Mean IL-6 Research Articles

The Influence of Metformin Versus Metformin and Myoinositol Combination on ‎Inflammatory Indicators In Iraqi Females With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the greatest mutual hormonal imbalance illness in females of childbearing age. In modern years, trainings have shown that inflammatory progressions stay complicated in ovulation and production a key character in ovarian follicular dynamics. Insulin sensitizers for instance myo-inositol and metformin are probable management selections for PCOS. Objective: evaluate the properties of combined metformin and ‎myoinositol against metformin alone on inflammatory markers (hs-CRP and ‎IL-18) in PCOS women. Methods: The patients' PCOS diagnosis was made using the Rotterdam criteria. Two groups of patients were identified: group MI+M received myo-inositol and metformin, and group M received metformin. Biochemical assessment, patient compliance, and reported adverse effects were among the examinations conducted at baseline and three months later. ‏. Results: The mean hs-CRP and IL-18 of the combination ‎and metformin groups before and after treatment are shown at baseline. After ‎treatment, the combination caused in a more important decrease in mean ‎hs-CRP and IL-18 than metformin.‎ Conclusion: This training unequivocally demonstrates the role myoinositol and metformin have in reducing inflammatory markers.Key: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Myoinositol, c-reactive protein, interleukin 18.

Impact of metformin versus metformin plus omega_3 on inflammatory outcomes in a tester of Iraqi women with PCOS

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome signifies a state of chronic inflammation, which is partly caused by excessive visceral adipose tissue and the pro-inflammatory mechanisms associated with it. Interestingly, even normal-weight women with PCOS exhibit long-lasting low-flat inflammation characterized via raised ranks cytokines of pro-inflammatory. This can be attributed to the presence of surplus visceral adipose tissue and intraperitoneal fat depots in normal-weight PCOS patients as well. Aim of the study: To estimate the influence of metformin and omega-3 treatment on serum ranks of IL-18 and highly sensitive CRP in females with PCOS. Patients and methods: The present interventional prospective study included 90 sick with an age assortment of 18 to less than 40 years. Those patients were analyzed with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOS) founded on Rotterdam principles (Rotterdam, 2004) by 2 specialists in obstetrics and gynecology. The patients were recruited from the Maternity and Pediatrics Teaching Hospital in Adiwaniyah Province, Iraq. The training is outmoded back to September the 21st 2023 and extended to March 31st 2024. Results: Following treatment, both metformin+Omega3 and metformin alone were able to reduce mean IL-18 significantly (p < 0.001 versus p < 0.001, separately); however, the amount of decrease caused by combination was more than that caused by metformin alone significantly, 158.62 pg/ml versus 71.14 pg/ml , respectively (p = 0.048). Both metformin+Omega3 and metformin alone were able to reduce mean hs-CRP significantly (p < 0.001 versus p < 0.001, respectively); however, the amount of decrease caused through combination was more than that caused by metformin alone significantly, 157.69 mg/L versus 61.27 mg/L , separately (p = 0.032). Conclusion: The use of Omega3 has an efficient and safe synergistic effect when added to metformin in reducing IL-18 and hs-CRP in sick with PCOS, thus, suggesting an anti-inflammatory property for such combination.

Evaluation of Interleukin-6 Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: It has been suggested that inflammatory processes play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Individuals who develop type 2 diabetes show signs of low-grade inflammation years before disease onset. This low-grade inflammation has been assumed to be implicated in the pathogenetic mechanisms that cause type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Inflammatory mediators such as the IL-6 family of cytokines have been proposed to be involved in the events that lead to type 2 diabetes. IL-6 has immunoregulatory actions been proposed to affect glucose homeostasis and metabolism directly and indirectly by action on skeletal muscle cells, adipocytes, hepatocytes, pancreatic b-cells and neuroendocrine cells. Many studies have suggested the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, no references have been observed in Bangladesh regarding IL-6 and its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It thus may highlight the importance of low-grade inflammation in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate type 2 diabetes patients' levels of interleukin-6. Materials and methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry Chittagong Medical College, Department of Endocrinology of Chittagong Medical College Hospital and Chattogram Diabetic Hospital. One hundred (100) type 2 diabetes mellitus patient was included in the study by nonprobability consecutive sampling. Important variables in this study were serum IL-6, BMI, waist circumference and duration of Diabetes Mellitus. Results: The mean serum IL-6 level was 10.08±0.39 pg/ml in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Serum IL-6 was positively correlated (r 0.33, p <0.01) with waist circumference and duration of diabetes mellitus (r 0.26, p <0.05). The mean IL-6 was significantly different between BMI groups (F (2,97) =5.39, p=0.006) and was higher in the obese group (10.52±4.00) compared to the overweight and normal BMI (6.78±1.95) and overweight (8.08±3.15) group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients had increased serum levels of IL-6. It can give an insight into the possible role of sub clinical inflammation among patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. IAHS Medical Journal Volume 6(2) December 2023; 53-57

