Maximum Security Research Articles

School Security and Safety Challenges in Nigeria: Evaluating the Existential Threats of Domestic Terrorism in the North East Region


 Abstract
 
 The ubiquity of terrorism cannot be overemphasized as it has become a global common phenomenon. Schools are easy prey of terrorist attack since they lack the maximum security apparatuses that other state institutions possess. All over the world, terrorist attacks have taken place inside and beside school premises raising serious concern for government, security experts and school authorities. The recurring events of school shootings that keep taking place in the United States of America, Beslan Russia and even in Norway have proven that no school is totally immune from attacks by insiders, criminals, terrorists and non-state actors. Consequently, schools should be protected from these threats given the public emotion, sensitivity and global concerns about places of learning. In the last decade or so, Nigeria has gone through the harrowing experiences of terrorist attacks on schools especially in the Northern part of the country and the North East in particular by Boko Haram, ISWAP and currently armed bandits. This study therefore examines this ugly menace that has defied sustainable solutions to insecurity and safety threats in Schools. The study is descriptive in nature and gathered information from materials already available and questionnaires from individuals and schools authorities.

Medical Image Encryption Using Hybrid Adaptive Elliptic Curve Cryptography and Logistic Map-based DNA Sequence in IoT Environment

Digital medical images play an increasingly important role in diagnosing and treating diseases in modern hospitals that interact with the Internet of Things environment. Some of these images are sensitive and confidential, especially when they involve a great deal of patient privacy. Maintaining the security of these medical images is challenging. Therefore, in this work, hybrid adaptive elliptic curve cryptography (AECC) and logistic map-based secure medical image transaction are proposed. Here, at first, we encrypt the image using the AECC technique. Then, to enhance the security of the image, again we encrypt the image using the Logistic Map-Based DNA Sequence encryption algorithm. The logistic map initial values are optimally selected using the Enhanced Mexican axolotl algorithm (EMA2). Finally, after decoding the diffused DNA matrix, we obtain the cipher image. The DNA encoding/decoding rules of the plain image and the key matrix are determined by the plain image. The performance of the proposed approach is analysed based on different metrics and efficiency compared with various algorithms. The experimental results show the proposed method attained the maximum security level of 96%, PSNR of 49.6, NPCR of 99.63%, and UACI of 33.77%.

Measurement device-independent quantum key distribution with vector vortex modes under diverse weather conditions

Most quantum key distribution schemes exploiting orbital angular momentum-carrying optical beams are based on conventional set-ups, opening up the possibility of detector side-channel attacks. These optical beams also suffer from spatial aberrations due to atmospheric turbulence and unfavorable weather conditions. Consequently, we introduce a measurement device-independent quantum key distribution implemented with vector vortex modes. We study the transmission of vector vortex and scalar beams through a turbulent atmospheric link under diverse weather conditions such as rain or haze. We demonstrate that a maximum secure key transmission distance of 178 km can be achieved under clear conditions by utilizing the vector vortex beams, which have been mainly ignored in the literature. When raindrops have a diameter of 6 mm and fog particles have a radius of 0.5 upmum, the signals can reach 152 km and 160 km, respectively. Since these distances are comparable, this work sheds light into the feasibility of implementing measurement device-independent quantum key distribution using vector vortex modes under diverse weather conditions. Most significantly, this opens the door to practical secure quantum communications.

