathering), while the weak insignificant correlations between CDF or QNa and erosion rates or slopes suggest that tectonics and topography did not have the major control on weathering. In contrast, annual mean temperature (MAT) and annual mean water availability (MAP‐MAPET) strongly regulate weathering (QNa and CDF) exponentially, likely because of the approximately synergistic effects of temperature and water availability in the monsoon climate. The total sufficient monthly mean temperature (MMT) and monthly mean water availability (MMP‐MMPET) are utilized to further evaluate the relative influence of climate on CDF and QNa. The results suggest that total MMT and MMP‐MMPET both strongly influence CDF exponentially and linearly, respectively. However, total MMT and MMP‐MMPET show significant exponential correlations with QNa. The different effects of water availability imply that total weathering responding to variations in water availability is probably less sensitive than plagioclase weathering. The influence of climate on weathering on a large scale through MAT and MAP needs to be interpreted with caution due to the seasonal discrepancy of temperature and water availability.

Effects of Climate Change on Hydrology in the Most Relevant Mining Basin in the Eastern Legal Amazon

The Itacaiúnas River basin, an important watershed for the mining sector in Brazil, has had 51% of its native forest area deforested in the last forty years. It is in the arc of deforestation of the Amazon. It has protected areas essential to local biodiversity maintenance, in addition to owning ore reserves. Here, we present the first study to assess the mean annual, seasonal, and spatialized hydrological processes, providing results on a detailed scale in the basin, including mining sites. We used five future projections of mean monthly temperature and daily precipitation as input to the MGB hydrological model to simulate how hydrological processes, such as evapotranspiration, water availability, and high flows, may change in the next 30 years. The future decrease in precipitation (−8%) and increase in temperature (10%) may strengthen the monsoon seasonal cycle and lengthen the dry month for evapotranspiration. Furthermore, some parts of the basin expect an increase in the high flows (8.1%) and a decrease in water availability (−93.6%). These results provide subsidies to develop adaptation strategies to ensure the viability of mining operations and safeguard the surrounding environment and communities.

Timescale analyses of fluctuations in coexisting populations of a native and invasive tree squirrel.

Competition from invasive species is an increasing threat to biodiversity. In Southern California, the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus, WGS) is facing competition from the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger, FS), an invasive congener.We used spectral methods to analyze 140 consecutive monthly censuses of WGS and FS within a 11.3 ha section of the California Botanic Garden. Variation in the numbers for both species and their synchrony was distributed across long timescales (>15 months).After filtering out annual changes, concurrent mean monthly temperatures from nearby Ontario Airport yielded a spectrum with a large semi‐annual peak and significant spectral power at long timescales (>28 months). The cospectrum between WGS numbers and temperature revealed a significant negative correlation at long timescales (>35 months). Cospectra also revealed significant negative correlations with temperature at a six‐month timescale for both WGS and FS.Simulations from a model of two competing species indicate that the risk of extinction for the weaker competitor increases quickly as environmental noise shifts from short to long timescales.We analyzed the timescales of fluctuations in detrended mean annual temperatures for the time period 1915–2014 from 1218 locations across the continental USA. In the last two decades, significant shifts from short to long timescales have occurred, from <3 years to 4–6 years.Our results indicate that (i) population fluctuations in co‐occurring native and invasive tree squirrels are synchronous, occur over long timescales, and may be driven by fluctuations in environmental conditions; (ii) long timescale population fluctuations increase the risk of extinction in competing species, especially for the inferior competitor; and (iii) the timescales of interannual environmental fluctuations may be increasing from recent historical values. These results have broad implications for the impact of climate change on the maintenance of biodiversity.

Spatiotemporal analysis of environmental and physiographic factors related to malaria in Bareilly district, India.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore the spatiotemporal clustering of reported malaria cases and to study the effects of various environmental and physiographic factors on malaria incidence in Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh, India.Methods Malaria surveillance data were collected from the state health department and cleaned into an analyzable format. These data were analyzed along with meteorological, physiographic, and 2019 population data, which were obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department, National Aeronautics and Space Administration web portal, the Bhuvan platform of the Indian Space Research Organization, and the 2011 Census of India.ResultsIn total, 46,717 malaria cases were reported in Bareilly district in 2019, of which 25.99% were Plasmodium vivax cases and 74.01% were P. falciparum cases. The reported malaria cases in the district showed clustering, with significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I value=0.63), and space-time clustering (p<0.01). A significant positive correlation was found between monthly malaria incidence and the monthly mean temperature (with a lag of 1−2 months) and rainfall (with a lag of 1 month). A significant negative correlation was detected between the elevation of blocks (i.e., intermediate-level administrative districts) and annual malaria reporting.Conclusion The presence of space-time clustering of malaria cases and its correlation with meteorological and physiographic factors indicate that routine spatial analysis of the surveillance data could help control and manage malaria outbreaks in the district.

