Meadow Chernozem Soil Research Articles

Effect of Long-Term Use of Fertilizers on Soil-Dwelling Micromycetes of Meadow Chernozem Soil in Wheat Crops

The effect of long-term systematic application of fertilizers on the mycobiota of meadow chernozem soil in a stationary field experiment (Amur region) was studied for the first time. Information about cultivated soil microscopic fungi is given, an annotated list including 26 species is compiled. It was revealed that the application of nitrogen fertilizers (N30) for wheat against the background of long-term use of fertilizers caused an increase in the total number of soil fungi relative to the control variant by an average of 30–68%, whereas with their aftereffect, a less significant increase in the number of mushroom germs was observed (23–29%). The intervals of the optimal content of macronutrients for the active increase of the pool of microscopic fungi in meadow chernozem soil were determined: phosphorus – 50–65, potassium – 195–210, nitrogen – ≥10 mg/kg with optimal soil moisture of 22–24%. The aftereffect of long-term application of fertilizers, especially organo-mineral fertilizers, as well as the application of mineral fertilizers (N30) directly in the year of the study had a positive effect on species diversity, frequency of occurrence and dynamics of the number of fungal germs in the soil. Negative rearrangements of micromycete complexes as a result of prolonged use of mineral fertilizers in the agrocenoses of meadow chernozem soils were not detected, the introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers contributed to a significant decrease in the pool of phytopathogenic fungi.

Infestation of white mustard agrocenosis, depending on agricultural practices in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region

To obtain environmentally friendly products, in the technology of cultivating agricultural crops, the basis of modern weed control should be agricultural practices. In this regard, the purpose of the research is to select the optimal seeding rate and sowing method for white mustard, which increase the self-regulation of the number of weeds in the agrocenosis to obtain the highest seed yield. The experiment was carried out in 2020–2022 on the meadow-chernozem soil of the experimental plot of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Penza State Agrarian University. The weather conditions during the years of research were different, but they met the requirements for the growth and development of white mustard. The growing season of mustard in the first and third years passed under conditions of sufficient moisture at the optimum temperature regime (HTC 1.3 and 1.0, respectively). In the second year of research, drier conditions developed, when the hydrothermal coefficient was 0.87. On average, the minimum infestation of mustard crops before harvesting was traced with an ordinary sowing method of 36-51 pcs/m2 with a wet weight of weeds of 75.8-106.0 g/m2, while with a wide-row method their number was 43-62 pcs/m2 with a mass of 91.0-129.2 g/m2, where the feeding area increased not only for cultivated, but also for weeds. Moreover, the agrocenosis was the cleanest with the maximum seeding rate (3 million germinating seeds/ha) and mustard sowing with a row spacing of 15 cm, where the vegetative mass actively suppressed weeds. The highest infestation in terms of quantity and weight of the weed component was established at a rate of 1.5 million and mustard sowing with a row spacing of 30 cm. Plants with row sowing with a seeding rate of 2.0-2.5 million germinating seeds/ha were more competitive, while providing a maximum oilseed yield of 2.46-2.58 t/ha.

The Effect of Foliar Zinc Application on the Leaf Chlorophyll Concentrations and Grain Yields of the Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Field Experiments of Two Seasons

