MCM-41 Catalysts Research Articles

A reusable and heterogeneous Ti(IV) anchored MCM-41 catalyzed hydroacylation and hydroamination reactions

An efficient, mild and reusable catalytic hydroacylation and hydroamination reactions have been developed by using heterogeneous Ti(IV) anchored MCM-41 catalyst from various aryl, heteroaryl, aliphatic aldehydes as well as aryl and aliphatic amines with dialkyl azodicarboxylate. The catalyst gives excellent yields of desired products, a wide range of substrate scope in hydroacylation and hydroamination and para-selectivity is observed with unprotected amines. The catalyst (Ti-MCM-41) was prepared by a modified strategy and reused more than five catalytic cycles without any significant yield loss in these reactions.

One-pot synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidin]-ones catalyzed by mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41

A heterogeneous catalytic system (unfunctional mesoporous material MCM-41), which efficiently promoted one-pot synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidin]-ones, has been developed. Under mild reaction conditions, a series of spiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidin]-ones derivatives were synthesized in good yields (up to 95%) in water/ethanol = 2/1 as solvent. Notably, the unfunctional MCM-41 catalyst could be easily recovered by centrifugation and reused at least 10 times without loss in activity. And the scale up experiments also demonstrated the practicability of the catalystic system. Reusability, operational simplicity and eco-friendly are highlight of this study.

Catalytic dehydration of glycerol to acrolein over mesoporous MCM-41 supported heteropolyacid catalysts

A series of vanadium substituted phosphomolybdic acid (VPMA) supported on mesoporous MCM-41 catalysts with varying VPMA content ranging from 10 to 50 wt% were prepared by impregnation method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption measurements to determine surface area and pore size distribution. The acidity measurements were studied by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of NH3 and nature of acidic sites were examined by pyridine adsorbed FT-IR spectra. XRD results and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms revealed the retention of ordered mesoporous structure of MCM-41 and the uniform pore structure with increase in HPA loading. FT-IR and Raman spectra showed that the primary structure of the Keggin units of the VPMA remains intact with the MCM-41. The TPD-NH3 showed that acidity of the catalysts increased with increase of VPMA loading. The findings of FT-IR spectra of pyridine adsorption revealed that VPMA/MCM-41 catalysts contain both the Bronsted and Lewis acidic sites and the amount of Bronsted acidic sites increased with increase of VPMA loading up to 40 wt% on the support. The catalysts were tested for the vapour phase dehydration of glycerol to acrolein. The catalyst samples were found to be highly active with 100% conversion and the acrolein selectivity changed with VPMA active phase loading on the support. In summary, the catalytic properties in terms of conversion and selectivity are attributed to the acidity, structural and textural properties of VPMA/MCM-41 catalyst.

Efficient catalytic conversion of jatropha oil to high grade biofuel on Ni-Mo2C/MCM-41 catalysts with tuned surface properties

The activity of Mo2C-based catalyst on vegetable oil conversion into biofuel could be greatedly promoted by tuning the carbon content, while its modification mechanism on the surface properties remained elusive. Herein, the exposed active sites, the particle size and Lewis acid amount of Ni-Mo2C/MCM-41 catalysts were regulated by varying CH4 content in carbonization gas. The activity of Ni-Mo2C/MCM-41 catalysts in jatropha oil (JO) conversion showed a volcano-like trend over the catalysts with increasing CH4 content from 15% to 50% in the preparation process. The one prepared by 25% CH4 content (Ni-Mo2C(25)/MCM-41) exhibited the outstanding catalytic performance with 83.9 wt% biofuel yield and 95.2% C15–C18 selectivity. Such a variation of activity was ascribed to the most exposed active sites, the smallest particle size, and the lowest Lewis acid amount from Ni0 on the Ni-Mo2C(25)/MCM-41 catalyst surface. Moreover, the Ni-Mo2C(25)/MCM-41 catalyst could also effectively catalyze the conversion of crude waste cooking oil (WCO) into green diesel. This study offers an effective strategy to improve catalytic performance of molybdenum carbide catalyst on vegetable oil conversion.

