Maximum Total Amounts Research Articles

Спорово-пыльцевой спектр воздуха г. Каракол за 2016 год

The article shows the results of aerobiological monitoring of Karakol in 2016 — leading spectrum of plant pollen and fungal spores. The purpose of these studies is to control the qualitative and quantitative composition of pollen rain, to study the patterns of its formation, the features of the seasonal dynamics of dusting of individual taxa. In 2016 pollen from 32 plant taxa and 18 fungal spore taxa were present in the air. The studies were carried out using a volumetric method using a Lanzoni s. r. l. certified apparatus. The sequence and timing of the presence of pollen and spore taxa in 2016 are described in detail, taking into account its maximum daily values and total amounts. It has been established that the spectrum includes many well-known and widespread allergenic species: deciduous and coniferous trees, weeds, cereals. Aeromycological data of the leading and less significant fungal spores showed that along with known allergens, many phytopathogens of a number of cultivated crops fell out.

Schisandra henryi C. B. Clarke in vitro cultures: a promising tool for the production of lignans and phenolic compounds

We initiated and optimized in vitro culture conditions of the endemic Chinese plant species—Schisandra henryi C. B. Clarke. Different types of in vitro solid cultures (microshoot and callus), cultivation periods (10, 20, and 30 days), and selected concentrations of BA, IBA, GA3 (0 to 3 mg/l) in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were tested. The presence of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans (schisandrin, gomisin G, schisantherin A and B, deoxyschisandrin and schisandrin C), dibenzylbutane lignans (hernicine B), aryltetralin lignans (wulignan A1 and A2, epiwulignan A1, enshicine, epienshicine and dimethylwulignan A1), and triterpenoids: kadsuric acid and schisanhenric acid was confirmed by UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. Using HPLC–DAD, the qualitative and quantitative profiles of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, phenolic acids and flavonoids in methanolic extracts from biomass were estimated. The maximum total amounts of these groups of metabolites were 873.71, 840.89 and 421.98 mg/100 g DW, respectively. The main compounds were: schisantherin B (max. 622.59 mg/100 g DW), schisantherin A (max. 143.74 mg/100 g DW), neochlorogenic acid (max. 472.82 mg/100 g DW), caftaric acid (max. 370.81 mg/100 g DW), trifolin (max. 138.56 mg/100 g DW) and quercitrin (max. 122.54 mg/100 g DW). The highest total amounts of secondary metabolites estimated in the extracts from in vitro cultures were, respectively, 13.0, 7.0, and 1.4 times higher than in the leaf extracts analyzed for comparison. This is the first report on the biosynthetic potential of cells from Schisandra henryi in vitro cultures.

The influence of light quality on the production of bioactive metabolites – verbascoside, isoverbascoside and phenolic acids and the content of photosynthetic pigments in biomass of Verbena officinalis L. cultured in vitro

In vitro callus cultures of Verbena officinalis L. were maintained on solid Murashige and Skoog medium, enriched with 1 mg dm−3 BA and 1 mg dm−3 IBA under LED lights (red, blue, red/blue 70%/30%), in darkness and under control fluorescent lamps. The measurements of 2 phenylpropanoid glycosides (verbascoside and isoverbascoside) and 23 phenolic acids were performed in methanolic extracts from the biomass collected after 2-, 3- and 4-week growth cycles using the HPLC-DAD method. The presence of verbascoside, isoverbascoside and additionaly 7 phenolic acids (protocatechuic, chlorogenic, vanillic, caffeic, ferulic, o-coumaric and m-coumaric acids) was confirmed in all extracts. Blue and red/blue lights stimulated the accumulation of verbascoside (max. of 6716 and 6023 mg 100 g−1 DW after a 4-week growth cycle) and isoverbascoside (max. 333 and 379 mg 100 g−1 DW also after 4 weeks). The maximum amounts of verbascoside and isoverbascoside were respectively 1.8- and 7.0-fold higher than under the control conditions. Phenolic acids were accumulated in different amounts, and the maximum total amounts ranged from 36 to 65 mg 100 g−1 DW. LED lights also stimulated their accumulation in comparison with darkness and control. The main phenolic acids included: m-coumaric acid (max. 39 mg 100 g−1 DW), ferulic acid (max. 12 mg 100 g−1 DW), and protocatechuic acid (max. 13 mg 100 g−1 DW). Additionally, the quantities of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) were estimated in acetonic extracts using spectrophotometry. Red/blue light stimulated the biosynthesis of pigments (max. total content 287 μg g−1 FW after 4-week growth cycles). This is the first study describing the effect of LED lights on the production of phenylpropanoid glycosides and phenolic acids in V. officinalis callus cultures. Very high amounts of verbascoside and isoverbascoside are interesting from a practical point of view.