This research examined the effectiveness of zinc foliar fertilizers. Two winter wheat varieties, GK Pilis and Zvezdana, were tested in a Zn-limited meadow chernozem soil. Crop yields and chlorophyll concentrations of the leaves were examined in the growing seasons of 2020/2021 of favorable weather conditions and 2021/2022 of drought weather conditions. In the experiment, three treatments were carried out with monozinc foliar fertilizer of a concentrated 12% (w/v) zinc sulfate heptahydrate solution, and the fourth plot was designed as the untreated control. The first monozinc treatment was applied at a dose of 1 L ha−1 and the second monozinc treatment at a dose of 2 L ha−1. These treatments were applied at tillering (BBCH 21–22). The third monozinc treatment was applied at a dose of 1 L ha−1 at tillering and flag leaf emergence (BBCH 21–22, BBCH 37). Samples were taken several times in the vegetation period, and measurements were made using different methods (SPAD, determination of total chlorophyll concentration from acetone solution) before and after Zn treatments. In 2020/2021 of favorable weather conditions, the yield of Zvezdana was 5.47 t ha−1 and that of Gk Pilis was 6.11 t ha−1, compared to 2021/2022 of drought weather conditions, in which year the yield of Zvezdana was 3.14 t ha−1 and that of Gk Pilis was 2.79 t ha−1. Yields of both varieties increased with increasing NPK nutrient doses. In 2021/2022, even at nutrient level D (NPK basal fertilizer and two-times N topdressing), we harvested on average twice as much as in 2020/2021 at nutrient level A (N basal fertilizer and once N topdressing). No significant effects were found between the foliar fertilizers in 2020/2021. In 2021/2022, Zn treatments, mainly at four nutrient levels tended to increase the yields of both varieties. The first treatment resulted in a grain yield reduction of 3% for GK Pilis, and the second treatment resulted in a grain yield reduction of 1.2% for Zvezdana. After the second and third treatments, grain yield reductions were 0.1%–0.5%. Although there was no significant difference in terms of the main averages, foliar fertilizer was found to be effective in the second year. The relationship between chlorophyll and grain yield was found to depend on the year and variety. A weak correlation (r = 0.33, p < 0.05) was found between the total chlorophyll concentration in leaves for Zvezdana in 2021, and a medium correlation for GK Pilis (r = 0.67, p < 0.05). Concerning grain yield and chlorophyll concentration, a strong correlation (r = 0.81, p < 0.05) was found for Zvezdana in 2022, and a weak correlation (r = 0.44, p < 0.05) for GK Pilis. A strong correlation was found between the total leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD index in both years (r = 0.81, p < 0.05)

Агроэкологическая оценка степени деградации лугово-чернозёмной почвы в яблоневых садах на примере ФГУП «Мичуринское» Тамбовской области

In the monoculture of a weakly growing apple tree, the fatigue of meadow-chernozem soils manifests itself at the age of 16-18 years of trees. A methodology for assessing the degree of soil degradation in apple orchards has been developed. Its approbation on the example of meadow-chernozem soil showed that the rate of capillary rise of water in aggregates of 0.25-5 mm, the amount of exchange bases, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, the number of bacteria, the intensity of cellulose destruction and the total nitrogen content in barley leaves in the tillering phase when grown as a test culture degraded to the greatest extent. The weakest degree of degradation of meadow-chernozem soil was noted by total porosity, maximum hygroscopic, capillary moisture capacity, the content of exchangeable potassium, magnesium, pH of salt extract and the amount of yeast. The soil parameters that have changed the least are the components of the buffering of meadow-chernozem soil: total porosity, maximum hygroscopic and capillary moisture capacity, the content of exchangeable potassium, magnesium, pH of salt extract and the amount of yeast. The degree of degradation of meadow-chernozem soil in 26-year-old low-growing apple orchards of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Michurinskoye" of the Tambov region on rootstock 62-396 with row spacing under black steam is low or medium. Assessment of the degree of soil degradation can also be used as a characteristic of the level of agricultural technology in a given farm. Keywords: APPLE ORCHARDS, SOIL TRANSFORMATION, SOIL DEGRADATION, SOIL FERTILITY ASSESSMENT

Influence of Chemical Meliorants on Microbiological Activity of Chernozem-Meadow Soils

The study was conducted in the Voronezh FASC “Kamennaya Steppe” in 2020–2022. The assessment of the state of the structure of microbial cenosis in meadow soils with the use of various chemical meliorants is given. Options for reclamation included the introduction of gypsum and defecate at a dose of 5 t/ha and a combination of their half doses. The number of ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms was determined by seeding on solid nutrient media. Accounting for organisms assimilating organic forms of nitrogen – by sowing on meat-peptone agar (MPA), accounting for organisms assimilating mineral forms of nitrogen – by sowing on starch-ammonium medium (SAM), accounting for organisms mineralizing humus – by sowing on nitrate agar, accounting for fungi – on Chapek medium, accounting for the amount of nitrogen – on soil plates, accounting for nitrifiers – on hungry agar, accounting for organisms that decompose fiber – on Vinogradsky’s medium. As a result of chemical reclamation of meadow soils with the use of gypsum and defecate as meliorants, patterns of changes in the activity of soil microorganisms were established. It was possible to identify a fairly clear dependence of the increase in the number of microorganisms that utilize organic forms of nitrogen on the use of meliorants in meadow soil of a hollow-shaped depression. Mineralization processes of organic matter were maximally expressed in meadow-chernozem soil on a plain rise when gypsum was used as a meliorant at a dose of 5 t/ha, while the use of gypsum and defecate at a dose of 2.5 + 2.5 t/ha had a greater effect on the content of nitrifiers in this soil. In the chernozem-meadow soil of a hollow-like decrease, the use of defecate at a dose of 5 t/ha led to an increase in the content of actinomycetes. In the chernozem-meadow soil of the plain depression, the use of all meliorants had an impact on the increase in the number of humus mineralizers, fungi, as well as nitrifiers compared with the control. It was not possible to identify any significant pattern associated with the use of meliorants on these soils for the maintenance of azotobacter colonies. In soils with different degrees of soil moisture, the use of meliorants had an ambiguous effect on the number of cellulolytics: an increase in soil hydromorphism in combination with the use of defecate at a dose of 5 t/ha led to a maximum increase in cellular microorganisms in the chernozem-meadow soil of a hollow-like decrease.

