Mean Bulk Research Articles

Investigating the Effect of Heat Transfer Influenced by the Application of Wavy Corrugated Twisted Tape Inserts in Double Pipe Heat Exchangers

This study investigates the heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in a heat exchanger utilizing copper wavy (corrugated) twisted tape inserts. By inducing turbulent flow within the inner tube of the heat exchanger, these inserts generated increased turbulence, thereby enhancing heat transfer and causing a rise in pressure drop. The copper twisted tapes, with various twist ratios (TR=10.7, 8.5, 7.1), measured 1 meter in length and 14 mm in width. The heat exchanger's outer tube was made of mild steel, with an outer diameter of 0.0198 m and an inner diameter of 0.0142 m, while the inner tube was constructed of copper, with an outer diameter of 0.038 m and an inner diameter of 0.032 m. The overall length of the pipe-in-pipe heat exchanger was 1.4 m. Bulk mean temperatures were recorded at different positions for various water flow rates, and new correlations for the Nusselt number and friction factor were derived from the results for the twisted tape inserts. The Reynolds number ranged from 5000 to 17000. Comparative analyses revealed that the wavy twisted tape with a twist ratio of 7.1 provided the highest heat transfer rate, showing a 172% increase in the Nusselt number and a 32.11% increase in the friction factor relative to a smooth tube.

The Impact of Circular Holes in Twisted Tape Inserts on Forced Convection Heat Transfer

This study investigated heat transfer and friction characteristics in a forced convection system using wavy twisted tape inserts with circular holes. The inserts, with twist ratios (TR) of 8.5, 7.5, and 6.5, were placed inside a test pipe to create turbulent flow. The tapes measured 700 mm in length and 18 mm in width, while the test pipe had an outer diameter of 35 mm and an inner diameter of 30 mm, with a test section length of 700 mm. Airflow rates were adjusted to achieve different bulk mean temperatures. Experimental data were used to develop new correlations for the Nusselt number and friction factor. The Reynolds number (Re) ranged from 4,000 to 14,000. Comparisons between the wavy twisted tape inserts with varying twist ratios and pitches and a smooth tube showed that the highest heat transfer rate was achieved with a twist ratio of 6.5.

Strong evidence for universality in homogeneous compressible turbulence

Quantifying the degree of universality in compressible turbulence is challenging due to the existence of different modes and their complex interactions. For a restricted family of flows, Donzis and John [Phys. Rev. Fluids 5, 084609 (2020)] showed that universal behavior is indeed observed in compressible turbulence if the ratio of dilatational to solenoidal root mean square (rms) velocities (δ=u′d/u′s) is incorporated as a scaling parameter along with the traditional turbulent Mach number (Mt=u′/〈c〉, where u′ is the rms velocity and 〈c〉 is the mean speed of sound). In this paper, we argue for the generality of those results by analyzing a wide range of compressible turbulent flows spanning a variety of flow configurations and setups to assess the degree of universal behavior. These include, among others, reacting flows, flows with solenoidal, thermal, and dilatational forcing, and flows with mean shear and bulk viscosity. We also performed new direct numerical simulations, which include turbulence in situations where vibrational modes of constitutive molecules are not in thermal equilibrium. Collectively, we offer the largest comparison across studies in the literature to date. We find that despite the wide range of forcing conditions and physical processes, universality holds across all these turbulent flows to a very satisfactory degree when both δ and Mt are considered as intrinsic compressibility parameters. The statistics investigated here—single-point statistics up to order four—are chosen such that they represent different ranges across the spectrum of dynamically relevant turbulence scales. We discuss the applicability of the purposed universal behavior for other key statistics in these turbulent flows, including two-point statistics and inhomogeneity effects, and the perspective it opens for modeling them.

Flexural & Compressive Strength Behaviour of Lowweight Engineered Timber Slab(ETS) composed of crack filler, wood adhesive & Saw dust

