Maximum Wavelength Research Articles

AQbD Assisted Method Optimization for Simultaneous Quantification of Potential Phytosterols in Novel Polyherbal Formulation by LC-PDA Method

Background: Herbal medications are preferred by individuals with cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) worldwide for their distinct benefits in preventing and treating illnesses and lesser side effects. A novel polyherbal formulation compiled of ten plants (Allium sativum, Rubia cordifolia, Garcinia cambogia, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia catechu, Helianthus annus, Vitis vinifera, Commiphora mukul, Linum usitatissimum, and Piper nigrum) was developed for treating cardiovascular diseases. As a part of standardization, marker analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) will be highly encouraged. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we selected lupeol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol and went for simultaneous quantification using design of experiments (DoE) software (AQbD-Analytical quality by design) to optimize the experimental parameters. The phenomenex RP C18 column, with 250 mm length, 4.6 mm internal diameter, 5 μm particle size, was preferred for the study. Mobile phase with methanol and 0.01% formic acid solution in water surged with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. using a maximum detection wavelength of 208 nm. Results and Discussion: Under the specified circumstances, we determined the retention times of lupeol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol to be 14.056, 15.544, and 17.431 minutes, respectively, with the desirability of 0.975. The concentrations of lupeol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol in the extract were determined to be 30.72, 370.6, and 212.64 μg/10 mg, respectively. The linear range of 31.25 to 500 μg/mL was found to have an R2 value of 0.9972, 0.9976 and 0.9968, respectively. 0.2534, 0.754, 0.421 μg/mL and 0.7681, 2.29, 1.28 μg/mL were the limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantitation (LoQ) values, respectively. The RSD for precision was determined to be 0.92, 0.98, and 0.96%, respectively. Recovery experiments were conducted, and the accuracy of the suggested approach was between 99 and 102%. Conclusion: Using the modernized software tool- AQbD (analytical quality by design), the study was first scientifically validated for the quantification of three phytomarkers in the novel polyherbal formulation.

Switchable and tunable dual-wavelength thulium-doped fiber laser based on the parallel filter of the all-fiber Sagnac interferometer embedded with an FBG and the Fabry-Perot filter

A switchable and tunable dual-wavelength thulium-doped fiber laser (ST-DW-TDFL) based on the parallel filter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this study. In the proposed ST-DW-TDFL, there are two independent branches to form the parallel filter. One branch uses an all-fiber Sagnac interferometer embedded with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG-FSI) as the wavelength selection element, and the other branch uses a Fabry-Perot (FP) filter as the wavelength selection element. By adjusting two optical attenuators to change the light power of two branches, single and dual-wavelength output can be achieved and switched. On the basis of achieving dual-wavelength output, independent and continuous tuning of two wavelengths can be achieved by heating the FBG and adjusting the FP filter. The tuning range of one wavelength is up to 5.84 nm, while the tuning range of the other wavelength is up to 99.86 nm. The maximum wavelength variation and power fluctuation are less than 0.03 nm and 0.5 dB at room temperature. And the experimental results show that the proposed ST-DW-TDFL has flexible wavelength switching and tuning capabilities and good wavelength and power stabilities.

Numerical analysis and early detection ofPlasmodium falciparum using a high performanceplasmonic biosensor with an external sensingapproach.

The authors propose a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) using three hexagonal ring lattices. The sensor can detect biomolecules with maximum wavelength and amplitude sensitivities of 23,000nm/RIU and 1310.93R I U -1, respectively, in the RI range of 1.32 to 1.42. It can detect infected red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum for RIs of 1.402, 1.373, 1.395, and 1.383 in various malaria-infected red blood cell stages, including ring phase, trophozoite phase, and schizont phase. Furthermore, the sensor will be able to detect biomolecules such as viruses, proteins, DNA/RNA strands, acetone, ethanol, hexane, isopropanol, hexanol, formic acid, allyl cyanide, and others in its range. With these impressive results and identification capacity, the proposed sensor would benefit the biomaterial field and be appropriate for the early identification of malaria disease.