The Relationship between Tree-Ring Growth in Pinus densiflora S. et Z. and the Corresponding Climatic Factors in Korea

To analyze the relationship between climatic factors (mean monthly temperature and total precipitation) and tree-ring growths of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. from National Parks (according to region) of the Korea, 20 trees were sampled from 13 National Parks. Only trees that were successfully cross-dated were used for dendrochronological analysis, and at least 11 trees were included. The tree-ring chronology of Mt. Bukhan (covering the shortest period of 1917–2016 [100 years]) was assessed, as well as that of Mt. Seorak (covering the longest period of 1687–2017 [331 years]). After cross-dating, each ring width series was double-standardized by first fitting a logarithmic curve and then a 50-year cubic spline. The relationships between climate and tree-ring growth were calculated with response function analysis. The results show a significant positive correlation between a given year’s February-March temperature, May precipitation levels, and tree-ring growth. It indicates that a higher temperature in early spring and precipitation before cambium activity are important for radial growths of Pinus densiflora in the Korea.

Warming Vistula River – the effects of climate and local conditions on water temperature in one of the largest rivers in Europe

Abstract The paper evaluates changes in the water temperature of the Vistula River – one of the longest rivers in Europe. Mean monthly and annual water temperatures from the period 1971–2017 for 11 stations along the entire length of the river revealed the increasing trends. The mean increase in water temperature in the analysed multi-annual period was 0.31 °C dec–1. In the majority of analysed stations, the key factor determining changes in the water temperature of the river was air temperature. The observed water warming in the Vistula River should be considered an exceptionally unfavourable situation in the context of importance of water temperature for a number of processes and phenomena occurring in river ecosystems. Given the scale of changes, fast measures should be undertaken to slow down the warming.

Altered growth with blue rings: comparison of radial growth and wood anatomy between trampled and non-trampled Scots pine roots

Our understanding of wood anatomy and radial growth in tree roots remains very incomplete, particularly with respect to how ecological factors affect root growth at a relatively small spatial scale, i.e., within a single root system. Here, we compared root growth with and without trampling exposure on a hiking trail. We conducted a quantitative analysis of radial growth and wood anatomical changes, including compression wood (CW) and blue rings (BRs), of two adjacent Scots pine roots in high resolution. A total of 32 cross sections from two roots sampled every 25 cm at the same distance from the respective stem were compared. The buried root (B) was completely buried and had an unexposed segment on a hiking trail. In contrast, the exposed root (E) had an exposed segment that was trampled. 1706 growth rings were analysed for the common period 1954–2015.We found that the volume of the E root in the trampling zone exceeded ten times the volume of the B root. The root surface area of the exposed sections of the E root was on average 14 times larger than that of the unexposed B root section in the trampling zone. The highest number of missing rings was found in the B root. Root sections sampled at the shortest distance from the stem showed the highest coherence in radial growth pattern, which decreased with increasing distance from the stem.BRs were recognized for the first time in tree roots. In total 25 tree rings contained BRs, and their occurrence was restricted to cross sections of the exposed root. BRs were formed over the course of 25 calendar years, i.e., in 40% of tree rings from the common period 1954–2015. Mean monthly temperatures for the years with and without BRs formation showed that colder November (p = 0. 012) and, albeit only slightly, colder September (p = 0.051) temperatures favoured formation of BRs in Scots pine roots. In addition, mean monthly precipitation in July (p = 0.017) was significantly higher for BR years, suggesting an impact of moisture availability on the formation of BRs in Scots pine roots. The study highlights a high rate of growth discrepancies within a single root system. Further, altered growth of trampled roots with high proportions of BRs opens a new challenge for future dendroecological studies on tree roots.

Spatio-Temporal Variation of Malaria Incidence and Risk Factors in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.