Role of Serum IFN-γ and IL-10 as Predictive Biomarkers of Vitiligo Disease Activity: A Case-Control Study

Abstract Background and Objectives: IFNγ is a pleiotropic cytokine and through the regulation of immunologically relevant genes, they coordinate a wide range of cellular programs.[1] As a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, it plays a pivotal role to induce depigmentation in vitiligo. In this study, we aim to assess the role of IFNγ in the activity, duration and extent of the disease and the antagonistic action of IL-10 is also assessed in vitiligo. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 100 study participants with 50 cases clinically diagnosed as Vitiligo and 50 controls. All patients underwent complete evaluation with detailed demographic parameters, history and physical examination. The severity of the disease was assessed clinically by Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) and Vitiligo Disease Activity Score (VIDA). And blood investigations done were IFN-γ and IL-10. Results: We observed significantly higher levels of serum IFNγ levels in the patient group when compared with those of the normal controls (p=0.002) and showed a positive correlation with the activity and severity of the disease with a significant VASI (p=0.05) and VIDA score (p=<0.001). The mean serum IL-10 (p<0.001) in patients with vitiligo was significantly lower than that in the control group. Conclusion: This study showed significantly high serum levels of IFN-γ and correspondingly low levels of IL-10. New strategies, such as the combination of IFNγ blockade with inhibition of other signalling pathways, may further improve IFNγ targeted immunotherapy of the disease.

The Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD in Stable Patients and its Association with Inflammatory Biomarkers and Body Mass Index

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive airflow limitation that is preventable but not curable. It is associated with persistent symptoms that cause a considerable burden on individual productivity at work, and daily activities, and reduced quality of life, also burdening the healthcare system and society. Objectives: The study aims to measure the burden of COPD on patients in terms of daily activities and work productivity. It also seeks to investigate some inflammatory biomarkers' levels and their correlation with selected outcomes. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study on 120 stable COPD patients who were diagnosed and treated according to the GOLD guidelines at Kirkuk General Hospital's chest and Internal Medicine consultation clinics, and in private internist clinics in Kirkuk City, Iraq between January and April 2023. The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI-COPD) measured the Burden of COPD. The symptom burden was assessed by the COPD assessment test (CAT). The level of IL-6 monoclonal antibodies was measured via a Roche Cobas 6000 analyzer and TNF-α using the ELISA sandwich technique. All these devices and machines were authorized by the Ministry of Health, Iraq. Results: The mean age was (54.1 ± 8.12) years, 62.5% being males and 37.5% being females; 41.7% were public sector employees, and 39.2% were self-employed. Due to COPD, the overall work loss was (45.9±18.91) days, the mean percentage of absenteeism was (10.9% ± 12.31%), activity impairment was (47.5% ±17.79%) among all patients, presenteeism was (40.8 ± 15.05%,) and COPD-related retirees were 14.2% of the study group. The mean CAT score (19.3±5.63) was high and the most troubling symptom among patients was chest tightness. WPAI-COPD scores were higher in older age and longer disease duration. The levels of biomarkers were above the reference ranges, the mean IL-6 level was (69.4 ± 35.29) pg/ml, and the mean TNF-α was (72.3 ± 22.45) pg/ ml. Conclusions: COPD patients exhibit a disease burden in terms of productivity loss at work and activity impairment that increases with aging and disease duration. COPD patients with low BMI are more prone to a decline in lung functions and to worse symptoms.