The contribution of perennial fodder crops to the nitrogen balance of agroecosystems in Western Siberia

The article presents the results of experiments obtained in stationary experiments on the basis of grain-fallow and grain-grass crop rotations on meadow-chernozem soil in the Omsk region. The influence of spring wheat precursors (alfalfa of the 3rd year of life and fallow) on individual elements of soil fertility and crop yield has been established. It was revealed that when cultivating spring wheat by fallow in the grain-fallow crop rotation, the nitrogen balance (-28 kg/ha) is negative with an intensity of 66 %. When sowing wheat in grain-grass crop rotation on a layer of perennial grasses, the nitrogen balance is positive (+21.0 kg/ha) and the intensity is 119 %. The favorable effect of the legume component in the crop rotation on the nitrogen regime of the soil significantly increased the yield of spring wheat by 0.5 t/ha in comparison with wheat cultivated in the field crop rotation by bare fallow. Under similar conditions, studies were carried out on irrigated meadowchernozem soil in an eight-field stationary grain-grass crop rotation. The removal of nitrogen by the yield of various perennial grasses, as well as the responsiveness of alfalfa, bromus and sweet clover with productivity parameters to the level of nitrogenphosphorus nutrition, were studied. The current mobilization of nitrogen under these conditions under the vegetative brome without fertilizers was 76 kg/ha. When optimizing the phosphate regime of the soil, this indicator increased to 99 kg/ha. The removal of nitrogen by alfalfa on similar agricultural backgrounds increases due to symbiotically fixed nitrogen, by 89 and 193 kg/ha, respectively, or 2.2 and 2.9 times. Alfalfa and sweet clover responded positively to the improvement of mineral fertilizing conditions (P60N60-160). In alfalfa of the 1-5 year of life the collection of green mass and fodder units increased to 40.56 and 7.00 t/ha, respectively, or by 86 and 54 % relative to the control without fertilizers, with 82.76 GJ of exchange energy per hectare. The productivity of sweet clover of the 2nd year of life increased up to 30.85 t/ha of green mass and 2.83 t/ha of fodder units or by 37 and 17 % relative to the control.

Экологические проблемы развития восстановительных условий в почвах

Excessive moistening of soils leads to the development of restorative conditions in them, an increase in the mobility of Fe, Mn, Cu, a decrease in Eh of less than 400-300 mv, to the transition of NO3 to NH4, NH3, N2, to an increase in the gas phase of soils of CO2, H2S, methane. At the same time, negative consequences appear both in soils and in water and air environments. This has a negative effect on the vegetation cover of hydromorphic soils. The paper shows an increase in denitrification with excessive moistening of soils, a decrease in Eh, NO3 content, mobile phosphates, and a decrease in the ratio of mobile (Ca+Mg):(Fe+Mn), while there is also a change in the content of positively and negatively charged cation compounds in water, soil, and plants. Keywords: SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL, MEADOW-CHERNOZEM SOIL, ANAEROBIOSIS, GLUING, PROCESSES AND REGIMES

Transformation of soils in areas with active recreational activity on the Russian Black sea coast

This paper examines the influence of recreational activities on the components of coastal landscapes on the territory of the municipal formation of the resort city of Gelendzhik, Russia (the Betta farm). The authors provide an estimation of the anthropogenic impact on the soils. The paramagnetic activity of meadow-chernozem soils is studied using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The authors also review other aspects related to soil changes. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the progress of the study, and appropriate recommendations are given.