Parametric characterization of the initial pH effect on the polysaccharides production by Lentinula edodes in submerged culture

Edible fungus Lentinula edodes (L. edodes) produces exo-polysaccharides (EPS), which have been obtained from submerged mycelia cultures. EPS are bioactive products which can be obtained more efficiently from submerged cultures compared to regular production methods from endo-polyssacharides from the fruiting bodies of fungus cultured on solid medium. A common manner to characterize the production ability of L. edodes is using the kinetic parameters evaluation of a suitable mathematical model which takes into account the effects of diverse experimental conditions. The aim of this study is characterize the production of exo-polysaccharide extracts from submerged cultures of three strains of L. edodes (commercial, L5 and L9) using the estimated parameters of the proposed model. The submerged mycelia cultures have fixed initial pH of 6.5, 4.5 and 3.5. Submerged cultures at an initial pH of 4.5 had maximum amounts of biomass of 10.0–15.4gL−1. The exo-polysaccharide extracts concentrations are in the range of 0.44–0.97gL−1. The strain L9 obtained a higher yield biomass-substrate (YX/S=1.62). At pH 4.5, the commercial strain obtained a higher yield of product-substrate (YP/S=0.147). If the initial pH is 3.5, the lowest YX/S is obtained in values ranging from 0.85 to 1.21. The maximum growth rate was higher for strain L9 at pH 4.5 with μmax values. The obtained exo-polysaccharide extracts from the three strains have the maximum total carbohydrate amounts of 0.5–0.93gL−1. A soluble proteins percentage range of 0.16–0.39% is obtained. From the hydrolyzed exo-polysaccharide extracts, glucose, mannose, galactose and arabinose can be identified as the main mono-saccharides. OH bonds, ether bonds, CN bonds and carboxyl bonds are the identified functional groups of the exo-polysaccharides.

Organics in soda-anthraquinone black liquors from hot-water-extracted non-wood feedstocks

ABSTRACT The chemical compositions of black liquors (BLs) obtained from the soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping of untreated and hot-water-extracted non-wood feedstocks (okra stalk, miscanthus stalk, and wheat straw) were determined. These under-utilized renewable and widely available feedstocks could provide a cheaper source for producing fiber and precursors for manufacturing green chemicals. These BLs were mainly characterized in terms of carbohydrate-derived volatile carboxylic acids (acetic and formic acids) and non-volatile carboxylic acids (hydroxy acids) as well as lignin. Additionally, in each case, the average molar mass and molar mass distribution of the dissolved lignin were measured. Results indicated typical effects of hot-water extraction; for example, in the case of hot-water-extracted feedstocks, compared to untreated feedstocks, more aliphatic carboxylic acids were formed, whereas in both cases the removal of lignin was similar. The maximum total amounts of aliphatic carboxylic acids were in the following order: okra/150 °C/P200 (39 g L−1) > miscanthus/150 °C/P200 (31 g L−1) > wheat/150 °C/P200 (15 g L−1). On the other hand, the total dissolved lignin was in the following order: wheat/150 °C/P200 (45 g L−1) > miscanthus/150 °C/P200 (35 g L−1) ≈ okra/140 °C/P50 (35 g L−1). The hot-water extraction also affected weight average molar mass (w) values of the dissolved lignin in BLs. When the pre-treatment conditions became harsher, the w values increased; the lowest value detected was 4160 g mol−1 for lignin in the okra BL from the untreated feedstock, and the highest value, 8730 g mol−1, was obtained for lignin in the wheat BL from pre-treated feedstock (150 °C/P200). All the data obtained are of importance when planning the overall strategy for recovering the non-wood-derived aliphatic carboxylic acids and lignin formed in this kind of integrated biorefinery approach.