Evaluating drug interaction potential from cytokine release syndrome using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model: A case study of teclistamab.

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was associated with teclistamab treatment in the phase I/II MajesTEC-1 study. Cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-6, are known suppressors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes' activity. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model evaluated the impact of IL-6 serum levels on exposure of substrates of various CYP enzymes (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 3A4, 3A5). Two IL-6 kinetics profiles were assessed, the mean IL-6 profile with a maximum concentration (Cmax) of IL-6 (21 pg/mL) and the IL-6 profile of the patient presenting the highest IL-6 Cmax (288 pg/mL) among patients receiving the recommended phase II dose of teclistamab in MajesTEC-1. For the mean IL-6 kinetics profile, teclistamab was predicted to result in a limited change in exposure of CYP substrates (area under the curve [AUC] mean ratio 0.87-1.20). For the maximum IL-6 kinetics profile, the impact on omeprazole, simvastatin, midazolam, and cyclosporine exposure was weak to moderate (mean AUC ratios 1.90-2.23), and minimal for caffeine and s-warfarin (mean AUC ratios 0.82-1.25). Maximum change in exposure for these substrates occurred 3-4 days after step-up dosing in cycle 1. These results suggest that after cycle 1, drug interaction from IL-6 effect has no meaningful impact on CYP activities, with minimal or moderate impact on CYP substrates. The highest risk of drug interaction is expected to occur during step-up dosing up to 7 days after the first treatment dose (1.5 mg/kg subcutaneously) and during and after CRS.

Influence of Diclofenac Potassium versus Prednisolone on Postendodontic Pain and Pulpal Interleukin-8 Expression in Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis Cases: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial

AimThis prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial investigated the impact of diclofenac potassium, prednisolone, and placebo as oral premedication on postendodontic pain and pulpal interleukin (IL)-8 expression in patients with irreversible pulpitis. MethodsThirty-six patients undergoing conventional endodontic treatment were assigned into one of 3 groups (n = 12). Pulpal blood samples were taken after access cavity preparation and stored until they were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent asssay for quantification of IL-8. Postendodontic pain was scored using the visual analogue scale. Outcome data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman's, Dunn's, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests and Spearman's correlation coefficient. The significance level (α) was set at 0.05. ResultsApart from preoperative pain scores, all groups had similar baseline characteristics (P > .05). Immediate postendodontic pain scores had a significant difference between all groups (P < .05) where placebo group showed the highest score. There was no significant difference between all groups at 6 and 12 hours postoperatively (P > .05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the incidence of postendodontic pain and in mean IL-8 levels between the 3 groups (P > .05). ConclusionsThe only impact the premedications had was on the immediate postendodontic pain intensity, and they had no influence on the later time points, incidence of postendodontic pain or pulpal IL-8 levels.

The Association of Cytokines IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 With the Disease Severity of COVID-19: A Study From Bangladesh.

Introduction Clinically, the early prediction of the severity of COVID-19 is often challenging, as a dramatic change in severity can occur without warning. The severity of COVID-19 disease is associated with an increased level of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-10 with the severity of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study included a total of 60 confirmed cases of COVID-19, comprising 30 severe cases (Group A) and 30 non-severe cases (Group B), and 10 healthy individuals (Group C) attending Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from March 2021 to February 2022. The cytokine assay was performed using the human Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine kit BD cytometric bead array (CBA) on the BD Accuri C6 Plus flow cytometer. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23 (Released 2015; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York). Results The mean ages of the patients in Groups A, B, and C were 60.73±5.97, 57.13±7.68, and 48.10±9.13 years, respectively, with a male predominance in all groups. The mean IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels had a positive correlation with the increased age group and male gender, although it was not statistically significant. The mean IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher among severe cases (216.95±147.78 and 0.98±0.95 pg/mL, respectively) compared to non-severe cases (94.29±128.79 and 0.41±0.61 pg/mL, respectively) and healthy individuals (1.08±1.97 and 0.15±0.28 pg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was also significantly higher among severe cases (17.92±21.87 pg/mL) compared to non-severe cases (5.38±6.73 pg/mL) and healthy individuals (1.62±1.65 pg/mL). Conclusion IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-10 have a significant association with the severity of COVID-19 disease. Clinicians treating patients with COVID-19 can consider the level of these cytokines as biomarkers of severity.