This study presents the Compressive & Flexural Strength performance of Low-weight Engineered Timber Slab(ETS) composed of wood adhesive, Saw dust, & crack filler. It provides empirical data on the flexural and compressive properties of engineered timber slab(ETS), which is an element of wood adhesive(WA), sawdust(SD), crack filler(CF). SD gave values of 562.3/m3, 0.67, 39.66%, 2.85, 1.2 and 2.98 for mean bulk density, mean specific gravity, mean water absorption, finess modulus, coefficient of curvature (Cc) and uniformity (Cu). Batching was done by volume by virtue of the low density of the component materials (SD & CF). The component materials were manually mixed. A total of twelve (12) cubes of size 150 x 150 x 150mm, were produced from mix ratios 0.5:0.5:2 & 0.5:0.75:2(WA : CF : SD) for compressive strength test. The above mix ratios were adopted based on the light-weight nature & high rate of water absorption of the component materials. A total of Twenty (20) slabs of size 300 x 300 x 100mm, 300 x 300 x 125mm, 300 x 300 x 150mm, 300 x 300 x 175mm and 300 x 300 x 200mm were cast for flexural strength of slab. Twenty(20) slabs were produced for with slab thickness of 100mm, 125mm, 150mm, 175mm and 200mm using the mix ratios 0.5:0.5:2 & 0.5:0.75:2(WA:CF:SD) respectively. the mean values of the compressive strength, flexural strength and deflection were 14.9MPa & 15.78MPa, 5.06MPa to 5.52MPa and 28.9mm to 86.5mm respectively

Performance Analysis of Corrugated Twisted Tape Inserts for Heat Transfer Augmentation

This study explores the impact of wavy corrugated twisted tape inserts on enhancing heat transfer and reducing pressure drop in a double pipe heat exchanger. Cu inserts with twist ratios of 3.2, 4.2, and 5.2 were used to create turbulence in the inner tube. Varying water flow rates and measuring bulk mean temperatures at different points revealed significant improvements in heat transfer over smooth tubes. The insert with a 3.2 twist ratio achieved the highest Nusselt number increase (185%) and a 36.33% rise in the friction factor. These results highlight the effectiveness of wavy corrugated twisted tape inserts for optimizing heat transfer, with a 3.2 twist ratio identified as the most effective. Across Reynolds numbers from 4000 to 18000, Nusselt number increases were 77.75% for a 5.2 twist ratio, 167% for a 4.2 twist ratio, and 185% for a 3.2 twist ratio. Friction factors rose by approximately 10.42% for a 5.2 twist ratio, 32.54% for a 4.2 twist ratio, and 36.33% for a 3.2 twist ratio, demonstrating the relationship between twist ratio, heat transfer enhancement.

Engineering Properties of Foxtail Millet Seeds for Development of Planter for Millet Crop

Millets are sown by broadcasting and drilling by traditional implements. By using these tools, seeds were not distributed uniformly, which led to an excess of plants and irregular spacing. Furthermore, if seed is sown in a line rather than a spread pattern, harvesting and threshing activities become more efficient. In keeping the views of above facts, planter for millet seeds was developed. A study was carried out to measure the engineering properties of foxtail millet seeds for development of planter for millet crop. Engineering properties helps in design of machine parameters like type of seed metering mechanism, size of cell and hopper capacity etc. The engineering properties such as mean linear dimensions viz., length, width and thickness are 2.20 mm, 1.23 mm and 1.11 mm respectively. The physical properties like geometrical mean diameter, bulk density and true density of are 1.43 mm, 670.33 kg m-3, 1156.2 kg m-3 respectively. The frictional properties such as angle of repose, co-efficient of internal and external friction are 24.30 degrees, 1.23 and 0.45 degrees respectively. In developing the millet planter, these measured engineering parameters were taken into account.

Soil pore dynamics and infiltration characteristics as affected by cultivation duration for Mollisol in northeast China

Elucidating the effects of long-term cultivation on pore structure and infiltration characteristics is essential for understanding soil degradation mechanism and improving cropland sustainability. In this study, we evaluated a number of indicators regarding soil properties, pore structure, and water infiltration during long-term cultivation and the relationship of basic properties and pore structure with soil infiltration in northeast Mollisol region of China. The studied cropland involved four cultivation durations (20, 40, 60, and 100 years) and one forest (FR) as the control. X-ray computed tomography (CT) and mini disk infiltrometer were applied to assess the effects of long-term cultivation on soil pore structure and infiltration characteristics at soil depths of 0–100 cm. The pore properties including soil porosity (TP), pore number (PN), pore size distribution, mean shape factor (MSF), fractal dimension (FA), anisotropy (DA), and Euler number (EN), and infiltration properties including mean (IR), initial (IIR), stable infiltration rate (SIR), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were planned to be measured in this study. The results showed that soil organic carbon (SOC) in cropland was significantly lower than that in FR, while bulk density (BD) and mean weight diameter (MWD) exhibited an opposite trend. Long-term cultivation altered the soil pore size and shape distribution, and decreased the macroporosity (>500 μm) and elongated porosity, which suggested that long-term cultivation results in a simpler pore network. FR took a longer time to reach a stable state in infiltration curve over time, while cropland had lower IR, IIR, SIR and Ks, indicating negative effects of cultivation on water infiltration. > 500 μm porosity and elongated porosity were positively correlated with infiltration characteristics (P<0.01). The infiltration parameters were mainly affected by soil pore properties (MSF, PN, and DA) and basic properties (SOC, MWD, and BD), highlighting the importance of pore morphology in the infiltration process. Our results provide new insights into the evolution of soil structure and properties and explanations for water infiltration dynamics under long-term cultivation from the microscale.