Perbandingan Variasi Lamanya Waktu Penyangraian Terhadap Kadar Kafein Pada Biji Kopi Robusta Secara Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Robutsta coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world is consumed by many people. The main compound in coffee beans is caffeine. This compound affects the central nervous system, muscles, and kidneys. Caffeine cluster has kromoform, so it can be read using its absorbance of UV-Vis spectrophotometry. This research aims to know the level of caffeine in coffee beans with variation of roasting time duration. The determination of the levels of caffeine by using quantitative analysis, by way of determination of wavelength maximum, operating time, raw curve, and the determination of the levels of caffeine on the sample with variations of roasting time. Determination of the wavelength, the parent solution taken 10 ml, 50 ml measuring flask put in added HCI 0,1 N up to the mark with a boundary. The next assigment that is the determination of the levels of caffeine in samples. Each sample taken as many 3 ml filtrate into a 50 ml measuring flask, then added HCI 0,1 N up to the mark with a boundary. The result obtained in this research is the maximum wavelength obtained 274,0 nm. The sample content of raw robusta coffee beans is an average of 1,77% and robusta coffee bean content with variations of roasted time of 10 minutes is an average of 1,62 %, roasted time of 15 minutes is an average of 1,31 %, and roaster time of 21 minutes is an average of 1,10 %. The duration of the roasting test indicates that is a significant difference in caffeine content.

Mechanochromic properties of acridine heterocyclic derivatives with a donor-acceptor configuration

The mechanochromic properties of two acridine heterocyclic derivatives with a donor-acceptor configuration, 10-phenyl-10-(4-(7,7,13,13-tetramethyl-7,13-dihydro-5H-indeno[1,2-b]acridin-5-yl)phenyl)anthracene-9(10H)-one (DpAn-InAc) and 10-(4-(5,5-dimethylbenzofuro[3,2-c]acridin-13(5H)-yl)phenyl)-10-phenylanthracen-9(10H)-one (DpAn-BzAc), were investigated. The effect of different grinding time (10 and 20 min) and pre-heating temperature (−10, 100, and 120 °C) on the mechanochromic performance of DpAn-InAc and DpAn-BzAc were analyzed. The average red shift of the emission peak was 18 nm for DpAn-InAc powder under grinding stimuli, with the long grinding time (20 min) bringing the greatest shift, while both the highest (120 °C) and the lowest (−10 °C) pretreat temperature brought a greater impact on the luminescent peak. On the contrary, the ground DpAn-BzAc preheated at 100 °C showed the maximum wavelength shift, which was ascribed to the lower glass transition temperature of DpAn-BzAc. Meanwhile, the discolored sample could be recovered by ethanol fumigation, proving that the discoloration was reversible. X-ray diffractograms revealed that under the anisotropic force, the microcrystalline structure of DpAn-InAc and DpAn-BzAc were destroyed, resulting in the shift of the fluorescence peak. The fluorescence shift of DpAn-BzAc was more obvious than that of DpAn-InAc, while its recovery was inferior compared to DpAn-InAc, which was due to its looser molecular structure. Finally, DpAn-InAc and DpAn-BzAc were applied in delivering rewritable encrypted information and both of the two molecules have shown capabilities in transmitting coded information. This work sheds light on using the molecule with donor-acceptor molecular structure in the stimuli-responsive field, and shows their potential application in transmitting encrypted information.

The Influence of Mechanical Strains and Quantum-Size Effects on the Photosensitivity of Ge/Ge(x)Si(1-x) Nanofilm

Calculations of the maximum light wavelength of intrinsic absorption for the unstrained and strained germanium nanofilm were carried out. It was established that the photosensitivity of such nanofilm with the thickness of d 10 nm significantly depends on the effects of dimensional quantization and the magnitude of internal mechanical strains. It is shown that the variation of the thickness of the germanium nanofilm and the component composition of the Ge(x)Si(1–x) substrate allow controlling by its photosensitivity in the range from 0.8 to 4 μm.

PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF SAFRANIN O DYE UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT USING NiO-MgO CATALYSTS

In this study, NiO-MgO catalysts were used as photocatalysts for the degradation of Safranin O (SO) dye as a textile pollutant model from water. NiO-MgO was prepared by the self-combustion method. Characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic activity of the prepared NiO-MgO catalyst was evaluated by experiments involving irradiating the Safranin O (SO) dye aqueous solution containing the prepared material with visible light. The percent photodegradation was determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the maximum wavelength (λmax) of Safranin O (SO) at 518 nm at different irradiation times. The dye decolorization rate of the NiO-MgO material under visible light was 98.42%. The effective reusability and stability of the prepared catalysts were also evaluated. This efficiency remained almost unchanged after three cycles of use, demonstrating the reusability and applicability of the material’s catalytic activity in the removal of Safranin O from water.