Promotional Effects of Rare-Earth Praseodymium (Pr) Modification over MCM-41 for Methyl Mercaptan Catalytic Decomposition

Praseodymium (Pr)-promoted MCM-41 catalyst was investigated for the catalytic decomposition of methyl mercaptan (CH3SH). Various characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption–desorption, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) and carbon dioxide (CO2-TPD), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), were carried out to analyze the physicochemical properties of material. XPS characterization results showed that praseodymium was presented on the modified catalyst in the form of praseodymium oxide species, which can react with coke deposit to prolong the catalytic stability until 120 h. Meanwhile, the strong acid sites were proved to be the main active center over the 10% Pr/MCM-41 catalyst by NH3-TPD results during the catalytic elimination of methyl mercaptan. The possible reaction mechanism was proposed by analyzing the product distribution results. The final products were mainly small-molecule products, such as methane (CH4) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3) was a reaction intermediate during the reaction. Therefore, this work contributes to the understanding of the reaction process of catalytic decomposition methyl mercaptan and the design of anti-carbon deposition catalysts.

Selective glycerol esterification to monolaurate over ZrO2/MCM-41 catalysts prepared using impregnation and precipitation methods

In order to develop an active and selective catalyst for the selective esterification of glycerol with fatty acid to monoglycerides, zirconia was incorporated into mesoporous MCM-41 support using two methods, i.e., impregnation and precipitation. The zirconia loading was varied between 10 and 30 wt. % to demonstrate its effect on the properties and activity of the modified catalysts. The catalysts were then characterized by N2-adsorption surface analysis, SEM/EDX, FTIR, and TGA. The catalytic activity was then demonstrated in the selective esterification of glycerol with either lauric or palmitic acid at 160 °C for 6 h with glycerol/fatty acid molar ratios of 1:1, 4:1, and 6:1 and catalyst loadings up to 5 wt. %. Fatty acid conversion as well as monoglyceride selectivity and yield were monitored to measure the extent of reaction leading to the formation of the desired products. Correlations between the activity and the characteristics of the catalysts under various reaction conditions were successfully established. Relatively slower zirconia incorporation in the impregnation method caused more internal incorporation of the acidic component. MCM-41 catalyst with 30 wt. % zirconia loading that was prepared by impregnation method with a surface area of 589 m2/g and an acid site concentration of 6.83 µmol/g showed a lauric acid conversion of 98.6% and a monolaurin selectivity of 57.2%. An increase in the molar ratio exceeding 4:1 did not bring about the desired effect due to the dilution effect of the limiting reactant. Lower activity was demonstrated by stearic acid due to its higher molecular size and viscosity to mainly affect the mass transfer during the reaction.

Catalytic mechanism for the isomerization of glucose into fructose over an aluminium-MCM-41 framework

Al-Containing MCM-41 catalysts exhibit good catalytic activity toward glucose-to-fructose isomerization.

MCM-41 modified heterogeneous catalysts from rice husk for selective oxidation of styrene into benzaldehyde

