Meadow Timothy Research Articles

Productivity and nutritional value of perennial cereal grasses in the Middle Cis-Urals

The purpose of the research was the assessment of feed productivity and nutritional value of 13 new varieties of meadow timothy, meadow fescue and awnless brome when cultivated for green mass in the Middle Cis-Urals. The research was carried out in 2018–2022 on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil of the Udmurt Republic. Meteorological conditions of the growing seasons during the years of the research were different: 2018, 2021 and 2022 were arid (hydrothermal coefficient – 0.89, 0.78 and 0.91, respectively), 2020 – slightly arid (HTC – 1.04), 2019 – waterlogged (HTC – 1.73). The beginning of regrowth of the studied varieties of perennial cereal grasses was noted in the third ten days of April; the grass reached mowing ripeness in 44–60 days. The yield of meadow timothy varieties on average for three years of using the grass stand was at the level of 3.5–3.9 t/ha of dry weight, meadow fescue – 2.3–2.4 t/ha, awnless brome – 4.5–4.7 t/ha. The “year conditions” factor had a primary influence on the variation in yield, density and height of the grass stand – 92.4…97.4 %, 62.9…79.2, 80.3…82.6 %, respectively. The “genotype x year” factor also influenced the number of shoots and their height. Fescue varieties were distinguished by a relatively high content of crude fat (2.5–3.1 %), sugars (15.6–17.7 %), and calcium (0.31–0.36 %). High content of crude fat (2.3–2.6 %), phosphorus (0.68–0.71 %), potassium (2.45–2.52 %), calcium (0.31–0.39 %) noted in plant samples of awnless brome varieties. A positive strong correlation between the yield of dry mass of cereal grasses and the content of phosphorus (r = 0.87…0.96) and potassium (r = 0.69…0.85) in it was revealed. Some varieties of perennial cereal grasses were distinguished by their nutritional value: meadow timothy varieties Sleipnir (Finland), Aturo (Germany) and Tamiza (Germany) with a yield per 1 hectare of metabolic energy of 32.3–34.4 GJ, digestible protein – 0.14–0.16 tons, feed units – 2.41–2.60 thousand; meadow fescue variety Karpatchi (Netherlands) – 21.2 GJ, 0.09 tons, 1.57 thousand; awnless brome variety Gvardeets (Russia) – 35.7 GJ, 0.25 tons and 2.58 thousand, respectively. Cultivation of Karpatchi fescue, Sleipnir timothy and Gvardeets brome is energetically and economically profitable: energy efficiency coefficient – 1.9; 3.0 and 3.6, profitability level – 65; 101 and 161 %, respectively.

Spectra of sensitization to aeroallergens in patients with allergy from the upper chirchik district of the Republic of Uzbekistan

BACKGROUND: Allergic airway diseases caused by hypersensitivity to aeroallergens are the most common manifestation of atopy in children and adults. However, sensitization in the population primarily depends on the allergenic composition of the air environment. Identification of sensitization is a prerequisite for successful treatment of allergic diseases, although the structure of sensitization may have regional characteristics.
 AIM: To study the spectrum of sensitization in people with allergic diseases, namely, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma of varying severity, and atopic dermatitis, in the Upperchirchik district of the Tashkent region, which is characterized by a long period of flowering of weeds (wormwood, saltwort, and quinoa, from the end of August to the end of November), cereals (timothy, foxtail, rye, and bluegrass), and herbs (from the end of February to the end of July); the duration of flowering is associated with the peculiarities of climatic and geographic conditions.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January to May 2022, a clinical and allergological examination was conducted on 100 patients with allergic diseases; of these, 38 were children aged 2–18 years (including 20 children with allergic rhinitis, 12 with bronchial asthma, 6 with atopic dermatitis) and 62 were adults (including 32 patients with allergic rhinitis, 13 with bronchial asthma, 17 with atopic dermatitis). To study the total IgE in the blood serum, allergen-specific IgE and standard diagnostic allergens were used for skin testing.
 RESULTS: Among all examined patients, the most frequent were intermittent and persistent forms of allergic rhinitis in 52 (52%), bronchial asthma in 25 (25%), atopic dermatitis in 23 (23%), combination of allergic rhinitis + bronchial asthma in 13 (13%), allergic rhinitis + atopic dermatitis in 12 (12%), and atopic dermatitis + bronchial asthma in 9 (9%) patients. Combined sensitization to pollen and household and food allergens was detected in 90% of the patients, monosensitization to allergens of cereal grasses (meadow Timothy and meadow bluegrass) in 6% and to allergens of weeds (wormwood and quinoa) in 4%. Sensitization to house dust (h1) was detected in 29 children and 51 adults. The frequency of sensitization to food allergens was higher in children than in adults: to cow’s milk allergens in 28.9% of children and 8.1% of adults; to egg allergens in 44.7% of children and 24.2% of adults; and to nut allergens in 38.7% of children and 34.2% of adults.
 CONCLUSION: The spectrum of sensitization to allergens in patients with allergic diseases in the Upperchirchik district of the Tashkent region is characterized by a predominance of sensitization to pollens and household allergens in children and adults, with a significant proportion of polysensitized patients in all age groups.