Antioxidant Activity Test of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Avocado Seeds (Persea americana Mill.) Using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhdrazyl Method

Avocado is a plant that can thrive in tropical areas such as Indonesia and is one of the types of fruit that is popular with the public, however, avocado seeds have not been used optimally so that they are wasted as waste. Based on phytochemical experiments, avocados also contain phenolics, tannins and flavanoids which have antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are compounds that can be used to counteract free radicals. Dietary fiber and antioxidants are two types of components that are very useful in improving health and being able to prevent various diseases. The extraction method used in this study is reflux where the sample is heated for 6 hours with the solvent used to evaporate at high temperatures, but it will be cooled by the condenser so that the solvent which was in the form of vapor will condense in the condenser and fall again into the reaction vessel so that the solvent will still be there during the reaction. This study aims to analyze the antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds using the DPPH method. Quantitatively, the ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) was measured at a maximum wavelength of 516 nm using quercetin as a reference standard. The research results showed that the value was 903.08 μ/mL. Quantitatively, the ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) was measured at a maximum wavelength of 516 nm using quercetin as a reference standard. The research results showed that the value was 903.08 μ/mL. Quantitatively, the ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) was measured at a maximum wavelength of 516 nm using quercetin as a reference standard. The research results showed that the value was 903.08 μ/mL.

Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract on Qust Al Hindi (Saussurea lappa) Roots Using the FRAP Method

Qust al hindi (Saussurea lappa) is a plant that has antioxidant activity, especially in the roots. Qust al hindi contains several chemical compounds including flavonoids, steroids, terpenes, alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, costunolide, dehydrococtus lactones, cynaropicrin, and chlorogenic acid. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of qust al hindi root using the FRAP method. Samples that had become powder were extracted using the soxhletation method with 96% ethanol and obtained a % rendition of 5.302%. The extract obtained was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 718 nm after being mixed with several FRAP reagents, using a quercetin standard. The results of the antioxidant analysis showed that the average antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of the qust al hindi root (Saussurea lappa) using the Frap method was 10.3671 mgQE/g extract. Which means that the antioxidant activity of each g of extract is equivalent to the antioxidant activity of 10.3671 mg of quercetin.

Spectrophotometric determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical formulations using normal and reverse flow injection analysis systems: A comparison study

The combination of flow injection technique and spectrophotometric detection can be employed for the rapid and low-cost methods for antibiotic assay. In this work, two flow injection analysis (FIA) systems, normal and reverse (nFIA and rFIA), combined with UV-Vis spectrophotometric technique were used for amoxicillin determination in its pure and pharmaceutical preparations. A colorimetric coupling reaction between amoxicillin and diazotized p-toluidine produced a bright yellow azo dye and quantified at a maximum wavelength of 426 nm. For nFIA and rFIA procedures, the amoxicillin calibration graphs had an RSD of less than 2% and were linear in the ranges of 5-200 and 1-140 µg/mL, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were 1.41 and 4.71 µg/mL of amoxicillin for nFIA and 0.39 and 1.31 µg/mL for rFIA, respectively. The physical and chemical factors that could influence color sensitivity were investigated. Various commercial formulations containing different amounts of amoxicillin were successfully tested using the developed approaches, which demonstrated to be easy, rapid, reproducible, and interference-free.
 KEY WORDS: Amoxicillin, Normal FIA, Reverse FIA, p-Toluidine, Diazotization reaction
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(3), 577-590. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i3.3

Solid-State Emissive meso-Aryl/Alkyl-Substituted and Heteroatom-Mixed BOPPY Dyes: Syntheses, Structures, Physicochemical, Redox Properties, and Computational Analysis.

A series of solid-state emissive meso-aryl/alkyl-substituted and heteroatom-mixed bisBF2-anchoring fluorophore incorporating pyrrolyl-pyridylhydrazone (BOPPY) dyes have been developed by a one-pot condensation of ketonized or formylated pyrroles and 2-heterocyclohydrazine as well as the subsequent borylation coordination. Interestingly, the BOPPY dyes with meso-alkyl-substituted groups or oxygen-substituted pyridine moieties exhibit high fluorescence quantum yields (QYs) of up to 79%, the highest solid QY of 74%, and long lifetimes independent of polarity in the available BOPPYs. On the other hand, the BOPPYs with meso-aryl or N-substituted moieties display a high solution QY of up to 93% and slight emission wavelength maxima. However, the S-substituted BOPPY dye exhibited weak fluorescence in all studied solvents, which was attributed to the structural flexibility of the N-C-S bond and different from those BOPPYs with O or N substitution, indicated by quantum calculations. And the significant excited-state structural rearrangement in a polar solvent is further confirmed by femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. More importantly, those novel and barely fluorescent BOPPYs in acetonitrile show advantageous aggregation-induced enhanced emission and viscosity-dependent activities. These advancements in the photophysical and electrochemical properties of BOPPY dyes offer valuable insights into their further development and potential applications.