This study examined the preparation of MCM-41, Ni-MCM-41 and Co-MCM-41 from silica extracted from rice husk ash (RHA) via sol–gel technique. The materials were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Diffuse reflectance UV–Vis (DR/UV–Vis),Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX), N 2 adsorption–desorption and NH 3 TPD. XRD and TEM analyses showed reduction in the long range order upon the introduction of heteroatoms into MCM-41 framework. Successful substitution of Si 4 + with metal cations was verified by the shifting in the siloxane (Si-O-Si) bond. Presence of nickel phyllosilicates was evidenced from the FT-IR and DR/UV–Vis investigations. Mesoporous behavior with capillary condensation was unchanged even after the incorporation of Ni and Co species into the MCM-41 matrix. MCM-41 and modified MCM-41 catalysts were evaluated in the liquid-phase oxidation of styrene for 4 h under the influence of reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, catalyst loading, types of solvent and molar ratio of styrene : H 2 O 2 . Under the optimum condition of 343 K, 0.20 g catalyst, 1:4 molar ratios and DMF as the reaction medium, the activity was found to increase following the trend: Ni-MCM-41 (79.9%) >Co-MCM-41(56.6%) > MCM-41 (40.7%). Benzaldehyde was the sole product over Ni-MCM-41 and Co-MCM-41 while MCM-41 gave benzaldehyde (96.0%) and styrene oxide (4.0%). Surface characteristics and TPD acidity strength was found to govern the catalysis. Negligible leaching (0.448 ppm) and exceptional activity during successive reruns demonstrates that Ni-MCM-41 was beyond doubt, heterogeneous in nature. This research signifies a successful conversion of waste biomass into value added products. • Cobalt and nickel supported MCM-41 catalysts were synthesized from rice husk. • The catalyst was active in the oxidation of styrene at mild condition. • Benzaldehyde was the sole product over the modified MCM-41 catalysts. • The catalysis of Ni-MCM-41 was heterogeneous in nature with minor leaching. • Successful conversion of waste biomass into benign product.

Alkali/alkaline earth ion-exchanged and palladium dispersed MCM-22 zeolite as a potential catalyst for eugenol isomerization and Heck coupling reactions

Alkali and alkaline earth metal ions (Na+, K+, Cs+, Mg2+) exchanged MCM-22 zeolites were prepared and subsequently palladium (2 wt.%; Pd) was dispersed on above exchanged MCM-22 zeolite materials. All the MCM-22 materials were systematically characterized by FTIR, powder X-ray diffraction, N2 sorption analysis and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of CO2. The XRD pattern and FTIR data confirmed the existence of the MCM-22 framework structure even after exchanging bulky metal ions and palladium loading. TPD studies using CO2 supports that the cesium and magnesium incorporated MCM-22 possess a strong and large number of basic sites. The alkali and alkaline-earth metal ions exchanged MCM-22 catalysts were explored for industrially important eugenol isomerisation, whereas the palladium containing MCM-22 materials were utilised for Heck coupling reaction of styrene with iodobenzene. The Cs-MCM-22 showed the best activity for the eugenol isomerization with the isoeugenol yield of 76%. The Cs/Pd-MCM-22 was shown as promising heterogeneous catalyst for Heck coupling reaction of styrene with iodobenzene and yield 99% stilbene. For both isomerization and Heck coupling reaction, the catalysts retain their activities even after several runs. Among different alkali and alkaline earth ion-exchanged MCM-22 materials, cesium containing MCM-22 was shown as a promising catalyst for isomerization of lignin-derived biomass model compound viz., eugenol. Subsequently, the palladium dispersed CsMCM-22 was found to be the potential catalyst for Heck coupling under ambient conditions.

Silica-catalyzed carboxylative cyclization of propargylic amines with CO2

By employing only silica as a catalyst, the carboxylative cyclization of a propargylic amine with CO2 proceeded to afford the corresponding 2-oxazolidinone. MCM-41, which was a mesoporous silica, was found to be the most effective silica for this purpose. Moreover, after the reaction, the MCM-41 catalyst was recovered by filtration and could be reused over ten times without deactivation.

Enhanced catalytic oxidation of anthracene by deposition of MoO3 and WO3 nanoparticles on MCM-41

A series of MoW-doped MCM-41 catalysts were prepared for the selective oxidation of anthracene to high value-added anthraquinone. Although anthraquinone production has been progressively industrialized, the anthracene oxidation still faces the problems of poor solubility of reactants and low anthracene conversion, particularly when employing supported catalysts in solution media. We herein reported a challenging but crucial method for anthraquinone production by using anthracene, H2O2 and Mo1W2-MCM-41 catalyst in HOAc under mild reaction conditions. In addition, experimental and theoretical results revealed that the synergistic effect between Mo, W and MCM-41 species contributes to an enchanced cataltic activity with conversion up to 97.6 %. The highly active H2O2-MCM-41 catalyst can be used for several cycles without obvious activity loss and serve as a promising candidate for anthraquinone as well as its derivatives production, making it a good alternative for various oxidation reactions.