Assessment of Physical Properties of Black Gram and Green Gram Seeds in Relation to the Design of Seed Metering Mechanisms

In 2023, a comprehensive study was carried out at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, IARI, New Delhi, India, focusing on the investigation of vital physical properties encompassing size, sphericity, test weight, bulk density, true density, coefficient of static friction, and angle of repose for black gram and green gram seeds. Black gram seeds were characterized by mean dimensions of 4.90 mm (length), 3.74 mm (breadth), 3.57 mm (thickness), and a geometric mean diameter of 4.02 mm. In contrast, green gram seeds exhibited corresponding values of 5.08 mm, 4.06 mm, 3.99 mm, and 4.45 mm. Sphericity percentages were quantified as 82% for black gram and 86% for green gram. Mean bulk density measurements of 0.86 g/cc (black gram) and 0.87 g/cc (green gram) were accompanied by true density values of 1.36 g/cc and 1.38 g/cc, respectively. The mean angle of repose measurements were recorded as 24.06° (black gram) and 23.94° (green gram). The mean coefficient of static friction exhibited variability across different materials: 0.50 (aluminum), 0.45 (mild steel), 0.47 (galvanized iron), and 0.60 (plywood) for black gram seeds; while for green gram seeds, corresponding values were 0.48, 0.43, 0.45, and 0.57. Additionally, the mean thousand-grain weight was found to be 41.82 g for black gram and 46.18 g for green gram.

Near‐surface wind profiles from numerical model predictions. Part II: Verifications against Australia‐wide surface wind observations

AbstractThe new scheme for deriving the near‐surface wind profiles discussed in Ma (in review) is applied to an Australian Bureau of Meteorology operational convective scale model over various domains. Both the new and conventional schemes' diagnostic 10‐m winds are then verified against Australia‐wide automatic weather station observations. Analyses of bulk statistics reveal that the new scheme's 10‐m wind forecasts have generally better accuracy than the current conventional scheme with a consistent reduction of biases over all domains. A widely recognised diurnal bias pattern of surface wind speed over the land is substantially reduced, and the inclusion of Ekman spiral effect on the 10‐m wind marginally improves statistics of the wind direction during the nighttime. The new scheme introduces no systemic bias, given the histogram of a bulk mean bias is analogiased to a Gaussian distribution, and moves the distribution of diagnostic wind speed closer to that observed.

Hysteresis in radio frequency capacitively coupled CF4 plasmas

Based on experiments and simulations, various plasma parameters are found to undergo a hysteresis as a function of the driving voltage amplitude in capacitively coupled CF4 discharges. Phase Resolved Optical Emission Spectroscopy reveals that the discharge operates in a hybrid combination of the drift-ambipolar and α-mode at low voltage. In this mode, the electric field and mean electron energy are high in the electronegative plasma bulk region. As the cross section for electron attachment is appreciable only at high electron energies, this mode results in strong negative ion production and keeps the electron density low as well as the mode of plasma operation stable, when the voltage is increased moderately. Increasing the driving voltage amplitude further ultimately induces a mode transition into a pure α-mode, once the electron density increases strongly. Decreasing the voltage again results in a reverse mode transition at a lower voltage compared to the previous mode transition, because the electron density is now initially high in the bulk and, thus, the bulk electric field and mean electron energy are low resulting in inefficient generation of negative ions via electron attachment. This keeps the electron density high even at lower driving voltages. This effect leads to the emergence of two steady states of plasma operation within a certain voltage range. The different electron energy distribution functions in these two states result in markedly different generation and density profiles of F atoms, with higher values occurring in the increasing voltage branch of the hysteresis. The ion flux and mean energy at the electrodes also differ. The voltage range, where the hysteresis occurs, is affected by the ion induced secondary electron coefficient (γ). A larger value of γ results in a shift of the hysteresis voltage range towards lower values.