Photosynthetic activity of old-aged crops of Echinacea purpurea in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region

Plant nutrition is effective if optimal conditions are created for the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. Forming agrocenoses, with the help of elements of technology and the energy of the sun, their high productivity created by photosynthesis is ensured. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to determine the indicators of photosynthetic activity of Echinacea purpurea of the fourth year of life on various backgrounds of mineral nutrition, depending on foliar top dressing with the Zircon growth regulator. To increase the duration of the use of Echinacea purpurea in 2018-2020, a two-factor field experiment was carried out on old-growth crops on the meadow-chernozem soil of the experimental plot of the Penza State Agrarian University. On average, over three years, in the stemming phase, the most favorable conditions for Echinacea plants developed on a mineral background from two foliar top dressings with Zircon, carried out in the rosette phase of leaves followed by budding, where the leaf area was 25.62 thousand m2/ha and the coverage index was 1.15 times higher than in crops on a natural background. The increase in the photosynthetic apparatus to the budding phase in relation to stalking was 1.47 thousand m2/ha, and during the flowering period, the leaf area increased to 28.31 thousand m2/ha. On average, during the growing season, the photosynthetic potential against the mineral background increased by 1.16 times. Here, during the period of budding - flowering, the highest net productivity of photosynthesis was noted - 1.84 g/m2?day.

Effect of microfertilizers on the content of trace elements in soil during cultivation of medicinal plants

Relevance. At present, the issues of mineral nutrition of medicinal plants with essential elements remain unstudied, and the lack of certain microelements in soils is an underestimated agroecological factor. This necessitates the study of the effect of different doses of zinc and copper fertilizers on the content of mobile forms of zinc and copper in the meadow-chernozem soil when cultivating Achillea millefolium L. and Tanacetum vulgare L. in the southern forest-steppe conditions of Western Siberia.Methods. The research objects were meadow-chernozem soil, Achillea millefolium L., Tanacetum vulgare L. The field experiment was conducted during 2012–2015 on the experimental field of the Omsk State Agrarian University. Microfertilizers in the experiments were applied once in the year of planting medicinal plants. Zinc fertilizers (CH3COOH)2Zn) were applied in doses of 20, 40, 60, 80 kg/ha, copper (CH3COOH)2Cu) in doses of 2.4, 4.9, 7.2, 9.7 kg/ha against macrofertilizer (N135P45K45). Soil samples were collected and analyzed annually in the growing phase.Results. The research revealed that zinc and copper fertilizers on optimal macroelement background at low zinc (< 2,0 mg/kg) and copper content in soil (< 1,5 mg/kg) provided increase of zinc and copper mobile forms content in soil by 108,3% and 54,5% (Achillea millefolium L.) and 672,7% and 61,5% (Tanacetum vulgare L.), respectively, when applied in soil in acetate form. Optimal levels of the content of mobile forms of zinc and copper in the soil were 2.5 mg/kg and 0.17 mg/kg for Achillea millefolium L. respectively, 8.5 mg/kg and 0.21 mg/kg for Tanacetum vulgare L.

The content of heavy metals in the vegetative mass of pumpkin plants when applied by the sprinkling method

Obtaining high yields of agricultural plants with their proper quality on soils contaminated with heavy metals is of the utmost importance for modern farmers of the Kuban. The purpose of the research is to study the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetative organs of pumpkin plants, depending on the properties of the soil and the physical and chemical properties of pollutants. The tasks are to determine the influence of the physical and chemical properties of the soil on the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetative part of the studied plants; to determine the influence of the chemical properties of heavy metals on their accumulation in the vegetative part of the studied plants. By the method of field research, the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetative mass of pumpkin, Mramornaya variety, when applied by sprinkling method, depending on the physico-chemical properties of the soil, has been studied. Heavy metals in plants are determined by the AAS method. It has been found that when growing the studied plant on a rain-fed plot of meadow-chernozem soil, copper and cadmium accumulated in the foliage less than in the soil of rice check, respectively 2.2 and 4.9 times. The studied heavy metals had a depressing effect on the biometric parameters of the pumpkin. On the experimental plots of meadow-chernozem soil of the bogarny plot and the soil of the rice check, there was a decrease in the studied biometric parameters compared with the control. Moreover, on the meadow-chernozem soil of the rice check, this decrease was more intense. Under the influence of heavy metals and soil properties, the yield of the studied plant decreased: for the first variant it was 24.0 t/ha, for the second – 8.2 t/ha. When growing Mramornaya pumpkin variety on meadow-chernozem soil, a rain-fed area of cadmium accumulated more than copper by 16.0 times, on meadow-chernozem soil of rice check, this difference was 47.0 times. One of the reasons for this difference in the accumulation of heavy metals is their physiological role for the plant under study.

