Maximum Strength Development Research Articles

Features of the Correlation Relationship Between External Stress Still and Adaptive Changes in the Body of Mixed Martial Arts Athletes

Topicality. One of the most important aspects in the field of sports is determining the appropriateness of the loads used for the adaptation capabilities of the athletes' bodies. This is a key element in both the training and competition process, which requires immediate correction and the development of effective training systems with long-term prediction of results, not only in mixed martial arts, but in all other sports as well. The Purpose of the Research. To study the peculiarities of the correlation between the parameters of the working weight of the projectile and adaptive changes in the body of mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes in the process of special strength training. Methods. 50 shock style MMA athletes aged 19±0,7 took part in the study. Two research groups were formed. The representatives of the examined groups used experimental regimens of training sessions during 3 months of strength training. Correlation analysis was carried out between parameters of projectile working mass (m) and biochemical indicators of blood, anthropometry, bioimpedancemetry, control testing of the development of maximum strength of athletes. The Results. In the athletes of the first group at all stages of the study, it was found that a constant strong positive relationship (r>0,70) is observed between the indicator of the working mass of the projectile (m=56–59 % of 1 RM) in the conditions of the regime of type A training loads (Ra=0,56) and the development of the maximum strength of leg muscles during the exercise «leg press on the block» (r=0,73), as well as the basal level of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme concentration in blood serum (r=0,72). The analysis of the results of the study obtained after 3 months of special strength training by the athletes of the second group of C-type training loads (Ra=0,74) indicate that the number of strong correlations has increased 9 times compared to the data found at the beginning of the experiment. It was established that the largest change in the level of correlations from moderate at the beginning of the study (on average r=0,57) to high after 3 months of training (on average r=0,87) occurred between the projectile working weight indicator and the results of the control testing the development of maximum muscle strength (chest muscles, shoulder and hip muscles) during control exercises. Findings. It was established that only among the athletes of the second group, who in the process of special strength training use the mode of training loads of type C (Ra=0,74), the correlations increase during 3 months of training, which indicates pronounced processes of long-term adaptation.

The Influence of Complexes of Machine and Free Weights Exercises on the Level of Power Training of Athletes in Strike Fighting in Horting

Purpose. To study the peculiarities of influence of power training loads including machine and free weights exercises on the development of maximum muscle strength of athletes in horting and on their level of training in strike fighting. Methods. We examined 40 sportsmen aged 20±1,2 engaged in horting. The study took place at the stage of specialized basic training and lasted 3 months. All participants were divided into 2 groups, 20 athletes in each group. Group 1 used machine exercises and group 2 used free weights exercises (barbells, dumbbells). The effectiveness of the proposed exercises in the specified modes of muscle activity was evaluated by the indicators of maximum strength development and level of training in strike fighting in horting. Biochemical analysis of cortisol concentration was used to assess their adaptive and compensatory reactions to a physical stimulus. Results. The research results showed that using machine exercises in conditions of anaerobic-glycolytic mode of energy supply contributed to the growth of average group indicators of maximum strength development by 44,8 % (р<0,05) in group 1 athletes. The same indicators increased by 45,1 % (p <0,05) in group 2 athletes who used free weights exercises on the background of anaerobic-alactate mode of energy supply. The special strike training results in horting showed that the most pronounced increase in the number of kicks with maximum force for 15 s was by 30,4 % (р<0,05) in group 2 athletes (according to the results of 3 control exercises). Group 1 athletes also showed positive dynamics, but with almost 4,5 times lower progression. At the beginning of the study group 2 athletes demonstrated decrease in cortisol concentration by 18,8 % (р<0,05), and group 1 athletes increased this indicator by 10.3% compared to the state of rest. The results revealed at the end of the study indicated that this hormone did not change its parameters in response to a physical stimulus. Conclusion. Using free weights exercises contributed to positive changes in control indicators of strike training in horting, despite almost identical increase in maximum strength parameters in both group athletes. Despite the compensatory reaction manifestations in response to power loads in the conditions of anaerobic-alactate mode of energy supply at the beginning of the study, we observed the process of long-term adaptation at the end of the study.