Facile synthesis of yttria-promoted nickel catalysts supported on MgO-MCM-41 for syngas production from greenhouse gases

Catalytic deactivation owing to agglomeration and metal particle sintering is a serious challenge in dry reforming of methane that encourages researchers to design anti-coke catalysts in a suitable route. Therefore, a series of yttrium oxide (Y2O3)-promoted Ni catalysts supported on magnesium oxide (MgO)-modified MCM-41 were successfully synthesized by the one-pot method. The catalyst characterization was done using X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) and scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX); after that, it was examined for methane reforming with CO2. The HR-TEM micrographs illustrated that the ordered mesoporous structure of the support remained even after the incorporation of the metallic ions. According to TPD results, the incorporation of Mg into mesoporous silica enhanced the basicity of the support surface. TPR results indicated that adding Mg in a one-pot way led to stronger interaction of metal particles with support and incorporating of yttria enhanced catalyst reducibility. Moreover, based on reforming results, the catalytic performance depended on yttria contents, as catalyst containing 2 wt% yttria possessed the highest NiO dispersion, oxygen vacancies, reducibility, CH4 conversion (79%), H2/CO ratio (0.85) and stability in time on stream (20 h). The TPO and microscopic observations of the spent catalysts revealed that a tip type of nanotube carbon deposited on the yttria-promoted catalyst surface inhibited catalyst deactivation. Therefore, 2Y2O3–Ni/MgO–MCM-41 catalyst can be a practical and environmental candidate for methane reforming with CO2.

Propene production at low temperature by bimetallic Ni-Mo and Ni-Re catalysts on mesoporous MCM-41 prepared using template ion exchange

In this work the direct conversion of ethene to propene was carried out using bimetallic Ni-Mo and Ni-Re over MCM-41 and aluminized MCM-41. It was intended to improve typical Ni based catalysts by including a metathesis active metal. All catalysts were characterized by powder-XRD, N2-physisorption, H2-TPR and TEM. Ni-Mo catalysts revealed the formation of bulk mixed molybdenum-nickel-aluminosilicates on the MCM-41 materials. The contrary case was revealed for the Ni-Re catalysts where a weak interaction between Ni, Re and MCM-41 was observed. All materials were catalytically tested in the gas phase reaction of directly converting ethene into propene using a fixed bed reactor. These results revealed no improvement of the catalytic activity when using Ni-Mo catalyst compared to well known Ni on MCM-41 catalysts. This suggests that Mo is not offering active metathesis sites. In contrast, Ni-Re based catalysts revealed a high selectivity of propene at lower temperatures than the Ni-catalysts. However, the conversion of ethene decreased significantly. Nevertheless, the reduced temperature might avoid the trend of catalyst deactivation observed at high temperature. Still, a deeper characterization of the Ni-Re catalyst is required to understand the role of Re in the direct conversion of ethene to propene.

Microwave-assisted catalytic fast pyrolysis of rice husk over a hierarchical HZSM-5/MCM-41 catalyst prepared by organic base alkaline solutions

This paper reports the results obtained for microwave-assisted catalytic fast pyrolysis (MACFP) of rice husk. The MACFP process employed a hierarchical catalyst prepared via a combination of organic alkali treatment (TPAOH) and the generation of an external layer of MCM-41-type mesoporous channels. We propose this catalyst which is used for the first time for pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, as a tool to reduce coke agglomeration and increase hydrocarbon yields. Our results indicate that during catalyst preparation the mass fraction of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) has a direct effect on the content of MCM-41 formed on top of the HZSM-5 core. For MACFP, we hypothesize that the small molecules generated from thermal decomposition of rice husk react further to form aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons by decarbonylation, decarboxylation, oligomerization and aromatization. The highest hydrocarbon yield (60.5%) was obtained for a catalyst modified by a 2.0 mol/L TPAOH solution, with 10 wt% of CTAB (template for producing MCM-41), as well as with digestion and crystallization at 110 °C for 24 h. In addition, the highest liquid yield (47.6 wt%) was obtained at 550 °C. The relative content of hydrocarbons goes through a maximum of 60.5% with CTAB mass fraction which was higher than values obtained with MCM-41 (3.2%) and HZSM-5 (36.0%). Characterization and catalytic testing results suggest that the digestion temperature plays a more important role in the catalyst synthesis than the crystallization temperature. High digestion temperature (120 °C) decreases the overall hydrocarbon selectivity from 60.5% (110 °C) to 39.2%. The relative content of oxygenates reached the lowest value of 35.9% at the digestion and crystallization temperature of 110 °C. The synergistic effect of the MCM-41 shell and the HZSM-5 core promotes the catalytic activity, leading to outstanding deoxygenation capabilities and excellent selectivity to BTEX (52.7%).