Морфолого-генетична та агрономічна характеристики контрастних за засоленням ґрунтів солонцевого комплексу Приорілля

The article presents the results of field and laboratory studies on the determination of the morphological, genetic and agronomic characteristics of the soils of the Solon complex of Prioril, contrasting in terms of salinity - the establishment of the peculiarities of the morphological structure of the profiles, the granulometric composition, and the parameters of the main agrochemical, salt and physicochemical parameters of the salt marsh of the meadow-black earth shallow salt marsh and black earth-meadow soil - as typical components of the salt complex of the Oril river valley. Standardized field survey and laboratory-analytical methods were used. It has been established that manifestations of halogenation increase with depth in the Luchno-chernozem salt marsh. Alkalinity in the humus-iluvial horizon increases to a strong degree, in deeper horizons - to a very strong one; the degree of salinity increases to medium, strong, and finally to very strong in the bedrock. According to the depth of the upper horizon of salt accumulation, this soil is classified as saline. The content of absorbed sodium in the humus-iluvial and illuvial horizons corresponds to the "saline" gradation. The chernozem-meadow soil is non-saline according to the content of toxic salts in the entire profile, there are no signs of physical and physico-chemical salinity. The content of the silt fraction in the salt marsh profile increases with depth and reaches its maximum value in the illuvial horizon, which is typical for salt marshes and is explained by the redistribution of soil colloids in the profile, the granulometric composition of the salt marsh in the humus-eluvial and illuvial horizons is light clay, in the humus-illuvial - medium clay. The profile of the chernozem-meadow soil is also heterogeneous in granulometric composition, which is heavier from medium loam in the humus horizon to heavy loam in the transitional horizons. The reason for this may be ancient alluvial processes that formed the soil-forming rock of the single-forest terrace. The content of humus in the salt pan in humus-eluvial and humus-iluvial horizons is average, the content of mineral (nitrate and ammonia) nitrogen is very low. The content of mobile potassium turned out to be elevated, and the content of mobile phosphorus was very high. In the chernozem-meadow soil, the content of humus in the humus arable horizon is high, in the first transitional one, it is average. The content of mineral nitrogen is low. The content of mobile phosphorus exceeds the upper limit of the high level by 3.5 times, and mobile potassium by 3.1 times, which is typical for the soils of closed depressions and is a consequence of long-term accumulation of surface runoff waters. Conclusions. The salt marsh complex of Priorillya with the number of salt marshes in the soil cover of about 50% is typical for the southern part of the Middle Forest Steppe in terms of the structure of soil profiles and soil halogenation. A characteristic feature of the studied salt marsh complex is the significant contrast of its components in terms of halogenation manifestations: at a short distance there are salt marsh highly saline salt marsh and leached chernozem-meadow soil without physical and physico-chemical signs of salinity.

Mycological composition of soils in Kuban rice agrocenoses as a biotic component for their health

Studies of the water-physical, physical-chemical and biological properties of meadow-chernozem soils were carried out on a rice irrigation system located in the present-day delta of the Kuban River. Rice meadow-chernozem soils have good water and general physical properties of humus layers. An increase in compaction is observed in the lower horizons of these soils. Meadow-chernozem soils are distinguished by low content of organic matter in arable horizons (3,2-3,4 %), neutral reaction of soil solution (рН 6,8-6,9) and high indices of cation exchange capacity (38,7-39,1 mmol/100g). The mycological composition of the studied soils in the autumn-spring periods was identified and identified. The soil was more saturated with representatives of the suppressive group at the beginning of rice vegetation, the opportunistic group was not detected and the antiphytopathogenic potential was 1:2. The spring-fed rice crop rotations soils are prone to soil stresses that are oversaturated with suppressors. In autumn, the ratio of conditionally suppressive to saprotrophic and pathogenic mycota was 1.5:4.5:7. The growth of colonies of the micromycete genus Trichoderma is traced, which confirms the beginning of a long process and the slow recovery of soil degradation processes.