Development of maximum strength, resistance and body composition

The present study aimed to verify the effects of the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in the development of maximum strength, resistance strength and body composition in resistance training practitioners. This research is characterized as applied, with a descriptive field study with a quantitative approach. The intentional non-probabilistic sample was composed of 20 male individuals, experienced in strength training. Participants were allocated into two groups: GU (group of EAA users), and GNU (non-EAS users group). The subjects were submitted to an evaluation of body composition, maximum strength test (1RM) and maximum repetitions test (80%RM). The results found indicate that the use of EAA increases the production of maximum strength and relative strength, causing a moderate increase in fat-free mass. The improvement in performance by its use is not found in the number of maximum repetitions at 80% RM, as well as it does not seem to influence fat mass and body fat percentile.

Evaluation of the Correlation Between Strength and Special Training Indicators in Mixed Martial Arts

Study purpose. To study the peculiarities of correlation between the maximum strength development and quantity of kicks in MMA using load regimes of different intensity and energy supply. Materials and methods. 75 athletes aged 19±0.7 practicing MMA for 4±0.8 years were examined and divided into 3 groups. During 12 weeks, group 1 athletes used low-intensity (Rа=0.53) load regime, group 2 – medium-intensity (Rа=0.65) and group 3 – high-intensity (Ra=0.72). The control of attacking kicks (front kick, reverse side kick, roundhouse kick) quantity with maximum force until full muscle fatigue for 20 s allowed to check special training. The level of strength training was evaluated by estimating the maximum strength development (1 RM) indicators. Non-parametric methods of mathematical statistics were used for data processing. Results. The indicators of special training showed the greatest increase by an average of 13.2% in group 3 athletes during 12 weeks. In the other two groups, the dynamics of the controlled indicator was 3.2 times smaller for a similar period of time. The maximum muscle strength indicator increased by 41.9% in group 3 athletes compared to the initial data. These changes are on average 1.5 times higher than the results recorded in athletes of groups 1 and 2. Despite the revealed growth of strength and special training indicators in MMA athletes, there was no strong correlation between them in any research group. Conclusions. Using high-intensity load regime in conditions of anaerobic-alactate mode of energy supply allowed achieving the greatest results in strength and special training indicators. However, the study did not show correlation between the increase in maximum strength development and quantitative indicators of attacking kicks. Further research will be focused on searching for more informative markers for assessing the training of athletes in MMA and adaptation processes using biochemical control methods.

The Effect of Velocity Loss on Strength Development and Related Training Efficiency: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.

The velocity loss method is often used in velocity-based training (VBT) to dynamically regulate training loads. However, the effects of velocity loss on maximum strength development and training efficiency are still unclear. Therefore, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis aiming to fill this research gap. A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies on VBT with the velocity loss method via PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane. Controlled trials that compared the effects of different velocity losses on maximum strength were considered. One-repetition maximum (1RM) gain and 1RM gain per repetition were the selected outcomes to indicate the maximum strength development and its training efficiency. Eventually, nine studies with a total of 336 trained males (training experience/history ≥ 1 year) were included for analysis. We found a non-linear dose-response relationship (reverse U-shaped) between velocity loss and 1RM gain (pdose-response relationship < 0.05, pnon-linear relationship < 0.05). Additionally, a negative linear dose-response relationship was observed between velocity loss and 1RM gain per repetition (pdose-response relationship < 0.05, pnon-linear relationship = 0.23). Based on our findings, a velocity loss between 20 and 30% may be beneficial for maximum strength development, and a lower velocity loss may be more efficient for developing and maintaining maximum strength. Future research is warranted to focus on female athletes and the interaction of other parameters.