Agitated shoot cultures of Aronia arbutifolia and Aronia\u2009\xd7\u2009 prunifolia: biotechnological studies on the accumulation of phenolic compounds and biotransformation capability

In methanolic extracts of the biomass from agitated cultures of Aronia arbutifolia and Aronia × prunifolia grown on four variants of the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, with different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs): BA and NAA (0.5–3.0 mg/l), the quantities of phenolic acids (19 compounds) and flavonoids (11 compounds) were estimated using the LC-DAD method. The amounts of individual metabolites and total contents were dependent on the concentration of PGRs in MS medium variant. The maximum total amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids reached 360.80 and 65.26 mg/100 g DW, and 659.51 and 78.34 mg/100 g DW for A. arbutifolia and A. × prunifolia, respectively. The main metabolites in the biomass of both plants were chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid and quercitrin (max. 175.94, 147.98 and 41.14 mg/100 g DW, and 260.34, 225.26 and 78.34 mg/100 g DW, respectively). The cells of both plants convert the exogenously supplied hydroquinone into its β-D-glucoside—arbutin. The maximal total content of the product accumulated in the biomass and media reached 83.55 and 73.62 mg/g DW. The obtained results demonstrated for the first time a high biosynthetic potential of agitated cultures of both plants.

The impact of media composition on production of flavonoids in agitated shoot cultures of the three Hypericum perforatum L. cultivars \u2018Elixir,\u2019 \u2018Helos,\u2019 and \u2018Topas\u2019

The aims of the study were to evaluate the effect of media composition on the growth potential and morphology of the in vitro cultured biomass of three cultivars of Hypericum perforatum, and on the production of flavonoids. Agitated shoot cultures were maintained in parallel on Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 0.1–3.0 mg L−1 of α-naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine. Methanolic extracts from the biomass collected after 3-wk growth cycles were analyzed quantitatively, for 21 flavonoids using high performance liquid chromatography. Three aglycones (kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin) and three glycosides of quercetin (hyperoside, quercitrin, and rutoside) were detected in all of the extracts. The total amounts of the estimated compounds increased from 1.18- to 21.66-fold on LS media variants and from 1.52- to 17.34-fold on MS media variants. The main metabolite was quercetin (max. 210.55 mg 100 g−1 dry weight [DW]). The maximum total amounts of all compounds in the biomass of ‘Elixir,’ ‘Helos,’ and ‘Topas’ were 328.53, 255.70, and 166.58 mg 100 g−1 DW, respectively. The shoots of all cultivars cultivated on the LS and MS media containing low levels of plant growth regulators (0.1 mg L−1) accumulated high amounts of flavonoids. The highest amounts were accumulated in shoots of cultivar ‘Elixir’ grown on MS medium. This is the first comparison of flavonoid production in three cultivars of H. perforatum (‘Elixir,’ ‘Helos,’ and ‘Topas’) cultured in vitro, and the first report of flavonoid production in cultivars ‘Elixir’ and ‘Helos.’

High production of bioactive depsides in shoot and callus cultures of Aronia arbutifolia and Aronia\xa0\xd7\xa0prunifolia

Methanolic extracts from calluses and shoots of Aronia arbutifolia and Aronia × prunifolia cultivated in vitro were quantitatively analysed for phenolic acids by DAD-HPLC. The cultures were grown on ten variants of Murashige–Skoog medium variants enriched with various concentrations of growth regulators (GRs), BA and NAA, in the concentration range 0.1–3.0 mg/L. The analysed extracts were confirmed to contain from four to six compounds (depsides—chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid, and also protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid). The total amounts of the metabolites varied considerably, depending on the amounts of the GRs in the tested medium variants, and increased in the callus and shoot extracts, respectively, up to 1.7 and 3.2 times (A. arbutifolia), and 2.2 and 2.7 times (A. × prunifolia). Maximum total amounts were confirmed in shoot extracts of both plants (approx. 200 and 600 mg/100 g DW, respectively). The main compounds in A. arbutifolia cultures were the depsides—chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and neochlorogenic acid (max. 91.94, 77.03, 32.57 mg/100 g DW, respectively). The same depsides dominated quantitatively in the cultures of A. × prunifolia (max. 131.82, 206.62 and 257.39 mg/100 g DW, respectively).