Introduction:Malaria is a life-threatening acute febrile illness which is affecting the lives of millions globally. Its distribution is characterized by spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Detection of the space-time distribution and mapping high-risk areas is useful to target hot spots for effective intervention.Methods:Time series cross sectional study was conducted using weekly malaria surveillance data obtained from Amhara Public Health Institute. Poisson model was fitted to determine the purely spatial, temporal, and space-time clusters using SaTScan™ 9.6 software. Spearman correlation, bivariate, and multivariable negative binomial regressions were used to analyze the relation of the climatic factors to count of malaria incidence.Result:Jabitenan, Quarit, Sekela, Bure, and Wonberma were high rate spatial cluster of malaria incidence hierarchically. Spatiotemporal clusters were detected. A temporal scan statistic identified 1 risk period from 1 July 2013 to 30 June 2015. The adjusted incidence rate ratio showed that monthly average temperature and monthly average rainfall were independent predictors for malaria incidence at all lag-months. Monthly average relative humidity was significant at 2 months lag.Conclusion:Malaria incidence had spatial, temporal, spatiotemporal variability in West Gojjam zone. Mean monthly temperature and rainfall were directly and negatively associated to count of malaria incidence respectively. Considering these space-time variations and risk factors (temperature and rainfall) would be useful for the prevention and control and ultimately achieve elimination.

Continental-scale monthly thermal anomalies in Europe during the years 1951-2018 and their occurrence in relation to atmospheric circulation

This study determines the frequency, location and spatial extent of such large-area monthly thermal anomalies, which are referred to in this paper as continental-scale thermal anomalies (CTAs). The research was based on monthly mean air temperature values from 210 weather stations over the 68-year period 1951-2018. A CTA is defined as an anomaly when the monthly mean temperature exceeded the long-term average by at least 2 standard deviations at a minimum of 40 stations. This study attempts to explain the occurrence of such CTAs (negative CTAs- and positive CTAs+) in relation to the circulation conditions over Europe. In the years 1951-2018, there were 16 CTAs- (mainly in winter and autumn) and 25 CTAs+ (predominantly in summer). One manifestation of climate warming is the ever less frequent occurrence of CTAs- and a growing frequency and spatial extent of CTAs+. The immediate cause behind CTAs was the occurrence of characteristic synoptic situations, leading to intensified advection of cold or hot air masses, often driven by radiation factors. The formation of CTAs- was much more often associated with very extensive and long-lasting anticyclonic systems, and that the associated synoptic situations over Europe lasted much longer than in the case of CTAs+.

The δ18O‐inferred thermal reconstruction for the Pleistocene based on the modification of existing glacial and interglacial paleoclimatic models

The determination of the climatic factors related to the Paleolithic archaeological, or fossils sites of the late Neogene and Quaternary periods would require the knowledge of all the fossil specimen's age-site-related paleoclimatic factors. Because the necessary high-temporal resolution georeferenced, paleoclimatic models do not exist for most of the periods of the Pliocene and Pleistocene epoch, at the first step, the former climatic conditions should be reconstructed according to the age-site pair data. The idea of the developed method is, that using the foraminiferal oxygen isotope (δ18O) ratio values, the available Pleistocene glacial and interglacial paleoclimatic model pairs can provide the bases for the reconstruction of the former thermal conditions for any period during the Pleistocene epoch. In a technical sense, the approach is based on the observation that the changes in the Cenozoic δ18O record can correspond with the global mean temperature alterations. Determining the cold and warm periods-related δ18O ratio values, new, georeferenced paleoclimatic models can be produced.The main steps of the developed method are as follows:•Determination of the oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) which corresponds to the former thermal conditions of a site.•Using a scaling technique to create new, approximate climate maps by changing glacial and interglacial maps.•Reconstruction of the monthly mean temperature values based on the thermal conditions of the warmest and the coldest quarters.

Can crowdsourced data help to optimize atopic dermatitis treatment? Comparing web search data and environmental data in Germany.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic skin diseases worldwide, showing various manifestations and having a severe impact on quality of life. As previous studies demonstrated, internet search analysis can help identify public interest in diseases and possible influencing factors on search behavior. To identify AD-related topics of interest in Germany using internet search volume. Google Ads Keyword Planner was used to identify AD-related search terms including their search volume in Germany on a national level as well as in 16 selected cities from January 2016 to December 2019. Identified keywords were qualitatively analyzed, and temporal trends as well as the influence of seasonal and environmental factors on search volume were assessed. Overall, 1222 AD-related search terms with a search volume of 8 842 360 searches were identified. An increase from 2016 to 2019 and seasonal peaks from January to April of each year were observed. Nationwide, the search volume correlated with mean monthly temperature and sun duration. With increasing temperature and sun duration, a significant decrease in search queries was observed. The most populated cities showed the lowest number of searches per 100 000 inhabitants (Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich). In the eight categories formed (comorbidities, general, influential factors, localization, stage of life, symptoms/severity, therapy/information, and questions on AD), the highest proportion of search queries were assigned to the category "therapy/information" in most cities. In this category, a focus on the topics of "alternative medicine" and "home remedies" could be observed. The overall high and increasing search volume indicates a high interest in AD-related topics, especially regarding treatment and disease education. Information provided by internet search volume analyses can optimize AD therapy and patient-centered care by providing insight into patient needs and predicting potential climatic trigger factors.