Immune system-related plasma extracellular vesicles in healthy aging.

To identify age-related plasma extracellular vehicle (EVs) phenotypes in healthy adults. EV proteomics by high-resolution mass spectrometry to evaluate EV protein stability and discover age-associated EV proteins (n=4 with 4 serial freeze-thaws each); validation by high-resolution flow cytometry and EV cytokine quantification by multiplex ELISA (n=28 healthy donors, aged 18-83 years); quantification of WI-38 fibroblast cell proliferation response to co-culture with PKH67-labeled young and old plasma EVs. The EV samples from these plasma specimens were previously characterized for bilayer structure, intra-vesicle mitochondria and cytokines, and hematopoietic cell-related surface markers. Compared with matched exo-EVs (EV-depleted supernatants), endo-EVs (EV-associated) had higher mean TNF-α and IL-27, lower mean IL-6, IL-11, IFN-γ, and IL-17A/F, and similar mean IL-1β, IL-21, and IL-22 concentrations. Some endo-EV and exo-EV cytokine concentrations were correlated, including TNF-α, IL-27, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ, but not IL-11, IL-17A/F, IL-21 or IL-22. Endo-EV IFN-γ and exo-EV IL-17A/F and IL-21 declined with age. By proteomics and confirmed by flow cytometry, we identified age-associated decline of fibrinogen (FGA, FGB and FGG) in EVs. Age-related EV proteins indicated predominant origins in the liver and innate immune system. WI-38 cells (>95%) internalized similar amounts of young and old plasma EVs, but cells that internalized PKH67-EVs, particularly young EVs, underwent significantly greater cell proliferation. Endo-EV and exo-EV cytokines function as different biomarkers. The observed healthy aging EV phenotype reflected a downregulation of EV fibrinogen subpopulations consistent with the absence of a pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory condition common with age-related disease.

IMMUNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ORAL FLUID IN PATIENTS WITH GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS

The objective of this study is to conduct an immunological analysis of oral fluid, specifically focusing on determining the interleukin status among patients with generalized periodontitis and underlying metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods. For immunological studies, 3 groups were formed: main group, comparative and control groups. The main group included 30 individuals with generalized periodontitis and metabolic syndrome, the comparison group included 30 people with generalized periodontitis without somatic pathology; 20 healthy individuals with intact periodontium made up the control group. The content of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, TGF-β1 in the oral fluid of the subjects of the examination groups was determined by the method of solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using reagents of the company "Simko" (Ukraine).&#x0D; Results. According to average values obtained, the highest levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) were found in individuals with periodontal pathology and metabolic syndrome. The value of the IL-1β content in the oral fluid of the main group was 1.1 times higher than the similar indicator of the comparison group, and 1.4 times higher than the indicator of the control group. The mean IL-6 content in the oral fluid of patients with metabolic syndrome was 1.3 times higher compared to individuals without the systemic disease. Interestingly, the disparity was more pronounced in healthy individuals, with IL-6 levels differing by 2 times.&#x0D; Conclusion. Patients with metabolic syndrome and periodontal pathology have significant disturbances in cytokine regulation. Cytokines are key factors in the formation of a local inflammatory reaction, therefore, an increase in the concentration of pro-inflammatory IL-1 β can be considered an immune response to the inflammatory process in periodontal tissues.