High-sensitivity dual U-shaped PCF-SPR refractive index sensor for the detection of gas and liquid analytes.

A dual U-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biochemical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is designed for the simultaneous detection of gas and liquid analytes, and the properties are analyzed by the full vector finite element method (FEM). SPR is excited by placing gold nanowires on the inner surface of the U-shaped device. In this technique, the traditional metal deposition process can be replaced, subsequently reducing the difficulty and complexity of actual production and improving the phase matching between the basic mode and plasmonic modes. To improve the detection properties, the structural parameters of the sensor including the air hole diameter, spacing, gold nanowire diameter, and polishing depth are optimized, and to better evaluate and analyze the sensing properties, the wavelength and amplitude modulation inquiry method is adopted. The results show that the maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS), amplitude sensitivity (AS), minimum resolution (R), and optimal FOM are 35,000nm/RIU, 438.08R I U -1, 2.86×10-6 R I U, and 165.16R I U -1, respectively. In addition, the sensor can detect analyte RIs between 1.00 and 1.36 for gas and liquid analytes simultaneously. Owing to the simple structure, low cost, and ambient-condition monitoring, the sensor has large potential in a myriad of applications including sewage treatment, food safety, humoral regulation, environmental and biological monitoring, and medical diagnosis.

Hydrophilic Ag2Se quantum dots fluorescence enhancement by photoactivation using solar light

Silver chalcogenides showed potential for biomedicine due to their lower cytotoxicity, emission in the near-infrared region, and higher penetrability in biological tissues. However, the aqueous synthesis of these nanocrystals affords quantum dots (QDs) with lower quantum efficiency, when compared to the preparation in organic solvents. Thus, this work intended to enhance the fluorescence intensity of hydrophilic silver selenide (Ag2Se) QDs by irradiating them with visible light. Ag2Se QDs stabilized with mercaptossuccinic acid were prepared in water, achieving nanocrystals with an emission maximum of around 743 nm. These nanocrystals were irradiated with visible light for up to 60 min. Our results showed that 30 min of irradiation induced an emission enhancement of up to 800 %. Moreover, 60 min of irradiation afforded an improvement of more than 770 % together with a decrease in the full width at maximum wavelength. Thus, photoirradiation can be a simple and efficient strategy to improve silver chalcogenides’ quantum yields.

An “on-off-on” fluorescent sensor based on TSPP-gallic acid: Visual detection of S2− in actual samples

A novel “on-off-on” switches fluorescence sensor based on TSPP-gallic acid (GA) for S[Formula: see text]-detecting was designed in this article. 5,10,15,20- (4-sulphonatophenyl) porphyrin (TSPP) was synthesized by a modified “one-pot” method. The synthesized TSPP was used as a fluorescence probe for the construction of a fluorescence sensing system. At room temperature, the maximum fluorescence emission wavelength could be obtained at 642 nm when the excitation wavelength was 515 nm when the fluorescence signal was in the “on” mode. The TSPP solution appeared pink in color at this moment. When GA was introduced into the TSPP solution, the fluorescence signal was turned off (fluorescence intensity was quenched) due to the protonation of TSPP, which was caused by the weak acidity of GA. The color of the TSPP solution changed from pink to green. Following that, an acid-base reaction between S[Formula: see text]and GA was initiated when S[Formula: see text]was introduced into the TSPP-GA system, leading to the liberation of TSPP and restoration of fluorescence intensity. The solution color reverted to red, indicating that the fluorescence sensing system had returned to the “on” mode. The TSPP-GA system had good selectivity and sensitivity to S[Formula: see text], the linear range was 4.52 × 10[Formula: see text] M [Formula: see text] 4.34 × 10[Formula: see text] M, and the detection limit (LOD) was 0.87 [Formula: see text] M. It could be used to detect sulfur ions in actual samples with satisfactory recoveries and RSD values.

Site-specific mutagenesis on Mnemiopsin 2: Calcium coordination and substrate binding properties of new variants.