Морфофункціональні зміни у спортсменів в процесі силової підготовки на спеціалізовано базовому етапі в хортингу

The purpose of the work was to study the influence of training session models different in structure, loads, and means in the process of strength training in horting on the development of strength capabilities and changes in the indicators of the body composition of athletes. Materials and methods. The study involved 60 men aged 19–21, who have been engaged in horting for the past 3.5–4 years. For the practical implementation of the purpose, three experimental groups were formed. The duration of the study was 3 months. Three variants of strength training models were offered. The main difference between the proposed models is the combination of exercise complexes on simulators or with free weight loads with different sequences of using basic and isolating exercises in the conditions of anaerobic alactate or lactate modes of energy supply against the background of load modes of different intensity. Control of changes in the studied indicators occurred with the help of testing methods and bioimpedancemetry. Results and discussion. It was revealed that the greatest development of maximum muscle strength by 63% over three months of research is observed when performing basic exercises in the athletes of the 3rd group. The athletes of this group also demonstrate the greatest growth dynamics of the investigated indicator by 47.6% during the control testing of strength development in isolating exercises. At the same time, the smallest dynamics of development of the investigated strength indicators among the examined contingent over the same period of time, was found in the athletes of the 2nd group. On average, the dynamics of maximum strength development in athletes of the 2nd group is 8% lower compared to the participants of the 3rd group. Control of the nature of changes in the body composition indicators of the participants revealed that only in the athletes of groups 1 and 3 during the study period, we observed a significant decrease in the level of fat mass by an average of 2.6% compared to the initial data. At the same time, only in the representatives of groups 1 and 3, the indicators of lean body mass show positive dynamics to the increase by an average of 4.8% over three months of research. Conclusion. At the stage of special basic training, the use of exercises on simulators in the training session against the background of premature fatigue of the working muscle groups in a series of isolating exercises in the conditions of the anaerobic-glycolytic mode of energy supply, followed by the use of a series of basic exercises in the anaerobic-lactate mode with high-intensity loads contributes to the most pronounced rate of development of strength capabilities and positive changes in the indicators of body composition of athletes

Increasing the functional capabilities of Mixed Martial Arts athletes in the process of optimizing different regimes of power load

Background and Study Aim. To study the influence of power load regimes different in energy supply and intensity on functional capabilities of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) athletes.&#x0D; Material and Methods. We examined 75 men aged 19±0.7 who had been practicing MMA for 4±0.8 years. The athletes were divided into 3 groups, 25 participants in each group. The study participants used power load regimes of different intensity in conditions of anaerobic-glycolytic and anaerobic-alactate energy supply of muscle activity. The study lasted 12 weeks. To assess the functional capabilities of athletes in these conditions we used the method of maximum strength development (1 RM). Control of biochemical blood parameters (creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, testosterone) allowed determining features of adaptive and compensatory body reactions in response to loads.&#x0D; Results. During the study the 3rd group athletes showed the most pronounced increase (by 40.1%; р&lt;0.05) in strength capabilities development. These changes were observed in conditions of anaerobic-alactate mechanism of energy supply. The smallest dynamics in the studied indicators was fixed in group 1 athletes. They used low-intensity training loads in conditions of anaerobic-glycolytic mechanism of energy supply. The results of laboratory studies showed different changes in the studied biochemical parameters of blood. The basal creatinine level in group 3 athletes was 12 times higher than in group 1 athletes. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in group 1 athletes increased by 10 times in response to physical load compared to group 3 results. The basal level of LDH activity increased in group 1 (by 14.6%) and 2 (by 6.7%) athletes. The basal testosterone level increased in athletes of group 3 (by 14.4%) and 2 (by 5.6%). The basal level of the studied hormone had no changes in group 1 representatives.&#x0D; Conclusions. Accelerated increase in functional capabilities of MMA athletes was observed during high-intensity power loads in conditions of anaerobic-alactate energy supply mechanism. Using this power load regime will strengthen the adaptive body reserves of athletes at the stage of specialized basic training. Determining characteristics in the studied biochemical indicators in response to stress stimuli will allow to optimize training load regimes. The changes in these indicators will also allow to improve strength training in MMA in the shortest possible time.

Review on the Relationship between Nano Modifications of Geopolymer Concrete and Their Structural Characteristics.