Firebug Optimized Modified Bee Colony Algorithm for Trusted WSN Routing

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become a crucial technology because they are used in several contexts, such as public safety, environmental monitoring, healthcare, military operations, and surveillance systems. The applications of WSNs have increased because they can be deployed in areas where cable and power supply are difficult to use. However, a variety of security assaults can easily penetrate these networks. To solve this problem, a Firebug Optimized Modified Bee Colony algorithm (FOMBC) has been proposed, which achieves the maximum network security goal with lower energy consumption in WSN. The proposed method is carried out into two phases namely Secure node selection and Orthogonal Routing (OR). In the first phase, secure node among the WSN’s initial nodes is selected based on characteristics such as trust, delay, and Quality of Services. In the second phase, Firebug Optimized Modified Bee Colony (FOMBC) Optimization technique is used to find optimal route based on factors like trust, distance, latency, and quality of service. The effectiveness of the proposed FOMBC approach is evaluated against existing techniques like Trust-Aware Routing Framework (TARF), SOAR (Simple Opportunistic Adaptive Routing Protocol), Particle Swarm Optimization, and Whale Optimization Algorithm for Secure Routing (PSWOSR). According to the experimental findings, the proposed FOMBC technique achieves high detection, maximum throughput, least latency, and minimum range. The proposed method achieves network lifetime of 4.7%, 5.8%, and 9.87% than the existing TARF, SOAR, and PSWOSR, respectively.

"Feeling Trapped in Prison" Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceptions and Practices among Healthcare Workers and Prison Staff from a Brazilian Maximum Security Unit.

The COVID-19 pandemic had several repercussions on prison staff, but the currently available evidence has mainly ignored these effects. This qualitative study aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the prison system through the narratives of health and security professionals, using the methodological framework of the constructivist grounded theory proposed by Charmaz. The sample included 10 healthcare workers and 10 security professionals. Data collection took place between October and November 2022 through individual in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using the MaxQDA software. Three categories of interrelated data emerged: (1) "Confrontation and disruption" caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the prison system; (2) "Between disinfodemic and solicitude" referring to the tension between information management and the practice of care centered on the needs of inmates; and, finally, (3) "Reorganization and mitigation strategies during the fight against COVID-19". Continuous education and the development of specific skills are essential to enable professionals to face the challenges and complex demands that arise in prison contexts. The daily routines professionals had previously taken for granted were disrupted by COVID-19. Thus, investing in adequate training and emotional support programs is crucial to promote the resilience and well-being of these professionals, ensuring an efficient and quality response to critical events.

The Comparison of Contact with Inmates, Risk Perception, and Mental Health of Officers in a Correctional Institution with Different Levels of Security

Introduction: Correctional institutions (LP) have various levels of security that are adjusted to the characteristics of the inmates accommodated in it. This level of security includes minimum, medium, and maximum prisons and often includes special prisons for prisoners with special needs or high danger. Differences in security levels present unique dynamics and challenges in contact between officers and inmates, perceptions of risk, and their impact on officers' mental health.
 Methods: This study is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 116 research subjects participated in this study. This study observes contact between officers and inmates using the contact with inmate scale. Perception of risk is measured by a scale compiled by Ferdik. The mental health assessment of correctional worker participants used the mental health inventory (MHI-38) made by Veit and Ware.
 Results: Officers in medium-security level penitentiaries have more positive contact with inmates than in maximum and super-maximum security level penitentiaries. Likewise, the aspect of officer risk perception in medium-security level penitentiaries shows a lower score than in maximum and super-maximum security level penitentiaries. However, super-maximum security level penitentiary officers show a lower level of mental health than medium security level penitentiaries.
 Conclusion: There are differences in correctional officers' contact with inmates, risk perception, and mental health of correctional officers in prisons with different levels of security.

Low Carbon Consumer Lending Fintech Product Design Report

In short, green growth will play a central role on the road to a more resilient recovery, and financial technology will be a key driver. Fintech, as an essential support in building a green financial system, will play a key role in supporting green finance to serve the real economy more efficiently.This article focuses on the design of low-carbon consumer credit as a financial technology product, given the high costs of green transformation for businesses and the financing and credit risks they face. Through big data, cloud computing, machine learning and other technologies, the product will help businesses to go green, create value for users and bring positive energy to society. In response to the national “dual carbon” target, low-carbon consumer credit will become an important driver to foster the development of emerging industries. This design differs from generic financial technology products in that the design focuses on green, economic benefits, while taking into account corporate social responsibility, and the use of machine learning to create an anti-fraud system throughout credit risk management, loan withdrawal, and detection of all aspects to ensure maximum security for users.