Structural carbohydrate and lignin content of perennial cereal forage grasses depending on the growth phase and digital innovations in forage composition analysis

The article is devoted to the study of the content of cell wall carbohydrates – neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) – in cereal forage grasses depending on the growth phases. An increase in all cell wall fractions was revealed as the growth phases changed. The content of acid detergent fiber, neutral-detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin (% in dry matter) in cereal forage grasses (awnless brome, meadow fescue, meadow timothy) is 31‑32, 50‑55, 4‑6 before earing; in the earing phase – 32‑37, 55‑65, and 5‑6; in the flowering phase – 40‑45, 70‑72, 7‑9, respectively. As grasses grow, their composition changes with the accumulation of cell walls. The increase in the proportion of neutral detergent fiber occurs mainly due to an increase in the proportion of cellulose and a decrease in the proportion of hemicellulose, which is consistent with a higher digestibility of grasses in the early growth stages. According to the results of the study, the relationship between crude fiber and acid detergent fiber was closer (n = 64, s = 2.4%, r = 0.93) than between crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber (n = 64, s = 4.4%, r = 0.87). As the composition of grass changes daily during the growing season, it is advisable to determine its composition as soon as possible. As chemical methods are time-consuming, an express method based on an infrared analyzer can be used to solve this problem. The express method involves, after the grinding of the sample, sequential operations such as calibrating the analyzer, placing the sample in the analyzer and analyzing the samples with the analyzer. This means that this method is also quite time-consuming. To obtain information more quickly (two hours), digital technologies are now increasingly being used. The method based on digital technologies involves the sequential execution of the following operations: UAV launch, crop survey, transmission of multispectral data to the server, information processing and calculation of crude fiber content.

Поступление 137Cs в почву из луговых растений при аэральном загрязнении и формирование первичных градиентов концентраций этого поллютанта в почве на агрегатном уровне

In model experiments under field conditions in the Aleksandrovsky district of the Vladimir region, the intake of 137Cs from various meadow plants into soddy-podzolic heavy loamy soil was studied. The radionuclide in the form of an aqueous solution of cesium nitrate was applied to the leaf surface of the middle tier, which prevented 137Cs from entering the soil. Representatives of different families were used as experimental plants: common cuff (Alchemilla vulgaris L.), rosaceae family; forest angelica (Angelica sylvestris L.), celery family; caustic buttercup (Ranunculus acer L.), ranunculaceae family; common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), aster family and meadow timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bluegrass family. The experimental results showed that 2.7 to 6.9% of the applied radiocesium can enter the soil through root secretions, and the largest amount of the pollutant was found in the soil of varieties with forest angelica, the smallest – with common tansy. 137Cs entering the soil accumulated mainly in the uppermost 0 to 4 cm horizon; in the underlying layers of 4 to 12 cm radiocesium was found 1.2 to 6.7 times less. At the aggregate level, 137Cs concentrated mainly on the surface of the smallest soil particles, which were <0.5 and 0.5 to 1 mm in size.