Pauses in mean monthly temperature changes in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and their possible causes

Pauses in mean monthly temperature changes in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and their possible causes

Oviposition activity of Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) during the rainy and dry seasons, in areas with yellow fever virus circulation in the Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The present study aims to analyze the effectiveness of ovitraps in the capture of Hg leucocelaenus eggs and evaluate the influence of the dry and rainy seasons on their abundance and hatching rates. The eggs were collected in the Atlantic Forest of State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, an area in which the yellow fever virus is known to circulate. We distributed 15 ovitraps in three sampling points, with five ovitraps per point. We distributed 15 ovitraps in three sampling points on trees within a forested area, which were sequentially numbered, monitored, and replaced every two weeks from October 2016 to April 2018. There was a high dominance of Hg. leucocelaenus eggs (98.4%) and a variation in egg hatching rates between the wet and dry seasons. These rates were 1.5 times higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The rainy season also showed a greater abundance of eggs and higher values of ovitrap positivity and egg density indexes in the installed ovitraps. The abundances of Hg. leucocelaenus eggs were positively correlated with mean monthly temperature and air humidity but not significantly correlated with accumulated precipitation. These results, as well as their implications for the possible use of ovitraps to monitor vector mosquitoes of yellow fever in the study region, are discussed.

Comparison of historical and current temperatures in show caves (Slovenia)

Historical air temperatures at three karst caves in Slovenia have been compared to current data time series. In Postojnska Jama (PJ), the most visited show cave in Slovenia, the significant temperature difference between historical and modern measurements at the Pulpito site relates to the months April to November. Mean monthly temperatures measured at the Sepolcro site (PJ) in the modern period (2016–2019) are year round significantly higher than in the historical period (1935–1937). The temperature increase over the last 85 years in PJ is attributed to outside temperature rise and additional heat input from visitors, especially for Sepolcro site. A comparison of current (2017–2019) and historical (1956–1957) temperature data in touristically poorly visited Predjama Cave shows lower increase as in PJ and is completely related to outside cave conditions. In the case of Škocjanske Jame (Tiha Jama), air temperature has not significantly increased since the historical 1928 measurements because the monitoring site looks to be morphologically isolated from significant impacts of outside climate and visitors.

Assessing seasonal climate variability impact on the malaria patient’s cases in the north of Côte d'Ivoire

In recent years, the impact of climate change on human health has attracted considerable attention including their effects on malaria, which have been of particular interest due to its disease burden and transmission sensitivity to climatic conditions. The main objective of the study is to examine the relationship between intra-annual climate variability and malaria transmission in the north of Côte d’Ivoire. The monthly incidence of malaria in Korhogo 1 health district was treated as a dependent variable, and meteorological variables were independent variables. Our results highlighted that malaria is influenced by all three climatic variables (rainfall, temperature and relative humidity). The highest effect of temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall on malaria cases is observed in the months of June, July, August, September, October and November respectively. The monthly rainfall and the monthly mean relative humidity were highly correlated to monthly incidence of malaria in population under-five years old. Meanwhile, the monthly mean temperature was highly correlated to malaria incidence of pregnant women over 15 years old and to monthly incidence of malaria in under-five. Moreover, combining monthly rainfall and monthly mean temperature, monthly rainfall and monthly mean relative humidity and monthly mean temperature and relative humidity were highly correlated to malaria incidence in patients influenced by the rainy season exclusively. The combination between monthly rainfall and monthly mean relative humidity was closely correlated to malaria incidence in malaria patient influencedby rainy and/or dry season.