The primary abundance of chondrules in CI chondrites

CI chondrites are the most significant extra-terrestrial samples for estimating the composition of primordial materials in the Solar System. However, CIs lose many primary features because of heavy parent body aqueous alteration. However, CI and CI-related Ryugu particles contain small amounts of relict anhydrous minerals, indicating primary occurrences of chondrules and refractory inclusions. In this study, we estimated the primordial abundance of chondrules in CIs from calculations of the bulk major element compositions. The constraints for the calculation were as follows: 1) CI chondrites primarily comprised chondrules, refractory inclusions, opaque minerals, and a matrix similar to other carbonaceous (C) chondrites. 2) The chemical compositions of these components were similar to those of the unaltered C chondrites. 3) The primary matrix composition of the CI was close to the mean bulk composition. 4) The alteration occurred isochemically. We used the mean major elemental compositions of chondrules and refractory inclusions in an almost unaltered chondrite, Y-81020, CO3.05. Our results were within the range of previously reported CI bulk chemical compositions in the case where chondrule abundances are ≲10 wt%. We also calculated the bulk chemical composition of Tagish Lake, ungrouped C2, which primarily contained ≲20 wt% chondrules. The CI chondrites and Tagish Lake were formed in the outer Solar System. The low primary abundance of chondrules in CIs is closely related to the formation conditions of chondrules in such regions. We suggest that dust with abundant ice and minor chondrules accreted onto the parent bodies of the CI and Tagish Lake in the outer Solar System. Primordial chondrule abundance is the key to clarifying the physical and chemical conditions and evolution of the early Solar System.

The Influence of Different Land Use Practices on Specific Physical Characteristics of Soil in Gaya, a Region within the Savanna Ecosystem in Nigeria

This study examines the impact of various land use types on specific physical properties of soil at the Kano University of Science and Technology Research Farm in Gaya, Gaya L.G.A., Kano State, Nigeria. The four agricultural land uses investigated are cropland, forest, grazing, and plantation land. Soil samples were randomly collected from two depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm), with five samples from each depth per land use type, resulting in 40 samples. Bulk densities were measured using the core method. The results indicated no significant effect (Fpr &gt; 0.05) of land use on bulk density and porosity. However, bulk density values exhibited an increasing trend: cropland (1.602 g/cm3) &lt; forest land (1.667 g/cm3) &lt; plantation land (1.669 g/cm3) &lt; grazing land (1.69 g/cm3). Grazing land had the highest mean bulk density, while cropland had the lowest. At 0-15 cm depth, plantation land had the highest mean bulk density (1.698 g/cm3), and cropland had the lowest (1.547 g/cm3). At a depth of 15-30 cm, forest land had the highest mean bulk density (1.767 g/cm3), while plantation land had the lowest (1.641 g/cm3). Total porosity showed an increasing trend from grazing land (30.8%) to plantation land (33.6%), cropland (34.3%), and forest land (37.7%). Factors such as organic matter content, aggregate size, and soil depth influenced the bulk density and porosity characteristics. Overall, bulk density was higher than standard values, indicating compaction: sandy soils were too compact, loamy soils were very compact, and clay soils were highly compact. Total porosity generally fell within the moderate range, and particle density was within the normal acceptable range of 2.65 g/cm3.

Stage–discharge prediction in the multi-stage ice-covered compound channel

The multi-stage compound channel, which is a common pattern in natural alluvial rivers and the regulation projects of urban rivers, inevitably freezes in winter when it is situated in cold northern areas with high latitudes. Given that ascertaining the stage–discharge relationship for rivers is the foundation for the development of flood control schemes and water resources management, this study concentrates on proposing an analytical model for predicting the stage–discharge curves of multi-stage ice-covered compound channels. In deducing the analytical model, the cross section of the channel is first segmented into several homogeneous subregions that can be grouped into seven categories according to the geometric characteristics. Through analyzing the momentum transfer between adjacent subregions, the force balance equation for each subregion is then established to get the bulk mean velocity for the corresponding subregion, thereby obtaining the discharge by solving a tridiagonal matrix. Subsequently, measurements from two-stage and three-stage ice-covered compound channel experiments and three sets of experimental data from the literature are used to validate the performance of the proposed model. Good agreement between the predictions and the measured data suggests that the deduced model can accurately estimate the discharge for the multi-stage ice-covered compound channels when the flow depth is given. Finally, sensitivity analysis indicates that Manning's roughness coefficient of the channel bed has a more pronounced impact on the stage–discharge relationship than that of the ice cover. Moreover, when compared to the two-stage ice-covered compound channel, the multi-stage ice-covered compound channel offers greater potential for water resource utilization.