Формирование урожайности сортов сои различных групп спелости под влиянием способов посева и норм высева

Purpose: to study the influence of sowing methods and seeding rates on soybean development and productivity under irrigation conditions on Rostov region soils. Materials and methods. Field studies were carried out on meadow-chernozem soils in Rostov region under irrigation conditions in 2020–2022. Experiment scheme was the following: factor A – soybean varieties: early ripening variety Selecta 201 and medium early variety Selecta 302; factor B – soybean sowing methods with a row spacing of 0.70; 0.45 and 0.15 m; factor C – seeding rate: 800, 600 and 400 thousand viable seeds per 1 ha. The studies were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods, taking into account zonal features. Results. It has been determined that the highest yield in the early variety Selecta 201 was obtained in the variant with a row spacing of 0.45 m and a seeding rate of 600 thousand units/ha – 4.69 t/ha, that exceeds the data of the control variant by 0.30 t/ha. Such an yield was formed due to the high field germination of seeds at the level of 95 %, linear growth indicators – 123 cm, leaf area duration – 74.8 thousand square meters/ha and a relatively high plant green matter – 7.06 t/ha. It is also possible to single out an option with a row spacing of 0.15 m and a seeding rate of 800 thousand units/ha – 4.67 t/ha. The medium early variety Selecta 302 has a high field germination of seeds at the level of 94 %, linear growth rates – 127 cm, leaf area duration – 74.2 thousand square meters/ha and plant green matter – 6.99 t/ha allowed to form a high yield of soybean seeds 4.87 t/ha at a seeding rate of 600 thousand units/ha and a row spacing of 0.45 m. Conclusion: a comparative assessment showed that the best option when culti-vating varieties Selecta 201 and Selecta 302 is the sowing method with a row spacing of 0.45 m and a seeding rate of 600 thousand units/ha with an yield of 4.69 and 4.87 t/ha respectively.

Efficiency of microfertilizer application to medicinal plants grown under conditions of southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers (zinc and copper) in the cultivation of perennial medicinal crops (Achillea millefoliumL.,Tanacetum vulgareL.,Echinacea purpureaL.) on meadow-chernozem soil in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. It was found that the most effective forAchillea millefoliumwas the application of copper fertilizers in the soil at a dose of Cu9.7, providing an increase in yield by 43.2 % relative to background; forTanacetum vulgare –zinc fertilizers at a dose of Zn60(+42.9 % relative to background) and forEchinacea purpureacopper fertilizers at a dose of Cu9.4(+60.3 % relative to background).

Change of water-physical properties of mountainous meadow-chernozem soils of the republic of Armenia under the influence of anthropogenic factor

The aim of the article is to study the direction of negative changes in water-physical properties occurring in meadow-chernozem soils under the influence of anthropogenic factor. The "soil keys" method was used to determine the location of transects. Field researches were conducted on the same-type relief areas, when comparing virgin and arable variants of soils. Soil samples were taken from the main sections by genetic horizons. In the article results of research on the influence of anthropogenic factors on the change of the water-physical properties of the mountain meadow-chernozem soils of the Republic of Armenia are presented. At the present stage the issues of storing and improving fertility of mountainous meadow-chernozem soils are very acute. These soils, under long-term use under agricultural crops, undergo considerable changes in the direction of deterioration, leading to activation of degradation processes of soils. Long-term and unsystematic agricultural use of mountainous meadow-chernozem soils leads to increase of their density. Soil porosity, its moisture capacity, mechanism of moisture movement, etc. depend on soil density. The studies conducted have shown that the density of the tilled layer of virgin soils is generally favourable for the growth and development of plants, but the upper part of the soil profile is somewhat compacted in the tilled variants. The data on porosity of mountain meadow-chernozem soils show that the soils studied are characterised by satisfactory general porosity. High porosity is especially in the whole-loam soil variants. In the arable soils some deterioration of water properties is observed. The results of maximum hygroscopicity, maximum field moisture capacity, and range of active moisture and moisture content of stable wilting slightly decrease.