Special conditions relating to preventive measures applied to minors

At national level but also European, The minor person is represented by those under the age of 18. For all of them, in case of necessity of criminal liability, a series of measures are applied that are classified as special. Thus to be criminally liable, the minor must be over the age of 14, and for the interval of 14 to 16 years, In order to decide on criminal liability, it is necessary to resort to a forensic expertise. At the same time, regardless of the acts committed by the minor , a He cannot be detained like an adult and cannot serve a sentence in a maximum security prison. The new Code of Criminal Procedure regulates these matters through Article 243, aspects that are of a special nature regarding the application of preventive measures to minors. Thus, It is expressly provided that preventive measures shall be ordered against the minor defendant in the same way as the legislation provided for adults however, with certain derogations and additions, they are intended to provide the defendant with additional protection due to age. In 1865, Upon the entry into force of the First Romanian Penal Code, We identify regulations on special treatment of minors, which are found in Title IV which was entitled "On Cases Defending Punishment or Reducing Punishment". The current foundations of criminal regulations regarding minors were laid with the criminal code of 1968, regulating for the first time criminal liability, educational measures and punishments. Although the foundations of this special legislation were laid decades ago, this topic continues to be topical and in continuous modification and legislation, due to the intervention of the European Union, which tries to continuously align the laws with the current situations.

THE PROBLEM OF READINESS OF FUTURE TEACHERS TO IMPLEMENT A SAFE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT FOR YOUNGER SCHOOL STUDENTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE STATE OF WAR

The article highlights the need to train future teachers to create safe conditions for the educational process in educational institutions. It was established that security during the stay of all participants in the educational process in the educational institution provides for their maximum security, comfort during their stay on the territory and in the premises of general secondary education institutions, should ensure the preservation of their health and life in the conditions of martial law and post-war reconstruction. With the use of problematic and typological approaches to determine relevant aspects in the scientific research of domestic scientists, the necessity of supplementing the training of future teachers for a modern primary school with knowledge, abilities and skills of designing and implementing a safe educational environment of the school in the conditions of martial law has been determined. It is proven that the creation of a safe educational environment for students depends mainly on teachers, who are subject to certain requirements regarding their professional and pedagogical training, peculiarities of perception of the learning process, students and themselves, ways of communication, interaction and behavior. Based on the fact that all participants in the educational process today need psychological help and support, the relevance of students acquiring knowledge of a psychological nature from training in the use of psychological and pedagogical technologies to provide psychological help to those participants in the educational process who experienced psychological trauma in wartime is substantiated. A specific feature of the creation of a safe educational environment by future primary school teachers is that they will work with children of primary school age, who are particularly vulnerable in the conditions of martial law and need psychological and pedagogical help and support more than anyone else. The coordinated work of scientific and pedagogical workers of higher education institutions, the quality of mastering and organization of professional and pedagogical training are determined by the factors that determine the state of preparedness of future teachers for the design and implementation of a safe educational environment for younger schoolchildren in the conditions of martial law. The necessity of forming the students' need for knowledge, value orientations, the formation of a civic position, and activities to ensure the participants of the educational process is substantiated.

The Problem of Universal Digitalization in the Mirror of Russian Audiovisual Orthodox Media (On the Example of the Spas TV Channel)

This scientific work is devoted to explaining how the problem of digitalization is understood in the broadcast of Russian audiovisual Orthodox media. Religious, in particular Orthodox, mass media are aimed at understanding events and processes from a value-worldview perspective: by determining the position of the media in relation to digitalization, it is possible to identify an assessment of the phenomenon from an ethical point of view. According to the author, the most representative TV channel is Spas (more specifically, the program Glavnoye (The Main Thing). The paper is aimed at determining which manifestations of digitalization in the life of society and man are discussed in the channel’s program, how the TV channel assesses the universal introduction of digital technologies. It is supposed to study the semantic content of the program, therefore, the main method of research is the analysis of media texts (journalistic materials of the TV channel).As a result of the study, it turned out that such manifestations of digitalization as the Internet and cyberspace, urban video surveillance systems, biometrics, unified databases, artificial intelligence, chipization of the population and digital learning are being analyzed by program. The journalists of Spas do not give an unambiguous assessment of digital transformation. The following position is stated on the air: like any phenomenon, digitalization produces both positive and negative effects. Transformations can represent improvements in response to modern challenges. How[1]ever, at the same time, it is necessary to take into account the potential and real threats that digitalization poses to a person and society. In the virtual environment, such problems as the security of personal information and personal space, the effectiveness of digital education in comparison with the classical face-to-face, the cybercivilization practice advance of the regulatory framework development and the need to regulate the legislation of the Russian Federation to stop the processes taking place in the gray legal zone are becoming more acute. Cyberspace is a new sphere of human habitation, where maximum security, including privacy, should be ensured in the absence of excessive control.