The main objective of this review is to study some important nanomaterials and their impact on the performance of geopolymer concrete. This paper is an investigation into trends and technology in the development of different nanomaterials to develop higher structural performance geopolymer concrete. The effect of the alkaline to binder and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio on the performances of geopolymer performances is studied. The relationship between setting time and slump is evaluated through the ternary plot, the variation in compressive strength values is evaluated using the kernel density plot, and the relationship between split tensile and flexural strength is investigated using the scattering interval plot. Regression analysis is carried out among water absorption and bulk-density result values obtained from previous literature. As the molarity and alkaline to binder (A/B) ratios increase, the strength development of geopolymer concrete increases up to a specific limit. The addition of a small quantity of nanomaterials, namely, nano silica, nano alumina, carbon nano tubes, and nano clay, led to the maximum strength development of geopolymer concrete. Incorporating these nanomaterials into the geopolymer significantly refines the structural stability, improving its durability. The various products in GP composites emerging from the incorporation of highly reactive SEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis of nanomaterials reveal that the presence of nanomaterials, which enhances the rate of polymerization, leads to better performance of the geopolymer.

Effect of electrical stimulation and hierarchical exercises in the maximum strength, explosive ability and defensive confrontation skill for young handball players

The importance of the research lies in experimenting with exercises using hierarchical training methods and electrical stimulation and knowing their effect on maximum strength, explosive ability, skill and defensive confrontation for young handball players. Where the research aimed to prepare exercises by hierarchical training and electrical stimulation methods for young handball players aged (18-19) years. As well as identifying the effect of using electrical stimulation exercises and hierarchical training in developing maximum forces, explosive ability and defensive interview skill among the research sample members. In addition to recognizing the superiority of the differences in the post-test of the two experimental groups in the development of maximum strength, explosive ability and defensive interview skill for young handball players. The researchers used the experimental design with two experimental groups to suit the nature of the problem studied. The researchers also identified the research community with the Karbala handball club players, the youth group aged (18-19) years, who numbered (16) players, and they were divided equally into two groups, the first group trained by the hierarchical training method, and the second group was the electrical stimulation method. The researchers will conclude that electrical stimulation and hierarchical exercises have a role in the development of maximum strength, explosive ability and defensive interview skill for young handball players. The hierarchical training method has a better return than the electrical stimulation method. It develops maximum strength, explosive ability and defensive interview skill for young handball players.

Effects of Concurrent Training on 1RM and VO2 in Adults: Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.

The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the effects of concurrent training on one repetition maximum (1RM), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) in healthy adults. The review followed PRISMA recommendations using randomized controlled trials in nine databases. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria, totaling a sample of 796 subjects to perform the meta-analysis. As result, concurrent training provides similar increases in 1RM as strength training for upper limbs (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.12; 95% IC: [-0.18; 0.41]; p=0.43) and for the lower limbs (SMD: -0.32; 95% IC: [-0.79; 0.15]; p=0.19). Similarly, no difference was found in the aerobic capacity between the concurrent training vs. aerobic training groups ([SMD - VO2max]: -0.19; 95% IC: [-0.71; 0.33]; p=0.48 and [SMD - VO2peak]: -0.24; 95% IC: [-0.57; 0.08]; p=0.14). Based on the results found, we can affirm that a) similar to strength training, concurrent training provides maximum strength development for upper and lower limbs; and b) cardiorespiratory capacity is not impaired by concurrent training in relation to aerobic training, demonstrating the compatibility of the two training sessions.

The Impact of Power Reserve Exercises in the Negative Range on the Development of Maximum Strength and Achievement of the Quartet with Special Needs

The Impact of Power Reserve Exercises in the Negative Range on the Development of Maximum Strength and Achievement of the Quartet with Special Needs

The Effect of Exercise Order on Maximum Strength Development in Resistance Trainings

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of exercise order on maximum strength development in resistance trainings. Thirty six male wrestlers (age = 21.6 ± 2.0 years; height = 169.8 ± 8.7 cm; body mass = 76.6 ± 11.1 kg) participated in the study. The participants performed two different resistance training programs for 12 weeks. First group (Gr1) performed the exercises involving large muscle groups at initial. The other group (Gr2) performed the same exercises in the opposite order. For the Gr1, the exercise order was bench press (BP), lat pulldown (LPD), shoulder press (SP), biceps curl (BC), triceps extension (TE). For the Gr2, the exercise order was TE, BC, SP, LPD and BP. Before and after the 12-week training period, 1 repeat maximum (1RM) loads were measured in all exercises. According to the results, 1RM loads of all exercises increased significantly in both groups