Evaluation of perennial poaceae grasses species and varieties for creating lawns

Under the conditions of the Moscow region, in a field experiment, a comparative assessment of 6 types of perennial grasses and 13 of their varieties was carried out in the lawn mode of use for 12 years. It has been established that in the first year of life, the highest intensity of tillering in the first two to three months was observed in perennial ryegrass, meadow fescue and giant bentgrass. The projective cover of single-species lawns from these species amounted to 92-96% by autumn. In the first year, red fescue was characterized by lower development rates and by the beginning of autumn formed a high-quality lawn with a closed-mosaic structure and 71-79% projective cover, depending on the variety used. The slowest formation of lawns in the year of sowing was noted for meadow bluegrass, which provided projective cover in different varieties from 14 to 60%. The bluegrass lawns reached their maximum density mainly in the third year. The most high-quality lawn with a closed-diffuse composition and 100% projective cover was formed already in the first year when using a grass mixture with the participation of varieties of red fescue, meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass, bent grass, a mixture of meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass and giant bent grass, as well as a mixture of these species with varieties of bluegrass, red fescue and meadow timothy. The best longevity with a high density of shoots and close-diffuse composition with more than 90% annual projective cover for 12 years was distinguished by lawns from red fescue varieties Dipa and Celianna. In polyspecific lawns with the participation of bluegrass meadow, the share of its shoots in the total structure did not exceed 17-38%. Starting from the eighth year, due to the low vegetative mobility of red fescue, there was a consistent increase in the number of bluegrass shoots in the lawn. With intensive constant use of the lawn for sports, the grass mixture with a predominance of up to 90% of bluegrass meadow variety Balin turned out to be the most stable.

Вивчення вихідного матеріалу для створення сортів тимофіївки лучної

Goal. To study and evaluate the collected samples of meadow timothy in the conditions of the Western region of Ukraine to identify the most valuable starting material and involve it in the further selection process. Methods. Field, measuring and weighing, visual, calculation and comparison, mathematical-statistical. Results. The starting material for the creation of new varieties can be the collection of meadow timothy selection samples from the Pre-Carpathian Department of Scientific Research of the Institute of Rural Economy of the Carpathian Region of NAAS. As a result of a 3-year study of 16 collection samples, promising samples were selected by plant height, duration of the growing season, fodder, and seed productivity. The average duration of the growing season of collected samples from the beginning of spring growth to the economic maturity of the seeds was 133–150 days. Samples No. 2092; No. 2180; No. 2181; No. 2183; No. 2096; and No. 2085 were the most precocious. Biometric measurements showed that samples No. 2177; No. 2094; No. 2185; No. 2096; and No. 2085 had the highest plant height (101.1–110.0 cm) in the earing phase. The highest yield of green mass on average over 3 years of use was fixed for samples No. 2092 — 4.10 kg/m2, No. 2180 — 4.13 kg/m2, and No. 2085 — 4.05 kg/m2. In terms of dry matter yield special attention should be paid to the samples No. 2180 — 0.883 kg/m2 and No. 2183 — 0.870 kg/m2, which exceeded the standard by 26 and 24%. Samples No. 2092 — 27.76 g/m2, No. 2178 — 27.12 g/m2, No. 2184 — 28.05 g/m2, and No. 2085 — 26.27 g/m2 had high seed productivity. Conclusions. Based on the conducted research, the best collection samples of meadow timothy were selected by their economic characteristics. They were recommended to be used as source material for the further selection work and creation of new highly productive varieties.

Формування сіяних лучних фітоценозів Передкарпаття залежно від удобрення

Goal. To reveal the peculiarities of the formation of elements of the productivity of perennial grasses in hay-type grass mixtures depending on the level of mineral fertilization. Methods. Field — to establish the level of productivity of the grass stand; visual and weight — to establish phenological changes in the growth, development, and productivity of the grass stand; statistical methods, dispersion, and factorial — to determine the probability of data. Results. The reaction of leguminous grass mixtures to the complex action of phosphoric-potassium and nitrogen fertilizers and complex microelements in the chelated form of microfol combi, which was used for foliar feeding of grasses was determined. For sowing, mixtures of perennial grasses were used, consisting of meadow timothy (6 kg/ha) and clover (16 kg/ha), meadow timothy (4 kg/ha), ryegrass (6 kg/ha), fenugreek (6 kg/ha). kg/ha), meadow clover (3 kg/ha), and horned lotus (3 kg/ha). Conclusions. The highest yield of dry matter (9.08 t/ha) was formed by sowing meadow clover, horned lotus, and a mixture of grasses (meadow timothy, perennial fenugreek). In the case of sowing meadow timothy with meadow clover on a similar agricultural background, the yield of dry matter was 8.56 t/ha. In the timothy-clover grass mixture, the share of meadow clover in the crop remained on average over the years of use of the grass stand at the level of 28.5; 28.6; 23.2; 22.7, and 17.0% in green mass. In a five-component mixture (meadow timothy, ryegrass, perennial fenugreek, meadow clover, lotus), the share of meadow clover in the formation of the grass stand was only 13.8–15.4%. The content of the lotus on average over four years of use was 11.3–22.8% in green mass.