Mortality Sensitivity of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Respiratory Diseases to Warm Season Climate in Japanese Cities

We investigated decadal (2010–2019) cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory mortality sensitivity to annual warm temperatures in major Japanese cities: Sapporo, Tokyo (23 wards), and Osaka. The summer mortalities (June–August) increased with the monthly mean temperature for acute myocardial infarction, other acute ischemic heart diseases, cerebral infarction, and pneumonia in the three cities. Monthly mean temperatures were an indicator of these disease mortalities in Japan. However, similar responses were not found for cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure (excluding Sapporo), subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage. The decadal sensitivities and risk ratios between the maximum and minimum monthly mean temperatures were calculated using a linear regression model. In Sapporo, Tokyo, and Osaka, for example, the analyses of acute myocardial infarction showed summer positive responses of 0.19–0.25, 0.13–0.18, and 0.12–0.30, respectively, as the mortality rate (per 100,000 population) per 1 °C of monthly mean temperature, which estimated increased risks (between the coolest and hottest months) of 37–65% in Sapporo, 31–42% in Tokyo, and 35–39% in Osaka.

Developing Resilience to Emergencies: Evaluation of Thermal Indices and Outdoor Comfort Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

This research discusses thermal indices and outdoor comfort before and during the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in three counties in Connecticut (41.6032°N, 73.0877°W), United States. The counties are Fairfield, Hartford, and New Haven. Existing research noted that people residing in highly populated urban and low-income areas are disproportionately affected by the pandemic and subject to health, heat, and cold stress-related problems. As a result, the study is motivated to examine outdoor comfort and thermal indices in the counties that account for over 75% of the population in the state. The specific aim of the study is to examine outdoor comfort and thermal indices a year before and during the pandemic to determine if the pandemic significantly affects outdoor occupants and their overall well-being. Due to lesser activities observed during the pandemic than before the pandemic, the research questions include 1) Does the pandemic year provide a more comfortable thermal environment for outdoor occupants than the period before the pandemic? 2) Does the period provide a cleaner environment with no thermal or cold stress to occupants than before the pandemic? The research approaches include the field data recorded in 2019 and 2020. The research also utilized observations and mathematical models. The findings revealed that the mean monthly temperatures varied from −3.2°C to 25.2°C and relative humidity ranged from and 62.6–70.7%. The study revealed cold stress in wintertime, especially in Fairfield. Heat stress is also noted in summertime across the counties. New Haven is more prone to heat stress than other counties because of some factors (such as climate change, lesser land area, higher incidence from solar radiation, etc.). Higher thermal indices are reported in 2020 (during the pandemic) than the indices computed for 2019 (pre-pandemic) which could influence thermal comfort, health, and well-being of people. The indices are strongly influenced by outdoor temperatures and dew-point. A combination of some environmental variables such as temperature and wind speed also have significant effects on the indices. The study recommends that the use of clean energy for running infrastructure systems would help in mitigating the impact of climate change in various locations. The investigation suggests that a thorough evaluation of environmental conditions and interventions should be explored for developing resilience to emergencies in cities and urban areas. The research outcomes provide useful information for designers, planners, stakeholders, policymakers, etc., to develop pathways for achieving resilient zero-carbon cities in various places.

Effect of Temperature on the Incidence of Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis and Its Management in Funtua Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study was aimed at analysing the effect of temperature on the incidence of cerebro-spinal meningitis and its management in Funtua General Hospital of Katsina State, Nigeria from 1986-2015. For each year, monthly and annual incidence of CSM occurrence in the study area for the 30 years period was subjected to time series analysis. Linear trend line equation was fitted in order to determine the direction of change in the incidence of CSM. The relationship between temperature and the incidence of meningitis was analysed using simple correlation. To determine the management method of CSM in the area, a questionnaire was used to generate information from sampled respondents and analysed using descriptive statistics. The monthly distribution of CSM cases (1986-2015) indicated April and March had the highest incidence cases (1606 and 1128 respectively) while the lowest cases were recorded in September and October with (1 case) each. The seasonal variation also showed that the highest incidence cases fell within the hot-dry season which mark the period with the highest average temperatures while the lowest incidence cases fell within the hot-wet season when humidity is high in the area. Annual trend of CSM indicated an increasing trend (approximately 60 persons) over the 30year period in the study area. There is a significant and positive relationship between mean monthly temperature and incidence of meningitis with an observed value of (p &lt; 0.05 and r = 0.592). The observed correlation (r = -0.141, p&gt;0.05) indicated that there was negative and insignificant relationship between annual temperature and the incidence of meningitis in the study area. In conclusion, meningitis in the study area over the 30years under review has been a recurrent epidemic however; the rate of occurrence differs from year to year. Majority (78%) used the orthodox method to manage CSM while 22% used the traditional method who claimed it was effective as they recovered from the disease.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;