Abstract
Methanolic extracts from calluses and shoots of Aronia arbutifolia and Aronia × prunifolia cultivated in vitro were quantitatively analysed for phenolic acids by DAD-HPLC. The cultures were grown on ten variants of Murashige–Skoog medium variants enriched with various concentrations of growth regulators (GRs), BA and NAA, in the concentration range 0.1–3.0 mg/L. The analysed extracts were confirmed to contain from four to six compounds (depsides—chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid, and also protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid). The total amounts of the metabolites varied considerably, depending on the amounts of the GRs in the tested medium variants, and increased in the callus and shoot extracts, respectively, up to 1.7 and 3.2 times (A. arbutifolia), and 2.2 and 2.7 times (A. × prunifolia). Maximum total amounts were confirmed in shoot extracts of both plants (approx. 200 and 600 mg/100 g DW, respectively). The main compounds in A. arbutifolia cultures were the depsides—chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and neochlorogenic acid (max. 91.94, 77.03, 32.57 mg/100 g DW, respectively). The same depsides dominated quantitatively in the cultures of A. × prunifolia (max. 131.82, 206.62 and 257.39 mg/100 g DW, respectively).
Highlights
Among phenolic acids (PA) and depsides (DE), e.g., chlorogenic, rosmarinic, and neochlorogenic acids, are a special object of interest, both from a pharmaceutical and cosmetics point of view (Petersen and Simmonds 2003; Ekiert et al 2013; Döring and Petersen 2014)
In shoot cultures of A. arbutifolia growing on ten investigated MS media, from 4.54- to 7.07-fold increases in dry biomass were found during growth periods (4 weeks)
The two types of in vitro cultures of Aronia arbutifolia and Aronia × prunifolia established in our department grew stably (Fig. 1)
Summary
Among phenolic acids (PA) and depsides (DE), e.g., chlorogenic, rosmarinic, and neochlorogenic acids, are a special object of interest, both from a pharmaceutical and cosmetics point of view (Petersen and Simmonds 2003; Ekiert et al 2013; Döring and Petersen 2014). Neochlorogenic acid (an isomer of chlorogenic acid) shows similar properties (Dewick 1997; Thurow 2012). Among Aronia species, the most famous in Europe is A. melanocarpa (black chokeberry), the species with North American natural habitats, successfully planted in many European countries and in Asia (Valcheva-Kuzmanova and Belcheva 2006; Kulling and Rawel 2008; Kokotkiewicz et al 2010). These plants grow as bushes, which are native distributed in North America, but they are successfully planted in Asia and Europe
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