Dynamics of accumulation of 137CS, botanical composition and productivity of legume-cereal mixtures in the Tula region

The purpose of the research is to select grass mixtures to improve hay and pasture lands on ravine - beam systems that have been exposed to radioactive contamination, to evaluate agrotechnical and agrochemical techniques to increase productivity and restore radioactively contaminated slope forage lands and reduce the accumulation of 137Cs in the grass. The work was carried out in 2003-2010 and 2019-2021 in the Plavsky district of the Tula region on medium loamy leached chernozem. In the first experiment, the yield and dynamics of accumulation of 137Cs by perennial grasses were studied. Perennial herbs were grown in variants without fertilizers and with annual application of N60P60K60. The objects of research were meadow clover, creeping clover, variable alfalfa, eastern goat, horned lyadvenets, boneless rump, meadow fescue, meadow timothy. The most productive in the experiments was a mixture of meadow clover, variable alfalfa and boneless stalk (10,5 t /ha of dry matter). The content of 137Cs in the air-dry mass of cereal-legume grass mixtures ranged from 8,3 to 40,1 Bq/kg. Perennial leguminous grasses bore 2...3 times more 137Cs than cereals. In the second experiment, the objects of the study were single-species crops of boneless stalk and its mixture with eastern goat with the use of mineral and microbiological fertilizers. As a result, it was found that the introduction of large doses of nitrogen fertilizers increased the accumulation of 137Cs in the herbage. With fractional fertilization, such an increase can be avoided. The complex application of nitrogen and microbiological fertilizers contributes to a 2-fold increase in the content of 137Cs in the herbage. In the experiments, the lowest values of the accumulation coefficients of 137Cs were noted in the variants with the addition of double superphosphate with potassium chloride and borofoski.

Changes in Selected Forage Parameters of Meadow Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) Biomass and in the Soil as a Response to Slurry Interaction with Soil Conditioners

The aim of the research was to assess the effect of slurry and soil conditioners on Phleum pratense yield and its selected parameters and on soil nutrients. The second aspect of the experiment was to obtain information whether slurry and soil conditioners applied together will increase the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil compared to slurry applied on its own or together with NPK fertilizers. The research was carried out on the basis of a three-year (2015–2017) field experiment. The interaction of soil conditioners or mineral fertilizers with slurry was tested on forage grass of the Meadow timothy species of the Secesja variety, sown in autumn 2014. Grass total protein, crude fiber and crude ash content and net energy concentration (NE) were determined; additionally, at the end of the experiment, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the soil was measured. The results of plant material analyses were statistically developed using a three-factor analysis of variance, while the results of soil content determination were developed with a one-factor analysis. The interaction of slurry with Humus Active or Rosahumus significantly increased the amount of meadow timothy biomass in relation to plants fertilized with slurry on its own (by 22% and 26%, respectively) or supplemented with NPK fertilizers (by 9% and 7%). The interaction of slurry with the Rosahumus soil conditioner resulted in a significant increase in meadow timothy crude fiber content compared to the effect of slurry applied on its own or with NPK fertilizers (by 5% and 6.5%). The interaction of slurry with soil conditioners did not result in a significant increase in total protein and crude ash content or in the net energy concentration compared to slurry applied on its own or with NPK fertilizers. Soil nutrient content determined after the experiment proved a significant impact of the interaction of soil conditioners and slurry on the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Study of the nutritional and productive value of perennial legume-grass mixtures on reclaimed lands of the Upper Volga region