Gravimetric characteristics and friction parameters of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

When designing appropriate machinery systems, equipment, and infrastructures for interacting with, cultivating, gathering, and agriculture-related processing, it is required to have an understanding of the engineering characteristics of agricultural products. This unpredictability makes it difficult to design or develop machines that can efficiently and effectively manage a wide range of product characteristics. Experimental analysis was used to accomplish the study's objective, which was to investigate the implications of variation on the gravimetric characteristics and frictional parameters of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) concerning the design of the threshing machine. The mean average values of gravimetric parameters were determined by analysing the experimental data: arithmetic mean diameter (7.042 ± 0.473 mm), geometric diameter (6.737 ± 0.463 mm), bulk density (781.20 ± 25.34 kg m-3), true density (1347.03 ± 143.0 kg m-3), porosity (41.385 ± 7.05%), width (6.316 ± 0.502 mm), thickness (4.962 ± 0.50 mm), projected area (49.194 ± 6.715 mm2), and volume of the seed (161.689 ± 3.778 mm3). The average moisture content values were found to be 11.214±1.185% on a dry basis, the static coefficient of friction varied between 0.276 and 0.386 on the surface of iron sheets, 0.294 to 0.435 on stainless steel, 0.317 to 0.434 on galvanized iron, 0.321 to 0.451 on medium density fiberboard, 0.319 to 0.480 on aluminum, 0.310 to 0.470 on painted sheets, 0.320 to 0.440 on glass, 0.333 to 0.447 on plastic, and 0.374 to 0.575 on rubber. Perforated sheet surfaces showed the highest static coefficients of friction, followed by rubber, plastic, plywood, glass, aluminum, galvanized iron, painted sheet, stainless steel, and iron sheet surfaces. These data are not only required for predicting loads in agricultural storage structures but are also needed to establish useful sources for the development of machinery for handling, cleaning, storing, transporting and drying, among other things.

Exploring transverse particle motion in rotary drums: DEM analysis of the influence of cross-shaped internals on material transport

This study investigates the impact of lifters and cross-shaped internals on the transversal movement of wooden spheres within rotary drums. Utilizing Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations, the research evaluates the influence of these internal configurations on evolving bulk porosity, particle trajectories and residence time of particles in the central area of the drum. The study analyzes three distinct internal geometries and the influences of parameters such as drum rotational speed, drum fill level, and particle water content. Analysis of the simulation results shows that the mean bulk porosity increases by 4% for a single internal cross and by 7% for four internal crosses compared to a configuration without internals. Additionally, it is observed that the residence time for particles in the center of the drum increases by an average of 2.5 times for a single internal cross and 5.5 times for four internal crosses compared to a configuration without internals.

Error analysis of wave intercomparison based on sampling variability

Quantitative analysis of error sources in wave measurement intercomparison under real-world conditions remains challenging due to various factors such as spatial and temporal offsets in the field, diverse configurations of wave sensors and platforms, and distinct measurement algorithms. This study introduces a modified error analysis method based on sampling variability. Measurements from two co-deployed Datawell Waverider buoys at the National Marine Test Site (Weihai) in China offer an opportunity to assess the spatial variability error. The results reveal that for non-directional wave parameters, like significant wave height and mean zero-crossing period, the wave conditions in the field can be considered stationary, with random errors primarily arising from inherent sampling variability. Spatial offsets significantly impact directional wave parameters at peak frequencies, with large deviations (greater than 20°) in peak wave direction primarily attributed to bimodal distribution. For data with significant wave heights exceeding 0.5 m, random errors in the mean wave direction at the same frequency can be mainly attributed to sampling variability. The bulk directional wave parameters weighted by the energy spectrum demonstrate lower sensitivity to spatial offsets, and there is excellent agreement between the bulk mean directions when considering only the unimodal distribution data.