The importance of monochromatic lights in the production of phenolic acids and flavonoids in shoot cultures of Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia and Aronia × prunifolia

Shoot cultures of Aronia melanocarpa, A. arbutifolia and A. × prunifolia were maintained on Murashige and Skoog medium with 1 mg/l each of BA and NAA under monochromatic lights (far-red, red, blue lights, UV-A-irradiation), in darkness, and under white light (control). HPLC-DAD analyses of 19 phenolic acids and 11 flavonoids in methanolic extracts from the shoots revealed in all of them the presence of three depsides (chlorogenic, neochlorogenic and rosmarinic acids), protocatechuic acid, four flavonoid glycosides (cynaroside, quercitrin, hyperoside and rutoside), and additionally, in A. arbutifolia, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Depending on light quality, the total amounts of these metabolites increased 1.8–5.9 times, reaching maximum values under blue light: 527.40 and 144.61 mg 100 g−1 DW (A. melanocarpa), 543.27 and 85.82 mg 100 g−1 DW (A. arbutifolia) and 1615.18 and 220.65 mg 100 g−1 DW (A. × prunifolia), respectively. The maximum total amounts were 1.3–3.6 times higher than under white light. The quantities of individual metabolites changed from 1.2 to 11.0 times, with high amounts of neochlorogenic acid and quercitrin in A. melanocarpa (243.35 and 75.64 mg 100 g−1 DW), and of chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids and quercitrin in A. arbutifolia (236.52, 219.35 and 51.01 mg 100 g−1 DW). Extremely high amounts of depsides (418.83, 644.68, 548.86 mg 100 g−1 DW) and quercitrin (165.88 mg 100 g−1 DW) were produced in cultures of the hybrid - A. × prunifolia. The results are potentially useful for practical applications. This is the first report documented the importance of light quality on the production of phenolic acids and flavonoids in three aronia in vitro cultures.

Anethum graveolens L. In Vitro Cultures – a Potential Source of Bioactive Metabolites, Phenolic Acids and Furanocoumarins

Abstract In vitro cultures of Anethum graveolens (dill) were maintained on the Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium – three variants, and the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium – seven variants, which contained different amounts of plant growth regulators, cytokinin (BAP) and auxin (NAA) (from 0.1 mg l−1 to 3.0 mg l−1). Methanolic extracts from in vitro grown biomass were analyzed by HPLC for free phenolic acids and furanocoumarins. The total amounts of free phenolic acids on the LS medium variants were similar (35.23–38.65 mg 100 g−1 DW), but higher on the MS variants, ranging from about 66 mg 100 g−1 DW to 100 mg 100 g−1 DW. The main metabolites were: p-hydroxybenzoic acid (max. 24.41 mg 100 g−1 DW) on the LS−based media, and salicylic acid (max. 57.88 mg 100 g−1 DW) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (max. 36.27 mg 100 g−1 DW) on the MS−based media. The total amounts of furanocoumarins were lower, as they did not exceed 8.5 mg 100 g−1 DW on the LS media and 25 mg 100 g−1 DW on the MS media. The main compounds in this group were bergapten (max. 15.01 mg 100 g−1 DW) and marmesin (max. 8.12 mg 100 g−1 DW). The MS variant containing 0.5 mg l−1 BAP and 2.0 mg l−1 NAA was proposed as the best production medium for both groups of metabolites. The maximum total amounts of free phenolic acids obtained in the in vitro grown biomass were slightly higher than their amounts in the fruits of the mother plant analyzed for comparison (99.66 mg 100 g−1 DW and 93.34 mg 100 g−1 DW, respectively); the maximum total amounts of furanocoumarins were approximately 1.8 times higher than in the fruits (24.26 mg 100 g−1 DW and 13.67 mg 100 g−1 DW, respectively).