Особливості розвитку максимальної сили в юнаків 15-16 років в академічному веслуванні

Особливості розвитку максимальної сили в юнаків 15-16 років в академічному веслуванні

Розвиток максимальної сили чоловіків під час використання в фітнесі різних інтервалів відпочинку між сетами

Розвиток максимальної сили чоловіків під час використання в фітнесі різних інтервалів відпочинку між сетами

Strength-Endurance Training Reduces the Hamstrings Strength Decline Following Simulated Football Competition in Female Players.

Hamstring strains are the most common injury in multiple sprint sports, with inadequate eccentric hamstring strength and fatigue identified as important risk factors. Resistance training interventions aimed at reducing injury risk typically focus on the development of maximum strength, while little is known about the impact of training on hamstring fatigue resistance. The present study compared the effects of strength endurance (SE) with a strength intervention (S) on the eccentric hamstring strength decline induced by a simulated soccer match. Twenty-one female soccer players were randomly assigned to a S group (n = 10) or a SE group (n = 11). Hamstrings and quadriceps isokinetic concentric and eccentric peak torque (PT) were assessed at 120°.s-1 and hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio (HEcc:QCon) calculated, pre- and immediately post a 90-min simulated match (BEAST90). This was repeated following a 7-week intervention of either three to five sets of 6RM leg curl and stiff-leg deadlift with 3-min inter-set rest (S), or the same exercises performed using three sets of 12–20 RM with 45–90 s inter-set rest (SE). At baseline, the simulated match led to significant declines in hamstrings eccentric peak torque (EccPT) in both groups in both dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) legs [SE: (D: -15.5, ND: -15.6%), P = 0.001 to 0.016; S: (D: -12.3%, ND: -15.5%), P = 0.001 to 0.018]. After the 7-week intervention, we observed a group∗intervention∗match interaction such that there was no significant decline in EccPT in the SE group following the simulated match (D: 5.3%, ND: 2.0%), but there remained significant declines in the S group (D: -14.2%, ND: -15.5%, P = 0.018–0.001). Similarly, in the SE group, there was a significant decrease in the HEcc:QCon in D before (-14.2%, P = 0.007), but not after the training intervention, whereas declines were observed in the S group both at baseline, and following the intervention (D: -13.9%, ND: -15.6%, P = 0.045). These results demonstrate that SE training can reduce the magnitude of the EccPT decline observed during soccer competition. As inadequate eccentric strength and fatigue are both risk factors for hamstring injury, SE training should be considered along with the development of peak eccentric strength, as a component of programs aimed at reducing injury risk in multiple-sprint sports.

Pozzolanic activity of natural pozzolan–lime pastes and physicomechanical characteristics

In order to evaluate the pozzolanic activity of a natural pozzolan (NP) of rhyolitic composition, several pastes were prepared by mixing the pozzolan with hydrated lime, in different ratios. The pastes were stored in standard conditions (RH = 99 ± 1%, T = 25 ± 1 °C) and evaluated using thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction, compressive strength tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry, up to 270 days of curing. The obtained results showed that the compounds formed are CSH and C4ACH11 (monocarboaluminate). The calcium hydroxide consumption increases as the initial amount of the natural pozzolan in the paste augments. As the NP/lime ratio increases, the open total porosity and total cumulative volume decrease, while the bulk density increases. The maximum strength development is obtained for NP/lime ratio of 2.

Training-Related Changes in Force-Power Profiles: Implications for the Skeleton Start.