We used site-specific mutagenesis by targeting E179 and F190 on the structure of photoprotein Mnemiopsin 2 (Mn2) from Mnemiopsis leidyi. The tertiary structure of E179S and F190L mutants was made by the MODELLER program. Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism data showed that the overall secondary structural content of photoprotein is not changed upon mutation, however the helicity and stabilizing interactions in helical structure decreases in mutants as compared with the wild-type (WT) photoprotein. Fluorescence spectra data revealed that the tertiary structure of the mutants is more compact than that of WT Mn2. According to the heat-induced denaturation experiments data, the melting temperature (Tm ) for the unfolding of tertiary structure of the F190L variant increases by 3°C compared with that of the WT and E179S mutant. Interestingly, the conformational enthalpy of the F190L mutant (86 kcal mol-1 ) is considerably lower than those in the WT photoprotein (102 kcal mol-1 ) and E179S mutant (106 kcal mol-1 ). The significant difference in the enthalpy of the thermal unfolding process could be explained by considering that the thermally denatured state of the F190L mutant is structurally less expanded than the WT and E179S variants. Bioluminescence activity data showed that the maximum characteristic wavelengths of the mutants undergo blue shift as compared with the WT protein. Initial intensity of the F190L and E179S variants was recorded to be 137.5% and 55.9% of the WT protein, respectively.

Rapid, Simple and Low-Cost Analytical Method Development for Quantification of Eltrombopag Olamine in Tablet Dosage by UV Spectroscopy Method.

Eltrombopag Olamine is a drug used to treat thrombocytopenia, a disorder where blood platelet counts get lower and severe aplastic anemia. It serves as a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, which give rise to platelet production in the bone marrow. The objective of this study is to develop a simple, specific, accurate, precise and economical Ultraviolet spectroscopy method to estimate the amount of Eltrombopag Olamine in bulk and tablet dosage form. The developed method was performed using methanol for identification and physicochemical characterization of the drug. The validation parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness limits of detection and quantitation, and specificity were assessed as per ICH Q2 (R2). The maximum absorbance wavelength (λmax) of the drug was found at 247 nm in methanol. The linearity was found in the concentration range of 2-14 μg/ml with regression equation y = 0.0619x - 0.0123 and r² = 0.999. The standard addition method was used to determine the accuracy of the developed method. The result was found in the % recovery range of 98-99%. The precision was done on λmax with respect to the parameters such as repeatability, intraday, and interday. The method was found to be precise as the % RSD value was found to be <2%. The detection limit value (LOD) and quantitation limit value (LOQ) were 0.0524 μg/ml and 0.1588 μg/ml, respectively. The developed method is simple, economical, accurate and selective. The developed method was adaptable for the estimation of Eltrombopag Olamine analysis in pharmaceutical dosage form and routine quality control laboratory.

Synthesis of Modified Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) Silver Nanoparticles Using Soursop (Annona muricata Linn) Leaf Extract and Its Application as a Heavy Metal Colorimetric Sensor

This study aims to analyze the characteristics and performance of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) synthesized using soursop leaf extract bioreductor modified with the addition of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) stabilizer as a colorimetric sensor for heavy metal ions. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out by reducing AgNO3 using soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata Linn) bioreductor modified with the addition of PVP as stabilizer. The results showed that the optimum synthesis volume ratio of AgNP synthesis was 0.7 mL of soursop leaf extract: 10 mL AgNO3 with the addition of 3% PVP stabilizer. The formation of AgNP was characterized by a change in the color of the solution from yellow to brownish with a surface plasmon resonance peak at a maximum wavelength of 438 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed hydroxyl groups (-OH) and carbonyl groups (C=O) play a role in the reduction process of silver ions. Particle size analysis results demonstrated an average particle size of 71.5 nm with a polydispersity index value of 0.364. The results of the colorimetric analysis showed that the synthesized AgNPs proved to be highly selective towards Cu metal ions.

Penentuan Kadar Alkaloid Total Ektstrak Akar Bajakah (Spatholobus Littoralis Hassk) dengan Metode Spektofotometri Uv-Vis