Effect of Giving Black Seed (Nigella Sativa L) On Il-10 Levels, And CRP Levels (Experimental Study on Wistar Strain Male White Rats Induced By A High Fat Diet)

Dyslipidemia is a disease that often occurs in Indonesia. The impacts of this disease include inflammation and various types of cytokines. This study aimed to determine the effect of Black Seed on Interleukin 10 levels and CRP levels in rats induced by a high-fat diet. This research is a posttest-only control group type of research. Twenty-five male white Wistar rats were taken as samples and divided into 5 groups: K0 (pellets and water), K – (high-fat diet), K + (high-fat diet + simvastatin 1.8 mg/day), P1 (high-fat diet + Black Seed 3 ml/KgBB), P2 (high-fat diet + black seed 4 ml/KgBB). The data required in this study was obtained through the ELISA test. The collected data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD test. From the results of the analysis carried out, it was found that (1) the difference in mean IL-10 levels between groups was significant with a p-value &lt;0.05; (2) The difference in average CRP levels between groups where K0, K-, and P1 is significant, while between K (+) and P2 is not significant with a p&gt;0.05. Administration of Black Seed affected IL-10 levels and CRP levels in white mice induced by a high-fat diet.

Relationship between Levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha and Khorana Scores of Newly Diagnosed Ambulatory Cancer Patients

Abstract Background: In cancer microenvironment, there is increased production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1a, and IL-6. These cytokines are capable of causing thrombus formation through the activation of tissue factors. Then, the Khorana risk score can be Utilised to stratify the risk of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between levels of IL 6, TNF-α, and Khorana scores of chemotherapy-naïve ambulatory cancer patients (CNACPs). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The case group (n = 100) consisted of newly diagnosed CNACP recruited from adult oncology clinics of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Nigeria, whereas the control group (n = 100) consisted of healthy individuals. The participants’ blood samples were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for IL-6 and TNF-α. Demographic variables were analysed using descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages and P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were significant differences between the mean levels of IL-6 (P = 0.036) and TNF-α (P = 0.001) in three Khorana score groups of the case group. Further, comparisons of mean IL-6 levels between three Khorana score groups showed that differences were between high-risk versus low-risk groups (P = 0.026) and between intermediate-risk versus low-risk groups (P = 0.014). Comparison of mean TNF-α levels in three Khorana score groups of CNACP showed that differences were between high-risk versus low-risk groups (P = 0.026) and between intermediate-risk versus low-risk groups (P = 0.014). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the Khorana scores and IL-6 (r = 0.28, P = 0.031) and TNF-α (r = 0.254, P = 0.011). The mean serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher in CNACP than in healthy control (8.98 [8–12] pg/ml vs. 8.43 [2–10] pg/ml, P &lt; 0.001) and (P &lt; 0.001 and &lt; 0.01), respectively. Conclusion: Inflammatory biomarkers are elevated in ambulatory CNACP and their values are significantly related with Khorana scores. There is a need for more studies on the possible benefit of prophylactic anticoagulation for newly diagnosed CNACP.

The Effect of Topical Gel Secretome Hypoxia Mesenchymal Stem Cells (SH-MSCs) on TGF-Β and IL-6 Gene Expression in Wistar Rats Excision Wound Models

Wounds on the skin result in damage to the epithelial tissue and skin structure, hampering wound healing and causing acute wounds to become chronic. Secretome Hypoxia Mesenchymal Stem Cells are capable of secretes cytokines and growth factors, including TGF-β which are useful for wound healing. IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced in infectious lesions and is also important in wound closure. The aim of the research was to prove the effect of topical SH-MSCs gel on TGF-β and IL-6 gene expression in male Wistar rats with an excision wound model. This study aims to prove the effect of topical gel administration secretome Hypoxia Mesenchymal Stem Cell (SH-MSCs) on TGF-β and IL-6 gene expression in male Wistar rats with an excision wound model. This study is Experimental research with Post-test Only Control Group Design. The number of samples was 18 male Wistar rats with the excision wound model divided into three groups, Group I (K-) was given a basic gel placebo, Group 2 (K+) was given a Clobetasol dose of 0.25g/kg, and Group 3 (P1) was given SH-MSCs gel at a dose of 400 μl/kg BW, treatment for 5 days, on day 6 the skin tissue was examined by RT-PCR to see the expression of the TGF-β and IL-6 genes analyzed by One Way Anova test, continued by Post Hoc LSD test. The average TGF-β gene expression in the P1 group was the highest (1.38) and the mean IL-6 gene expression in the P1 group was the lowest (0.72). One Way Anova test result showed a significant difference in TGF-β gene expression with a value of p=0.056 (p&lt;0.05) and IL-6 p=0.47 (p&lt;0.05). Post Hoc LSD test result on TGF-β gene expression shows that administration of 400μl/kg BW SH-MSCs can increase TGF-β gene expression and reduce IL-6 expression in Wistar rats with an excision wound model. The administration of topical gel SH-MSCs dose of 400 μl/kg BW was proven to significantly increase TGF-β levels in male Wistar rat excision wound model. The administration of topical SH MSCs dose of 400 μl/kg BW can reduce IL-6 levels in male Wistar rat excision wound models.