Athletes' force-power characteristics influence sled velocity during the skeleton start, which is a crucial determinant of performance. This study characterized force-power profile changes across an 18-month period and investigated the associations between these changes and start performance. Seven elite- and 5 talent-squad skeleton athletes' (representing 80% of registered athletes in the country) force-power profiles and dry-land push-track performances were assessed at multiple time points over two 6-month training periods and one 5-month competition season. Force-power profiles were evaluated using an incremental leg-press test (Keiser A420), and 15-m sled velocity was recorded using photocells. Across the initial maximum strength development phases, increases in maximum force (Fmax) and decreases in maximum velocity (Vmax) were typically observed. These changes were greater for talent (23.6% and -12.5%, respectively) compared with elite (6.1% and -7.6%, respectively) athletes. Conversely, decreases in Fmax (elite -6.7% and talent -10.3%) and increases in Vmax (elite 8.1% and talent 7.7%) were observed across the winter period, regardless of whether athletes were competing (elite) or accumulating sliding experience (talent). When the training emphasis shifted toward higher-velocity, sprint-based exercises in the second training season, force-power profiles seemed to become more velocity oriented (higher Vmax and more negative force-velocity gradient), which was associated with greater improvements in sled velocity (r = .42 and -.45, respectively). These unique findings demonstrate the scope to influence force-power-generating capabilities in well-trained skeleton athletes across different training phases. To enhance start performance, it seems important to place particular emphasis on increasing maximum muscle-contraction velocity.

대량치환 슬래그 시멘트의 초기강도에 미치는 Na2CO3의 영향

본 연구는 다양한 농도의 탄산나트륨(Na₂CO₃)로 활성화된 대량치환슬래그 시멘트(HVSC)의 초기강도 향상에 관한 연구이다. 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트(OPC)에 대해 고로슬래그 미분말(GGBFS)을 질량의 50에서 90% 치환하였고, 페이스트 믹싱전에 건조한 분말재료를 서로 섞어 두었다. Na₂CO₃는 전체 결합제(binder, OPC+GGBFS) 중량의 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 그리고 10%를 혼합하였다. 모든 배합의 물-결합재 비(w/b)는 0.45로 일정하게 하였다. 압축강도, 초음파속도(UPV), 흡수율 그리고 XRD를 초기재령(1일과 3일)에서 실시하였다. V5(50% OPC + 50% GGBFS), V6(40% OPC + 60% GGBFS) 그리고 V7(30% OPC + 70% GGBFS) 시험체에서는 6% Na₂CO₃에서, V8(20% OPC + 80% GGBFS)과 V9(10% OPC + 90% GGBFS) 시험체에서는 10% Na₂CO₃에서 최고강도가 나타났다. UPV와 흡수율은 압축강도 특성과 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. XRD 분석결과 수화반응생성물질은 CSH 그리고 calcite (CaCO₃)가 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때 HVSC 페이스트의 초기강도에는 Na₂CO₃의 혼합이 Na₂CO₃를 혼합하지 않은 경우와 비교하여 더 좋은 결과를 나타내었다.

Evaluation of pozzolanic activity and physico-mechanical characteristics in ceramic powder-lime pastes

Ceramic powder has been used as an artificial pozzolanic addition, in preparing pozzolanic mortars for the historic/traditional structures’ construction. In order to evaluate the pozzolanic activity of ceramic powder, several pastes were prepared, by mixing it with hydrated lime, in different ratios. The pastes were stored in standard conditions (RH=99±1%, T=25±1°C) and evaluated using thermal analysis (DTA/TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), compressive strength tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), in time. The obtained results revealed that the compounds formed were CSH and C4ACH11 (monocarboaluminate) after 270 days of curing. The calcium hydroxide consumption increases as the initial amount of the ceramic powder in the paste augments. The maximum strength development is obtained for ceramic powder/hydrated lime ratio 3:1.

Evaluation of pozzolanic activity and physicomechanical characteristics in metakaolin-lime pastes

In order to evaluate the pozzolanic activity of metakaolin, several pastes were prepared, by mixing metakaolin with hydrated lime, in different ratios. The pastes were stored in standard conditions (RH=99±1%, T=25±1°C) and evaluated using thermal analysis (DTA/TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), compressive strength tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), in time. The obtained results revealed that the compounds formed are CSH, C2ASH8 and C4\( A\overline C H \)11 while C4AH13 was not detected up to 270 days of curing. The calcium hydroxide consumption increases as the initial amount of the metakaolin in the paste augments. The maximum strength development is obtained for metakaolin/lime ratio:1.