Relevance. The article is devoted to the relevant problem of assessing the productive and nutritional value of complex grass mixtures of various families, as well as assessing the economic and agro-energy efficiency of cultivating legume-grass mixtures for fodder.Methods. Experiments were laid at the VNIIMZ experimental agro-reclamation site in 2019–2021. The objects of research were herbal mixtures: 1) oriental goat's rue + cereals (60:40%); 2) variable alfalfa + red clover + meadow timothy (30:35:35%); 3) variable alfalfa + red clover + meadow fescue (30:35:30%); 4) clover-timothy mixture (45:55%). Control — clover-timothy mixture (60:40%), traditional for the production of green mass. The area of the experiment is 6.1 ha, the placement of the options is randomized, in three tiers, the repetition is three times. The use of grass stands is two-cut, agricultural technology is generally accepted. The studies were carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations adopted in fodder production and agriculture. Statistical processing was carried out by the method of dispersion analysis using computer programs.Results. High yields of grass mixtures based on goat's rue with cereals were obtained — green mass up to 49.9 t/ha, dry matter — up to 14.1 t/ha, while the timothy mixture used as a control — only 23.8 and 6 .78 t/ha, respectively. At the same time, it was found that the collection of fodder protein units, digestible protein and energy productivity were the highest in legume-grass mixed crops based on goat's rue with cereals (13.97 t/ ha, 1.50 t/ha and 167.7 GJ/ha) and grass mixtures based on clover, alfalfa and timothy grass (9.17 t/ha, 1.03 t/ha and 115.2 GJ/ha), while clover-timothy grass mixture provided only 5.49 t/ha, 0.57 t/ha and 58.3 GJ/ ha, respectively (significance of differences p < 0.05). Grass mixtures from goat's rue, alfalfa and red clover with intensive varieties of cereal grasses provide the maximum amount of nutrients per unit area, improve the quality of fodder.

Cultivation of Legume and Gramineous Grass Mixtures for Use on Hayfields and Pastures of Southern Sakhalin

Nowadays due of the world population growth, the demand for agricultural products is also growing. To obtain good meat and dairy products, high-quality feed for farm animals is necessary. Legume-gramineous perennial grass mixtures are used to improve fodder lands. Our experience included a test of 9 variants of legume-gramineous grass mixtures, where 6 types of grasses were used: red clover, alfalfa (legumes), meadow timothy grass, orchard-grass, smooth brome-grass, meadow fescue (cereals). The experiments were carried out in four repetitions on the lands of hay and pasture use with the use of fertilizers; there were carried out phenological observations, biometric measurements, and determination of the botanical composition. In herbage from hay fields the smooth brome-grass dominated, and in herbage from pastures the orchard-grass dominated. The proportion of non-sown grass species reaches 26.3-32.7 % in three-component grass mixtures with meadow timothy grass. Meadow fescue and meadow timothy in terms of growth rate, reactions to nitrogen application were inferior to the orchard-grass and smooth bromegrass, which led to their oppression and displacement from the herbage. The best density of plant standing per 1 m2 was noted in the orchard-grass and smooth bromegrass, the smallest - in meadow fescue and alfalfa.

Сучасний санітарний стан кормів у скотарських господарствах різних регіонів України у 2021 р.

Goal. To research and make an assessment of selection numbers of meadow timothy in the control nursery for the main economically valuable traits and select promising samples for further selection work. Methods. Field, measuring and weighing, visual, mathematical, and statistical. Results. For 2018–2020, 20 selection numbers were investigated in the control nursery of the 2017 sowing year. According to 3-year data, the duration of the vegetation period of the studied samples from the beginning of spring growth to full seed maturity was 135–155 days. The highest yield of green mass (39.23 t/ha) and dry matter (8.28 t/ha) for hay use was in sample PFZ 01949, and seeds (0.310 t/ha) in sample PFZ 01945. High leafiness of plants was found in samples: PFZ 01939 — 60.4%, PFZ 01942 — 61.1, PFZ 01948 — 62.3, PFZ 01949 — 64.0, PFZ 01895 — 63.0, PFZ 01896 — 63.5%; the longest panicle length: in PFZ 01943 — 15.6 cm, PFZ 01945 — 15, PFZ 01895 and PFZ 01952 — 14, PFZ 01941 — 14.2 cm; the number of seeds in panicle: PFZ 01952 — 345 pcs., PFZ 01941 — 355, PFZ 01945 — 325 pcs.; the weight of 1000 seeds: PFZ 01951 and PFZ 01941 — 0.68 g, PFZ 01952 — 0.65, PFZ 01943 — 0.62 g, PFZ 01945 — 0.60 g. Conclusions. Based on 3-year data, promising samples were selected that can be used as starting material during the creation of varieties of meadow timothy: by the winter hardiness — 7 selection numbers, by the plant height in the phase of full earing — 6, by the yield of green mass, when haying — 4, by the dry matter yield — 6, by the foliage — 6, by the seed productivity — 4, by the panicle length — 5, by the number of seeds in a panicle — 12, by the weight of 1000 seeds — 6, by the resistance against diseases (rust) — 16 breeding numbers.