Role of Serum Interleukin-6, Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-10 in Assessment of Disease Activity and Nutritional Status in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterised by multifactorial and chronic inflammation. Much attention has been paid to immune dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of serum IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 in determining the activity and nutritional status in IBD patients. The case-control study was carried out on 82 patients with IBD; the control group consisted of 25 clinically healthy subjects. The serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-1 β and IL-10 were determined by the quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There were no significant differences in IL-6 and IL-1β levels in UC and CD patients according to disease activity as assessed by the Montreal classification, Partial Mayo Score and CDAI. Significantly higher IL-6 levels were found in patients with low body fat in comparison to patients with normal body fat. Furthermore, significantly higher mean IL-6 levels were observed in patients with excess body fat in comparison to patients with normal body fat, and also in comparison to patients with deficient body fat. IL-6 and IL-1β may provide extra information regarding the nutritional status of IBD patients. IL-10 can be considered a non-invasive biomarker of IBD activity.

Interleukin-18, Interleukin-18 Gene Polymorphisms and Interleukin18 Binding Protein in Children and Adolescents with Immune Thrombocytopenia

Background Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune illness characterized by an aberrant T cell response, which is supported by autoreactive B cell growth and differentiation. IL-18 expression has been linked to a number of autoimmune and inflammatory illnesses. IL18BP is a protein that binds IL-18 with high affinity, suggesting a potential mechanism for regulating IL-18 activity. Corticosteroids may play a significant role in reversing the IL-18- IL18BP ratio by upregulating IL18BP. Objective The aim was to study associations between IL-18 and two associated gene polymorphism sites -607 &amp; -137 with incidence and response to therapy in patients with ITP. Patients and Methods It is a case control study conducted on children and adolescents with ITP.A total of 55 patients with different stages of ITP (25 acute, 18 persistent &amp; 12 chronic patients) were recruited with 30 age matched healthy controls. All patients were subjected to full history and physical examination. Laboratory investigations included serial blood counts, IL-18 and IL-18BP serum levels using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IL-18 gene polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results At diagnosis the median platelet count was 16× 109/L (range 2-79) &amp; eventually increased to a median of 90× 109/L after treatment. IL-18 level was significantly higher than that of control (P &amp;lt; 0.001) &amp; even after treatment. There was no significant difference between patient and control groups regarding the studied gene polymorphism sites -607 &amp; -137. The mean IL-18 was still significantly elevated in all stages of ITP compared to control group &amp; as well the drop after treatment. This was also observed in IL-18 BP which increased significantly after response to steroid therapy. However, it was observed that the decline in level of IL-18 as well as increment in IL-18 BP was the least in the patients tested during the acute phase. Mean IL-18 &amp; IL-18 BP levels show no significant relation with gender, family history of ITP, mode of treatment or genotype. Conclusion Among the studied IL-18 gene polymorphisms, no significant difference was detected among ITP patients or had a significant correlation with clinical or laboratory markers. Reversed IL-18/IL-18BP ratio is an important modulator in pathogenesis of ITP. Increasing levels of IL-18BP could have a significant role in treatment.