Investigation of a Ni-Modified MCM-41 Catalyst for the Reduction of Oxygenates and Carbon Deposits during the Co-Pyrolysis of Cellulose and Polypropylene.

Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic is an effective method to achieve high-quality bio-oil production. In this work, (Ni)-MCM-41 catalysts with different Ni loadings were prepared and characterized in detail by using a variety of advanced analytical techniques, and the effects on the catalytic performance were analyzed by micropyrolysis with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) methods. The results showed that an appropriate amount of Ni addition can effectively modulate the physicochemical properties of MCM-41. For a Ni loading of 25.1 wt % (Cat-C), the catalyst showed an optimal catalytic performance, a decrease in the proportion of oxygenated compounds in the product from 35.6 (MCM-41) to 13.4%, and an increase in the relative total amount of olefins plus aromatics from 62.2 (MCM-41) to 84.6%. The excellent catalytic performance of Cat-C can be ascribed to a balancing of its proper physical structural properties, appropriate acidity, strong metal–carrier interaction, high metal dispersion, and excellent compatibility balance between active and acidic sites.

Single wall carbon nanotubes growth over cobalt-iron mesoporous MCM-41 bimetallic catalyst under methane chemical vapor deposition, an experimental and DFT evaluation

Cobalt and iron MCM-41 catalysts were synthesized through an in-situ incorporation process starting from commercial iron and cobalt nitrates. The incorporation was confirmed by diffuse reflectance UV spectroscopy (DRS-UV) inspecting the cobalt and iron silicate-like photon absorption features and comparing with pure MCM-41-Co and MCM-41-Fe catalysts. Additionally it was found that the incorporation of cobalt and iron does not compromise the mesoporous structure of MCM-41 as confirmed by N2 adsorption isotherms. All catalysts showed high surface areas (∼1100 m2g−1). Catalysts performance was conducted in a simple methane chemical vapor deposition (CVD) set up at 800 °C to produce single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) under a constant flow of methane for 30 min. CVD products were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy, finding that the iron content in the catalysts favors the selectivity and yield of graphitic-like structures, and confirming the presence of SWCNT by the appearance of a characteristic radial breathing mode (RBM) signals. These results were supported by Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations of the methane dissociation (CH4 +TM → H3C –TMH) over Con (n = 1–5) and ComFe (m = 1–4), finding a different activation energy trend where ComFe (m = 1–4) clusters have the lower activation energy. The DFT study also revealed a charge difference (δC − δTM) higher in the case of dissociation over ComFe (m = 1–4) which may lead to an electrostatic stabilization of the transition metal, diminishing the activation energy of those clusters and leading to a faster carbon uptake.

Preparation and Characterization of Novel Hybrid Nanomaterial Catalyst MCM-41@AzaCrown-SB-cu and its Application in Synthesis of Hexahydroquinoline Derivatives under Solvent-Free Conditions

Synthesis of efficient and reusable catalyst was carried out by immobilizing azacrown ether onto the covalently linked amine-functionalized mesoporous MCM-41 via a simple method. Application of this linked azacrown ether functionalized MCM-41 catalyst was also investigated as an effective, heterogeneous in the synthesis of hexahydroquinoline derivatives under solvent-free conditions at environment temperature. The heterogeneous catalyst is characterized by TGA, XRD, TEM, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and FT-IR techniques. The results of theses analysis showed that, MCM-41@azacrown-SB-Cu catalyst with a 22.99% mol loading of copper has given excellent catalytic activity and high efficiency in a short time. It is noted that one of the most valuable factors in this work is the recyclability of the catalyst.