Кормова продуктивність люцерно-злакових агроценозів з різними злаковими компонентами

Goal. To select the best perennial grasses for lucerne-cereal mixtures on different agricultural backgrounds to increase their productive longevity to produce high-quality grass fodder. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical, computational and comparative. Results. The results are given of research (2019–2021) in the formation of forage productivity of lucerne, lucerne-cereal with various cereal components and cereal forage agro phytocoenoses on different backgrounds of fertilizers and liming on dark gray podzolic soils. The best forage agro phytocoenoses, change of their productivity under the influence of fertilizers and liming, distribution of yield on hay crops and features of increase of productivity at the formation of a crop of biomass in the 1st slope are established. Conclusions. The inclusion of lucerne in legume-cereal grass mixture, as well as its single-use for forage purposes, compared to cereals herbage on the background without mineral nitrogen on average for the first three years of life and use increased the productivity of sown grass from 3.24–3.31 to 7,92–10.34 t/ha of dry weight, from 2.37–2.58 to 6.91–9.99 t/ha of fodder units, or 1.4–3.8 times. The most productive were agro phytocoenoses formed based on single-species sowing of lucerne and its mixtures with late-ripening meadow timothy (Phleum pratense) and intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), as well as medium-ripe awnless brome (Bromopsis inermis) and eastern fescue (Festuca orientalis), where the share of legume component (1%) was the largest. The introduction of 1.5 t/ha of lime into pre-sowing cultivation or P45K90 annually increased the productivity of lucerne and lucerne-cereal grasses by 5–9%, and with their combined use — by 12–14%. The best distribution of yield by slopes on different fertilizer backgrounds was characterized by lucerne and lucerne-cereal herbage with a share of 1st hay crop 45–50%, 2nd — 29–31%, and 3rd — 20–25%, and unevenness 23–28%. At the formation of the yield of the 1st hay crop, the increase in productivity of sown grasslands occurred before the flowering phase of the dominant components, the largest daily increases in dry weight (66–96 kg/ha), as well as net productivity of photosynthesis (2.58–3.52 g/m2 per day) achieved during the branching-budding phase of lucerne.

DEPENDENCE OF CROP ROTATION EFFICIENCY ON PHOSPHOGYPSE AND FERTILIZERS APPLICATION

The article is devoted to the study of the energy nutritional value of forage from perennial legumes and cereals grown on the drained lands of the Non-Chernozem zone (Tver region). The objects of research are highly productive grass stands based on variable alfalfa variety Vega 87, meadow clover variety Shans, and intensive types of cereal grasses meadow timothy variety VIK 9, meadow fescue variety Sakharovskaya. The objects of research are high-yielding grass stands based on alfalfa variety Vega 87, meadow clover variety Shans, and intensive types of cereal grasses meadow timothy variety VIK 9, meadow fescue variety Sakharovskaya. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020 on the experimental field of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands - Branch of the Federal Research Centre V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute (VNIIMZ) on sod-podzolic light loamy soil, drained by closed pottery drainage. It is noted that under conditions of waterlogged soil and low average daily temperatures, grass mixtures of alfalfa and meadow clover with perennial grasses often have unstable productivity. The botanical composition of grass mixtures on average over the years of research showed the participation of legumes - 45-50 %, cereals - 50-55 %. Of the cereal components during the period of crop formation, more active development was noted in meadow fescue, on average, 54 % in the composition of mixtures, versus 46 % of meadow timothy. Analysis of samples of green mass and voluminous forage (silage) from alfalfa, meadow clover and cereal grasses harvested for the winter stall period showed a high protein content in silage prepared from the plant mass of alfalfa-clover-cereal grass mixture. These feeds contain protein 128.3-138.5 g per feed unit, metabolic energy 9.18-10.08 MJ per 1 kg of dry feed.

