Maximum Strength Development Research Articles

Normal Values of Isokinetic Maximum Strength, the Strength/Velocity Curve, and the Angle at Peak Torque of All Degrees of Freedom in the Shoulder

Many acute and chronic complaints in the shoulder joint are due to a reduced active stabilization capacity. Procedures to measure isokinetic strength are used to objectify the muscle deficits and imbalances of various muscle groups. In this study, standard values and reference ranges were determined for peak torque (PT), strength/velocity curve, and range of motion (ROM) at peak torque in the shoulder in 19 untrained women and 32 men. Differentiation was made by the individual degrees of freedom of the shoulder joint and the various types of work (concentric, isometric, eccentric). Moreover, the influence of height, body weight, and body mass index on isokinetic maximum strength development was investigated. It was found that it is necessary to distinguish between the various movements and types of work in development of peak torque. A decrease in maximum strength is observed in the sequence extension, adduction/flexion, abduction/internal rotation, external rotation. The maximum strength of men was determined to be higher than that in women. ROM shows a wide fluctuation and does not possess high validity. Height, as well as body weight and body mass index have only slight influence on the isokinetic maximum strength in the shoulder of untrained men and women.

Hydraulicity of Glassy Slags of the System CaO-Al2O3SiO2: I. Influence of the Amount of lime used as Activator and Basicity of Slags on Hydraulicity

A few glassy slags in the system, CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 were prepared having a fixed SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of about 1.15 and different proportions of CaO in the range of 35–50 per cent by weight. The hydraulic properties of the slag powders in admixture with different proportions of hydrated lime were studied. The hydraulicity of the slags increased with increase in the proportion of CaO in their chemical compositions and also with the increase of lime in the mixture. The amount of lime necessary for the development of maximum strength was found to decrease with increasing CaO content of the slag.

Relation of Maximum Back and Leg Strength to Back and Leg Strength Endurance

Abstract A back and leg dynamometer based on a strain gauge technique, designed for measuring and recording both maximum strength and strength endurance is described. Data collected by use of this back and leg dynamometer showed that (1) individuals with the greater maximum strength have a greater absolute strength endurance index, (2) stronger individuals maintain a smaller proportion of their maximum back and leg strength than those with less initial strength, and (3) the development of strength endurance is not directly proportional to the development of maximum strength.