Effect of Steeping Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Against IL6 and IL 10 Levels in Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

The prevalence of smokers in Indonesia is more than 25% of the total population. Cigarette smoke contains numerous free radicals that trigger the formation and increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) within the body, leading to inflammation and cytokine production. Green tea contains catechins known for their potent antioxidant properties. This study aims to assess the levels of Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 10 in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. The research method used was the post-test only control group design, involving 24 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: Normal group (N), Control - (Cigarette Smoke), Control + (Cigarette Smoke + 1.44 mg/day Vitamin E), P. (Cigarette Smoke + 3.6 ml Green Tea Infusion). Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 10 levels were measured after 14 days of treatment. Data were analyzed using One Way Anova. The mean IL-6 level in the Control (-) group was the highest (141.75±6.24 pg/ml), while the Sham group had the lowest (73.58 ± 4.57 pg/ml) IL-6 level. One Way Anova results showed a p-value of &lt;0.001 for both IL-6 and IL-10 levels, indicating a significant difference among the four groups. Post Hoc LSD test results indicated that the IL-6 levels in the K(+) group were relatively similar to the IL-6 levels in the P group (p=0.172). Post Hoc LSD test results for IL-10 levels between the two groups were all significant, with a p-value of &lt;0.001. The administration of green tea infusion was shown to affect the Interleukin 6 levels, while green tea infusion did not have a significant impact on Interleukin 10 levels in white rats exposed to cigarette smoke.

Effect of High-dose Vitamin D on IL-1β Blood Level in Patients with Moderate Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Vitamin D has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in stroke patients, but its effect on pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1, has been investigated in a few trials. This study aimed to determine the effect of prescribing a high dose of vitamin D on the anti-inflammatory parameters, short-term and long-term prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke. This randomized clinical trial was performed on 42 patients randomly divided into two equal groups of 21 in Imam Hussein Hospital. The patients were allocated through block randomization methods to receive 300,000 units of vitamin D (intramuscularly) or not receive it as a control group. Age, gender, and clinical and laboratory information were recorded. The stroke severity was calculated according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at the beginning of hospitalization and upon hospital discharge. The 3-month prognosis of the patients was recorded according to the Barthel criteria three months after the stroke. Vitamin D3 levels were recorded before and after injection, while the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were assessed on the first day and for 7 consecutive days after hospitalization. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 14. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. The mean age of the patients was 61.45 ± 4.74 years. There were 18 female (42.86%) and 24 male patients (57.14%). In the vitamin D group, the mean IL-1 decreased compared to before the intervention (-23.60 ± 103.83), but this decrease was not statistically significant (P = 0.070). In addition, the changes in IL-1 after the intervention were statistically different between the two groups (mean difference of -23.60 ± 103.83 in the vitamin D group vs. 15.96 ± 9.64 in the control group). The mean IL-6 decreased in both groups after the intervention compared to before, although these changes were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In the group receiving vitamin D compared to the control group, the mean NLR decreased by about 2 units, the PLR decreased by about 10 units, and the NIHSS score decreased by about one unit during the study. However, these changes were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). A high dose of vitamin D can improve the NIHSS score and decrease IL-1 and IL-6, although these changes were not statistically significant. The mean NLR and PLR decreased after using high-dose vitamin D.

Phytotherapy (BNO 1045) of Acute Lower Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Women Normalizes Local Host Responses

Introduction: Acute lower uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uUTI) affects a large proportion of women. Increased antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent need for novel therapeutics and the phytotherapeutic drug BNO 1045 (Canephron^® N) has previously been shown to be noninferior to standard antimicrobial stewardship. This sub-analysis from a randomized, double-blind, controlled phase III noninferiority clinical trial using BNO 1045 versus fosfomycin to treat uUTI aimed to determine how urine cytokine levels are altered by the two different treatments. Methods: Urine samples from a predefined subset of women diagnosed with uUTI (18–70 years) and treated with BNO 1045 (n = 58) or fosfomycin (n = 69) were analyzed for urine levels of IL-6 and IL-8, using analyte-to-creatinine ratios. Results: BNO 1045 treatment showed similar effects to fosfomycin treatment in reducing both urine IL-6 and IL-8 levels. Mean IL-6 and IL-8 levels were markedly reduced in all patients regardless of treatment. BNO 1045 treatment decreased urine IL-8 significantly (p = 0.0142) and showed a trend toward reduction of urine IL-6 (p = 0.0551). Fosfomycin treatment reduced both IL-6 and IL-8 levels significantly (p = 0.0038, <0.0001 respectively). Conclusion: BNO 1045 is, in addition to reducing symptoms, comparable to fosfomycin treatment in reducing the local inflammatory response associated with uUTI.