ENERGY NUTRITION OF PERENNIAL LEGUMES AND CEREALS ON DRIED LANDS OF THE UPPER VOLGA

The article is devoted to the study of the energy nutritional value of forage from perennial legumes and cereals grown on the drained lands of the Non-Chernozem zone (Tver region). The objects of research are highly productive grass stands based on variable alfalfa variety Vega 87, meadow clover variety Shans, and intensive types of cereal grasses meadow timothy variety VIK 9, meadow fescue variety Sakharovskaya. The objects of research are high-yielding grass stands based on alfalfa variety Vega 87, meadow clover variety Shans, and intensive types of cereal grasses meadow timothy variety VIK 9, meadow fescue variety Sakharovskaya. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020 on the experimental field of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands - Branch of the Federal Research Centre V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute (VNIIMZ) on sod-podzolic light loamy soil, drained by closed pottery drainage. It is noted that under conditions of waterlogged soil and low average daily temperatures, grass mixtures of alfalfa and meadow clover with perennial grasses often have unstable productivity. The botanical composition of grass mixtures on average over the years of research showed the participation of legumes - 45-50 %, cereals - 50-55 %. Of the cereal components during the period of crop formation, more active development was noted in meadow fescue, on average, 54 % in the composition of mixtures, versus 46 % of meadow timothy. Analysis of samples of green mass and voluminous forage (silage) from alfalfa, meadow clover and cereal grasses harvested for the winter stall period showed a high protein content in silage prepared from the plant mass of alfalfa-clover-cereal grass mixture. These feeds contain protein 128.3-138.5 g per feed unit, metabolic energy 9.18-10.08 MJ per 1 kg of dry feed.

Substantiation of the Mechanized Technology of Putting Fallow Lands into Circulation for the Testes of Perennial Grasses

The paper presents research materials on the development and implementation of various machine-technological schemes for introducing middle-aged deposits into agricultural circulation for the testes of meadow timothy. Structurally, the schemes differed among themselves in the methods of soil cultivation and machine support. Assessment of the technological impacts of the studied agricultural practices revealed the technology, which was characterized by the greatest positive effect on the structural and aggregate composition, density and hardness of the soil, as well as the weediness of agrophytocenoses.

Main soil nutrients dynamics in sod-dressing intercropped orchard

The study aimed to estimate seasonal dynamics of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium under the influence of sod grasses in a sod-dressing intercropped orchard. The trial was conducted in a Welsey apple 1987-year orchard. Trees were planted at 8×6 m, cultivar seedlings used as rootstock. Red clover and meadow timothy in variant shares were used for interrow sodding. The cereal—legume intercropping was done in 2015, preceded by a 180 kg/ha active substance phosphorus-potassium dressing in reserve. Nitrogen was applied annually prior to growing season at 34.4 kg/ha active substance. Grass biomass in first hay cutting was the highest and comprised 45.3-49.9 % total mass. A total four cuttings dry mass was 3.36-7.10 t/ha depending on scheme. The maximum biomass was registered for the schemes with red clover and meadow timothy at ratios 1:1 and 7:3 (6.52 and 7.10 t/ha). In the growing period, grass depleted soil for 111.1—219.9 kg/ha nitrogen, 21.5-42.7 kg/ha phosphorus and 209.3—380.8 kg/ha potassium. Such consumptions suggest a serious competition for soil nutrients between grass vegetation and fruit trees. The available phosphorus and potassium content was independent of interrow dressing schemes. Inter-scheme differences did not exceed experimental bias due to presowing phosphorus and potassium application in reserve before trial. By first cutting, the nitrate nitrogen soil content in sodding schemes was 1.5-2-fold less vs. bare fallow, i.e. more nitrogen is used by vegetating grass, and its available forms recover slower than being consumed.

Evaluation of cereal forage grasses and forages from them according to the content of protein insoluble in acid detergent

The nitrogen content was determined in acid-detergent fiber (ADF) isolated from awnless rump, meadow fescue and meadow timothy, depending on the phase of their the same phases are for silage and haylage. Samples for analyzes were dried at a temperature of 60-65 ° C. As the grasses grew, an increase in the content of CDC in them was observed, which was also accompanied by an increase in ADF from the phase of entering the tube to flowering in timothy grass - from 1.18 to 1.36%, in meadow fescue - from 0.96 to 1.58 5%. When preserving grasses, an increase in the content of CDC is observed in all phases of their growth as compared to the original grass, but the mass fraction of ADF in the dry matter of silage and haylage was no more than in the original grass. If the technology of harvesting silage and haylage is observed, the level of thermal damage to these forages does not increase. With the growth of grasses from the vegetative phase to flowering, the content of SP in grasses and forages from them decreases, while the proportion of ADF in it increases. The inverse relationship between these indicators had correlation coefficients of 0.83, 0.88 and 0.92 for grasses, silage and haylage, respectively. The need to harvest them in earlier phases of growth is noted.