Preparation and characterization of novel hybrid nanomaterial catalyst MCM-41@AzaCrown-SB-Cu and its application in synthesis of 1, 2, 3-triazole derivatives in click chemistry

Synthesis of efficient and reusable catalyst was carried out by immobilization of azacrown ether onto the covalently linked amine-functionalized mesoporous MCM-41 via a simple method. Application of this linked azacrown ether functionalized MCM-41 catalyst was also investigated as an effective, heterogeneous and host material in the regioselective ring opening and triazole cyclization of epoxides by phenylacetylene and sodiumazide in click reaction. The heterogeneous catalyst was characterized by TGA,XRD,TEM, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and FT-IR techniques. The results of theses analysis showed that, MCM-41@azacrown-Cu with a 22.99% mol loading of copper has given excellent catalytic activity and high efficiency in short time. It is noted that one of the most valuable factors in this work is the recyclability of the catalyst.

In-situ incorporation of ruthenium/copper nanoparticles in mesoporous silica derived from rice husk ash for catalytic acetylation of glycerol

Abstract Ruthenium and copper nanoparticles were incorporated into MCM-41-like mesoporous silica via a fast sol-gel method at 80 °C using rice husk ash (RHA) as the silica source. The physico-chemical characterization of the synthesized materials was carried out using various analytical techniques. The X-ray diffraction results indicated that the mesoporous silica synthesized in this study had the standard MCM-41 structure. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that ruthenium and copper ions were successfully incorporated into the hexagonal framework of the mesoporous materials. The transmission electron microscopy results revealed that the RHA-MCM-41, MCM-41-10Ru, and MCM-41-10Ru10Cu samples consisted of ordered mesoporous straight channels. MCM-41-10Cu consisted of copper nanospheres. MCM-41-10Ru and MCM-41-10Ru10Cu showed ruthenium nanoparticle agglomerates distributed on their external MCM-41 framework surfaces. In the case of MCM-41-10Cu and MCM-41-10Ru10Cu, copper ions were homogeneously dispersed on the internal surface of the agglomerated porous silica matrix. The as-prepared Ru- and Cu-doped MCM-41 catalyst was used for the acetylation of glycerol. The catalyst showed a high conversion of 98% and high shape selectivity towards the formation of diacetin and triacetin unlike conventional silica-based catalysts, which show selectivity towards the formation of monoacetin.

Efficient degradation of methyl orange in water via both radical and non-radical pathways using Fe-Co bimetal-doped MCM-41 as peroxymonosulfate activator

Cobalt-mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has been widely investigated for the effective oxidation of organic contaminants in wastewater. Herein, monometal- and bimetal-doped MCM-41 catalysts (Fe-MCM-41, Co-MCM-41, and FeCo-MCM-41) were synthesized by using one-pot hydrothermal method and attempted to degrade artificial methyl orange (MO) dye wastewater via PMS activation. The influences of initial PMS concentration, pH, catalyst dosage and reaction temperature on the degradation efficiency of MO were systematically examined. Compared with the contrasting catalysts, FeCo-MCM-41 exhibited extremely higher activity and lower amount of metal leaching in the degradation process. The excellent catalytic activity of FeCo-MCM-41 was ascribed to the high dispersion of metals and the synergistic effects of Co2+/Co3+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ redox cycles. A series of radical inhibition and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments revealed that both radical and non-radical pathways were involved in the degradation of MO. Singlet oxygen (1O2) was unveiled to be the dominant reactive oxygen species in the FeCo-MCM-41/PMS system. The possible degradation pathways were proposed based on the identification of intermediate products generated in the degradation process by LC-MS analyses.