Accumulation of biologically active phenolic acids in agitated shoot cultures of three Hypericum perforatum cultivars: ‘Elixir’, ‘Helos’ and ‘Topas’

Agitated shoot cultures of three Hypericum perforatum cultivars: ‘Elixir’, ‘Helos’ and ‘Topas’ were established and maintained on Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing varying concentrations (0.1–3.0 mg l−1) of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA). In methanolic extracts of the biomass, the amount s of free phenolic acids and cinnamic acid were determined by HPLC. Six of the seventeen compounds analyzed were detected in all the extracts: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, and two depsides—chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids. The amounts of individual compounds and the total amount of phenolic acids depended on the media variants used and the increases ranged from 1.2- to 15.0-fold and from 1.2- to 1.9-fold, respectively. The maximum total amounts in the biomass of ‘Elixir’, ‘Helos’ and ‘Topas’ were 212, 222, and 191 mg 100 g−1 DW, respectively. The main metabolites in all the cultivars were neochlorogenic acid (max. 118.81 mg 100 g−1 DW) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (max. 129.29 mg 100 g−1 DW). Three metabolites that also accumulated in high amounts were protocatechuic acid (max. 21.43 mg 100 g−1 DW), syringic acid (max. 23.63 mg 100 g−1 DW) and chlorogenic acid (max. 18.79 mg 100 g−1 DW). The richest s ource of the estimated compounds and hence a potential biotechnological platform were the shoots of ‘Helos’ cultivated on LS and MS media containing low concentrations of NAA and BA (0.1–1.0 mg l−1).

Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Some Phenolic Compounds from White Horehound (<i>Marrubium vulgare</i> L.) Leaves

This research was aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of three phenolic compounds: total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins, from White Horehound’s leaves (Marrubium vulgare L.). Distilled water and different organic solvents such as: methanol, ethanol and acetone, were used, with various concentrations (20% - 80%, v/v), temperatures (20°C - 60°C) and extraction times (30 - 450 min). Results showed that the maximum total phenolics amounts (293.34 ± 14.60 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weigh), were obtained with 60% aqueous methanol at 25°C for 180 min; total flavonoids (79.52 ± 0.55 mg catechin equivalent/g dry weigh) with 80% aqueous methanol at 20°C for 450 min, and condensed tannins (28.15 ± 0.80 mg catechin equivalent/g dry weigh) with 60% aqueous acetone at 50°C and for 180 min. ANOVA test showed the significant effect (***P < 0.001) of the extraction conditions tested on phenolic compounds. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) exhibited the positive effect of low temperatures on total phenolics and flavonoids extraction, and the effect of high temperatures on the condensed tannins extraction. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) provided predicted values of extraction conditions and maximum polyphenols amounts similar to those obtained experimentally.

A Rocky Mountain Storm. Part II: The Forest Blowdown over the West Slope of the Northern Colorado Mountains—Observations, Analysis, and Modeling

Abstract A devastating winter storm affected the Rocky Mountain states over the 3-day period of 24–26 October 1997. Blizzard conditions persisted over the foothills and adjoining plains from Wyoming to southern New Mexico, with maximum total snowfall amounts near 1.5 m. (Part I of this two-part paper describes the observations and modeling of this blizzard event.) During the morning of 25 October 1997, wind gusts in excess of 50 m s−1 were estimated west of the Continental Divide near Steamboat Springs in northern Colorado. These winds flattened approximately 5300 ha (13 000 acres) of old-growth forest in the Routt National Forest and Mount Zirkel Wilderness. Observations, analysis, and numerical modeling were used to examine the kinematics of this extreme event. A high-resolution, local-area model (the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) was used to investigate the ability of a local model to capture the timing and strength of the windstorm and the aforementioned blizzard. Results indicated that a syne...