The effect of mineral fertilizers and liming on the properties of sod-podzolic soils and the productivity of legume-grass mixture in the conditions of the Komi Republic

The research was carried out in 1998-2018 in the conditions of the Komi Republic. Under study was the effectiveness of single application (1983) of lime doses (1.0; 2.0; 2.5 h. a.) and the systematic use of mineral fertilizers (N60P75K75) against the background of lime effect in the cultivation of perennial grass mixtures (meadow clover, meadow timothy and cocksfoot). High efficiency was shown by liming at doses of 2.0 and 2.5 h. a., the effect remained for 35 years since their introduction to the soil. Thus, in 2018, the exchange acidity was 4.5-4.8 pHKCl (the initial 4.1-4.2 pHKCl). A similar decrease was observed in the hydrolytic acidity and the content of exchangeable aluminum in the soil. The amount of humus by 2018 increased to 1.7-1.8 % (the initial 1.4-1.5 %). The average yield of perennial grasses during soil liming at doses of 2.0 and 2.5 h .a. was 24.0-25.1 t/ha of green mass (5.3-5.5 t/ha of good quality dry matter), which is 52.8-59.8 % higher than the variant without fertilizers (15.7 green mass and 3.7 t/ha of dry matter). In the variant with the systematic use of NPK, the exchange acid content of the soil and the humus content remained at the initial level, the amount of the mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium increased to 198 and 121 mg/kg of soil (the initial 42 and 62 mg/kg). The average annual yield of grasses was 25.3 t/ha of green mass (5.4 t/ha dry matter) and was 61.1 and 45.9 % higher than the control. Against the background of the aftereffect of lime flour, the effect of NPK on soil properties was similar to the effect of non-fertilizing cultivation, with the exception of a significant increase in the availability of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium – up to 254-288 and 148-166 mg/kg, respectively. A high yield of green mass of 28.1-30.7 t/ha (6.4-6.7 t/ha dry matter) was obtained, exceeding the control by 78.9-95.5 %. In these variants, grass mixture of high quality was obtained: the content of crude protein – 13.8-13.9 %; dry matter – 21.8-21.9 %; the content of total phosphorus – 0.92-0.94 %; potassium – 2.93-2.95 % and calcium – 0.79-0.81 %. The amount of nitrates in the feed did not exceed the MPC (147-149 mg/kg dry matter). Long-term studies on sod-podzolic poorly cultivated soil showed that the optimal method for the cultivation of long-term legume-cereal grass mixture was the use of lime flour (2.0 and 2.5 h .a.) and the annual use of N60P75K75.

Cultivation of Gal?ga Orient?lis in the Upper Volga of non-chernozem zone

Field studies were carried out at the Gubino reclamation facility located at the experimental base of VNIIMZ - a branch of the Federal Research Centre V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute in 2015-2019. We studied promising high-yielding varieties of legumes - gal?ga orient?lis, cereal rhizome grasses - awnless brome grass, canary grass and highly productive of loose shrub grass of meadow timothy. Studies have established that in the legume-cereal hay stands, the share of the gal?ga orient?lis was 18-83%. The share gal?ga orient?lis variety Gale ranged from 19 to 75%, variety Yubilyar from 18 to 79% and variety Krivich from 25 to 83%. On average, over the years of research, with two-fold mowing, the productivity of the gal?ga orient?lis and its mixtures with cereal grasses was 5.9-8.0 t / ha dry weight. The cereal grass mixture with two-cut use provided a dry matter yield at the level of 5.4-7.2 t / ha. The highest level of protein nutritional value was noted in the herbage of the gal?ga orient?lis variety Krivich 17-18%. The yield of green mass of legume-cereal hay herbage was 41.5-56.0 t / ha. Analysis of the dynamics of the density of the gal?ga orient?lis showed that the most dense was variety Krivich in single-species sowing - up to 166 pcs / m2. It was found that among the varieties of the legume component, the tallest, on average, over a five-year study were noted above-ground shoots of the gal?ga orient?lis variety Krivich - up to 117 cm. The gal?ga orient?lis had a high leafiness, the percentage of its leaves was 54-55%. In general, according to the options, the percentage of leaf apparatus in clean crops was 52-56%, in mixed crops - 48-57%. The output of fodder units was 4.7-6.8 thousand / ha.