Physical and Engineering Parameter of Garlic

Garlic is nature's most versatile medicinal plant and it is primarily used as a flavoring agent in cooking. It is the second most important spice after the onion. The physical parameter of garlic performs a crucial role in context designing of conveying systems and metering units. This research was carried out in the department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, SHUATS, Prayagraj, U.P. The prime aim of study was to evaluate the physical and engineering parameters of garlic cloves. The physical parameters garlic cloves found in terms of average length, width, thickness, Geometric mean diameter, sphericity and bulk density were 27.78 mm, 11.60 mm, 9.26 mm, 14.23 mm, 0.52 and 554 to 592 kg/m3. The weight of thousand garlic clove was found as 1540.5g. The Angle of repose for garlic clove was found as 45.6 and 36.8o for wood and G.I. sheet.

ERA5‐Based Significant Tornado Environments in Canada Between 1980 and 2020

AbstractThis study uses ERA5 close‐proximity soundings and associated convective parameters to characterize significant tornadic storm (F/EF2+) environments between 1980 and 2020 in parts of Canada. It is shown that ERA5 convective parameters are suitable to represent observed parameters, based on radiosonde comparisons. Results indicate that the eastern Canadian Prairies have nearly double the lifted condensation level with higher level of free convection compared to eastern Canada (southern Ontario/Quebec). Eastern Canada has more a humid boundary layer and free troposphere that can lead to warmer cold pools, favoring tornadogenesis. Central Canada (Manitoba) has the largest mixed‐layer (ML) convective available potential energy (CAPE) mainly due to a combination of regional differences in low level moisture and steeper mid‐level lapse rates in western Canada. Central continental U.S. and Canadian regions appear to have the highest (most negative) convective inhibition, leading to more explosive initiation. Mean bulk wind shear and storm relative helicity (SRH) increases from west to east, with eastern regions being significantly larger. The supercell composite and significant tornado parameters are generally less than U.S. magnitudes, particularly in western Canada, and would require recalibration for more practical use in Canada. Overall, western Canada significant tornadic storms are associated with more low‐level looping hodographs and dominated by thermodynamic influences compared to larger wind influences in eastern regions. This is likely due to more spring, late summer, and autumn events that typically have well‐developed synoptic systems (stronger wind shear) with overall less buoyant energy in eastern regions.

Revisiting the warm sub-Saturn TOI-1710b

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) provides a continuous suite of new planet candidates that need confirmation and precise mass determination from ground-based observatories. This is the case for the G-type star TOI-1710, which is known to host a transiting sub-Saturn planet (Mp = 28.3 ± 4.7 M⊕) in a long-period orbit (P = 24.28 days). Here we combine archival SOPHIE and new and archival HARPS-N radial velocity data with newly available TESS data to refine the planetary parameters of the system and derive a new mass measurement for the transiting planet, taking into account the impact of the stellar activity on the mass measurement. We report for TOI-1710b a radius of Rp = 5.15 ± 0.12 R⊕, a mass of Mp = 18.4 ± 4.5 M⊕, and a mean bulk density of ρp = 0.73 ± 0.18 g cm−3, which are consistent at 1.2σ, 1.5σ, and 0.7σ, respectively, with previous measurements. Although there is not a significant difference in the final mass measurement, we needed to add a Gaussian process component to successfully fit the radial velocity dataset. This work illustrates that adding more measurements does not necessarily imply a better mass determination in terms of precision, even though they contribute to increasing our full understanding of the system. Furthermore, TOI-1710b joins an intriguing class of planets with radii in the range 4–8 R⊕ that have no counterparts in the Solar System. A large gaseous envelope and a bright host star make TOI-1710b a very suitable candidate for follow-up atmospheric characterization.

Thermal enhancement of couple stress fluid flow through anisotropic porous media

This study examines forced convective heat transfer via an anisotropic porous channel in a couple stress flow. The flow field is assumed to be fully developed and governed by the Darcy Brinkman Forchheimer equation. The thermal field is assumed to be developing. The channel walls are subjected to constant heat flux. Since the momentum equation is non-linear and the thermal energy equation is linear, coupled equations are solved numerically using the finite difference method. The variation in the bulk mean temperature is linear with the axial distance for all values of the couple stress parameter and Darcy number. In the absence of axial conduction and heat sources or sinks in the flow field, it is easy to see that the energy gained by the fluid up to an axial distance is twice the axial distance. The parameters, anisotropic permeability ratio, and anisotropic angle enhance the heat transfer. The couple stress parameter lessens the enhancement in heat transfer. Anisotropy is critical in heat transmission for Darcy number, DaH≤0.8. The heat transfer rate decreases by more than 40% due to couple stress fluid and anisotropic effects in the channel, as opposed to the Newtonian isotropic situation. This investigation's findings have been compared with previous experimental and numerical research.