ACTIVATION OF THE MECHANOSENSITIVE ION CHANNEL PIEZO1 UPREGULATES THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IL6 IN OSTEOCYTES DERIVED FROM HUMAN Y201 STEM CELLS

Stimulation of the mechanosensitive ion channel, Piezo1 promotes bone anabolism and SNPs in the Piezo1 locus are associated with changes in fracture risk. Osteocytes function as critical regulators of bone homeostasis by sensing mechanical signals. The current study used a human, cell-based physiological, 3D in vitro model of bone to determine whether loading of osteocytes in vitro results in upregulation of the Piezo1 pathway.Human Y201 MSCs, embedded in type I collagen gels and differentiated to osteocytes for 7-days, were subjected to pathophysiological load (5000 µstrain, 10Hz, 5 mins; n=6) with unloaded cells as controls (n=4). RNA was extracted 1-hr post load and assessed by RNAseq analysis. To mimic mechanical load and activate Piezo1, cells were differentiated to osteocytes for 13 days and treated ± Yoda1 (5µM, 2- and 24-hs, n=4); vehicle treated cells served as controls (n=4). RNA was subjected to RT-qPCR and data normalised to the housekeeping gene, YWHAZ. Media was analysed for IL6 release by ELISA.Mechanical load upregulated Piezo1 gene expression (16.5-fold, p&lt;0.001) and expression of the transcription factor NFATc1, and matricellular protein CYR61, known regulators of Piezo1 mechanotransduction (3-fold; p= 5.0E-5 and 6.8-fold; p= 6.0E-5, respectively). After 2-hrs, Yoda1 increased the expression of the early mechanical response gene, cFOS (11-fold; p=0.021), mean Piezo1 expression (2.3-fold) and IL-6 expression (103-fold, p&lt;0.001). Yoda1 increased the release of IL6 protein after 24 hours (7.5-fold, p=0.001).This study confirms Piezo1 as an important mechanosensor in osteocytes. Piezo1 activation mediated an increase in IL6, a cytokine that drives inflammation and bone resorption providing a direct link between mechanical activation of Piezo1, bone remodeling and inflammation, which may contribute to mechanically induced joint degeneration in diseases such as osteoarthritis. Mechanistically, we hypothesize this may occur through promoting Ca2+ influx and activation of the NFATc1 signaling pathway.

Comparative analysis of local cytokine profile and corneal regenerator process after LASIK and Femto-LASIK surgery

Introduction. The existing data in the scientific literature on the role of cytokines as a special biological system, a function of which is the local regulation of regeneration, justifies the relevance of research task in this direction.Purpose: to study changes of the cytokines concentration in the lacrimal fluid in patients after excimer laser vision correction with LASIK and Femto-LASIK surgery and its correlation with postoperative patients’ parameters.Methods. The study included 20 patients (40 eyes) with mild myopia and compound myopic astigmatism. The prospective study was carried out in January-August 2022. The patients were divided into 2 groups. In the comparison group (n = 10, 20 eyes) patients underwent LASIK surgery, in the main one (n = 10, 20 eyes) – Femto-LASIK. During the study, the tear fluid was taken and its further biochemical study was carried out to determine the level of cytokines: IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α.Results. In the main group, frequency detection of the cytokine IL-1β that is the main pro-inflammatory agent was 80%. In the comparison group it was detected in 90% of the tear fluid samples. Mean IL-1β values were the highest in the comparison LASIK group. Mean TNF-α scores were the highest in the comparison LASIK group. In the same time, differences of the average values between the main and comparison groups were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). Mean IL-8 values were the highest in the main group who underwent Femto-LASIK surgery.Conclusion. The course of regenerative process in patients after excimer laser vision correction depends on concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-8. Based on this, a higher level of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lacrimal fluid determines the prolongation of pain relief and epithelialization after surgery.