The Bajakah tampala tree (Spatholobus littoral hassk) is a native plant from the interior of the forests in Kalimantan, especially Central Kalimantan. This plant is a plant that stretches or grows and grows abundantly in the interior of the forest. The Bajakah plant is known to the people of Kalimantan as a medicinal plant and can cure various diseases, including diarrhea, rheumatism, and cancer. The aim of this research was to determine the alkaloid content of bajakah root extract in various concentrations. The research method was carried out experimentally, with the independent variable being an ethanol extract of bajakah roots with concentrations of 50, 70, and 96%. Meanwhile, the dependent variables are the characteristics of simplicia, the secondary metabolite content of Bajakah root ethanol extract, and the determination of the total alkaloid content of Bajakah root extract. Bajakah root simplicia extract is made with 96, 70, and 50% ethanol solvents. The parameters used in this study include water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, water soluble extract content, ethanol soluble extract content, and secondary metabolite content, including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, by conducting phytochemical screening. , making a standard caffeine solution, determining the maximum wavelength of caffeine, measuring the caffeine calibration curve, and determining the total alkaloid content of Bajakah root extract. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that Bajakah root was positive for containing alkaloid compounds, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids. And the results obtained from Bajakah root plants obtained from Central Kalimantan were a 96% ethanol concentration of 1.66797 ± 0.7088 mg/gram, a 70% ethanol concentration of 1.6679 ± 0.1124 mg/gram, and a 50% ethanol concentration of 0.46981 ± 1.0656 mg/gram

Remediation of Brewery Wastewater Using Green Synthesized Nano-Particles

The brewing industry consumes a large amount of water needed for brewing, rinsing, and cooling purposes, and therefore produces huge amount of effluents. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the use of Moringa oleiferra (MO) powder and synthesized 1.0 and 2.0 g TiO2NPs as green synthesized nano-particles for the remediation of brewery wastewater using standard methods. The raw wastewater sample characterization for pH, BOD, COD, Lead and coliform count were: 7.26, 935, 1045, 0.083 mg/L and 136 cfu/100 mL respectively. Results of the UV – Visible spectrophotometer showed the maximum wavelength of 275, 275, 278 and 282.50 nm for 5:20, 10:20, 15:20, 20:20 of MO and TiO2 ratio respectively, while the FTIR results show the presence of oxygen surface complex groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl. The SEM reveals a porous surface area accompanied by several wide opening pores of different sizes and shapes, while EDX shows the concentration of titanium, Sulphur and silicon in percent weight; 85.79, 2.96 and 1.46 % respectively. Results of the wastewater treated with 50 g defatted M. oleiferra revealed the removal efficiency of 47, 93.2, 56.2, 18, 31.3, 97, 76.1, 81 and 71% for Turbidity, COD, EC, Nitrate, Nitrite, BOD, TS, TDS and TSS respectively. Results of wastewater treated with 1.0 g of TiO2 NPs showed the removal efficiency of 97.8, 94.64, 53.5, 34.2 and 35.1% for COD, BOD, EC, Nitrate and Nitrite respectively. That of 2.0 g of TiO2 NPs showed the removal efficiency of 67, 58, and 87% for Cu, Pb, and Ag respectively. Conclusively, M. oleiferra and varying proportions of green synthesized TiO2 NPs were effective in the remediation of the wastewater from brewery industry as it improves its physicochemical properties, but not so much for the heavy metal concentration.

Anticancer Potential of Gold doped ZnO Nanoparticles Fabricated using Root Extract of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. against Lung (A549), Melanoma (A375) and Epidermoid (A431) Cancer Cells

This study presents a simple, biocompatible and eco-friendly Au-doped ZnO nanoparticles were fabricated by employing root aqueous extract of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. root as reducing, stabilizing and capping agent. The nanoparticles were identified by showing characteristic UV-visible wavelength maxima at 361 nm (ZnO NPs) and 569 nm (Au NPs). The nanoparticles possess polycrystalline structure with circular to oval in shape having 34 nm size that contains ~24.74 % and ~52.16 % of Au and Zn content. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the functional groups correspond to terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolics present in aqueous root extract of of Kigelia africana (Lam.) were actively participated in nanoparticles capping. The cytotoxic applicability of fabricated nanoparticles was assessed by performing MTT assay against human lung cancer (A549) cells, melanoma cancer (A375) cells and skin or epidermoid cancer (A431) cells. The nanoparticles were proved to show potential anticancer activity with IC50 concentration of 206.13 µg/mL, 152.73 µg/mL and 295.49 µg/mL against A549, A375 and A431 cell lines respectively. The IC50 concentration of nanoparticles in DPPH assay was noticed as 43.75 µg/mL, whereas 33.95 µg/mL and 81.10 µg/mL respectively noticed for standard and aqueous root extract suggest that the nanoparticles possess potential antioxidant capability. Based on findings, it was suggested that the fabricated Au-doped ZnO NPs were treated as promising biocompatible candidate that can having remarkable applicability in therapeutic applications.