Effect of cereal-legume intercrops on the soil enzymatic activity

Sowing and harvesting cereals with legumes is an old crop production practice. The main goal of cultivation is to make the best use of the area and to increase the quality and yield of the crops. The intercropping of cereals and legumes can stimulate the biological activity of the soil, thus increasing the recycling of soil organic matter. Competition between two or more plants has a positive effect on the nitrogen fixation of legumes. In organic form the soil enzyme activity increasing is more effective which is provided by the winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) in this crop production system. We set up our experiment at the experimental sites of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Production and Agrotechnical Research Station, Szeged-Öthalom and Fülöpszállás in 2020/2021. The experiments were performed on 10 m2 plots, in four replicates, with four cereals and one winter pea species, in different phenological phases. We were used fluorescein diacetate to determine the total microbial activity of the soil. As the phenophases progress, the enzymatic activity of the soil decreases, and activity is affected by soil type. The soil enzyme activity was lower on meadow chernozem soil and higher on calcareous meadow soil. Cereal-legume intercrop systems are better able to adapt to drought. The values are higher in cereal-legume intercropping system than in cereals sowed alone. Based on our results, it can be concluded that the enzymatic activity of the soil can be increased by using soil inoculation with bacteria and mycorrhiza fungi preparations.

Correlation of secondary salinization and soil conditioning in vegetable production under irrigation with saline water

Secondary salinization is a main problem around the world due to climate change and intrusion of salts in the soil by improper irrigation. Our aim was to study the soil salinization process by simulating vegetable production under irrigation with saline water (total soluble salt content ⁓700 mg L-1). We tested 6 different technologies of soil conditioner application and 3 vegetable crops with different sensitivity to salinity in a small plot experiment set up on a meadow chernozem soil. During the irrigation season in 2020, we regularly measured the electric conductivity (ECa) and the soil moisture content (v/v%) in the topsoil (0.1 m) and analysed these parameters with Pearson’s bivariate correlation method. As our hypothesis, we expected that there is correlation (PCC) among ECa, soil moisture content, soil conditioning, and providing the possibility to quantify the secondary salinization process. We found that all the 4 biosynthetic soil conditioners technologies minimized the harmful effect of saline irrigation. In the case of the not salt tolerant (NT) peas, the PCC correlation was higher to compost application and control expressing more intense salinization. NT beans showed a weaker correlation with lower PCCs, which must be due to its higher root activity leading to intensive leaching resulting in a lower degree of salinization. In the case of chilli with low salt tolerance (LT), micro dosing of soil conditioners was not effective in mitigating the harmful effect of secondary salinization, only full doses decreased the PCC. The salt tolerance of the investigated vegetable crops was also manifested in the yields. We found that PCC is a suitable statistical method to understand and quantify the process of secondary salinization.

Effect of precipitation on the nutrient reaction of triticale varieties

Triticale is the first man made genus hybrid of wheat and rye. The basic aim of its production was to combine yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance of rye. In the past decades, triticale crop area has been increasing in Hungary, which climate change has also contributed. The triticale is produce well in dry climatic conditions, so it becomes more and more popular among farmers. Our country is the one of the top 10 triticale producing countries in the World. In the long-term fertilization experiment, at Fülöpszállás, on calcic meadow chernozem soil we carried out experiments in three growing seasons (2018/2019, 2019/2020, 2020/2021) with three winter triticale varieties (Hungaro, Mv Talentum, GK Maros,) in 4 replications, on 20 square meter random layout plots. In our experiment, we examined 15 different fertilization treatments, in every year, which can be used as different fertilization strategies. From the results of our experiments, we concluded that the yield of triticale is largely determined by genotype and nutrient supply, which is strongly influenced by the average annual precipitation. In the dry year, the effect of nutrients on yield was greater than in the rainy growing season.

Влияние гуминовых препаратов из сапропеля на овощные культуры

The effect of humic preparations from sapropel on the growth and development of vegetable crops zucchini and tomatoes was studied. The experiment was carried out in the Aksay district of the Rostov region in the village Starocherkasskaya. The results of the study pointed that humic preparations are quite effective independently of the reagent used for extraction. However, the vegetable crops responsiveness to preparations distinguishes. The best results were shown by a humic preparation obtained using sodium hydroxide. The second place was taken by a preparation extracted using EDTA. Lower results were shown by sodium carbonate and hot water. Keywords: HUMIC PREPARATIONS, SAPROPEL OF LAKE BELOYE, MEADOW-CHERNOZEM SOIL