Quantum secure metrology for network sensing-based applications

Quantum secure metrology protocols harness quantum effects to probe remote systems with enhanced precision and security. Traditional QSM protocols require multi-partite entanglement, which limits its near-term implementation due to technological constraints. This paper proposes a QSM scheme that employs Bell pairs to provide unconditional security while offering precision scaling beyond the standard quantum limit. We provide a detailed comparative performance analysis of our proposal under multiple attacks. We found that the employed controlled encoding strategy is far better than the parallel encoding of multi-partite entangled states with regard to the secrecy of the parameter. We also identify and characterize an intrinsic trade-off relationship between the maximum achievable precision and security under the limited availability of resources. The dynamic scalability of the proposed protocol makes it suitable for large-scale network sensing scenarios.

KDM Security IBE Based on LWE beyond Affine Functions

Key-dependent message (KDM) security identity-based encryption (IBE) schemes aim to solve the security risks caused by the dependency between plaintext and secret keys in traditional IBE schemes. However, current KDM-IBE schemes are only secure with respect to affine functions, which limits their security level when a message is derived from the evaluation of a polynomial function using the secret key. To address this issue, in this study, we propose a novel approach to construct a KDM-IBE scheme with respect to polynomial or even arbitrary functions that achieves maximum security based on the learning with errors (LWE) assumption. Our approach overcomes two major technical barriers to constructing KDM-IBE schemes with respect to polynomial functions. Compared to existing KDM-IBE schemes, our proposed scheme ensures the secrecy of the key-related plaintext, even when it is obtained using arbitrary functions, not just affine functions. Thus, our approach provides a more robust solution to the security risks inherent in traditional IBE schemes.

Socioeconomic Effect of the Scourge of Banditry in Niger State, Nigeria

This study examined the socioeconomic effect of banditry in Niger State, Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design. The data for the study were collected from primary and secondary sources. The content-analysis technique was adopted to analyze and categorize the data collected into key themes of the study. The study is anchored on situational action theory that explicated the reasons behind the rising banditry in Niger State. Findings revealed that the drivers of banditry in Niger State were attributed to poverty, unemployment, large swathes of ungoverned forest reserves, thriving illegal mining activities, the porosity of borders, proliferation of arms and a weak security system. It also revealed that banditry activities have led to the displacement of residents, payment of huge ransoms, abandonment of means of livelihood, and shortage of food and have triggered an adverse socioeconomic crisis for the people. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the ungoverned forests where the bandits operate need to be combed by the military personnel through an air raid and community policing should be established and equipped with security tools to enable them to secure the various communities against banditry, Nigerian porous borders should be blocked to prevent the influx of foreign criminal elements and bandits into the country, the security agencies manning the borders should be strengthened and technologies such as closed circuit cameras, drones, and other technologies should be deployed at the borders to enhance maximum security and more security personnel should be deployed to rural communities that are mostly affected by the activity of bandits.

A Stylistic and Thematic Analysis of Zambian Prison Poetry: The Case of Mwembeshi Maximum Security Prison

How the same theme is expressed in different poems, among different poets, is an interesting area of inquiry because style can determine the treatment of theme. Thus, this article dealt with a stylistic and thematic analysis of selected poems written by inmates of Mwembeshi Maximum Security Prison, and the relationship between the poetry and the prisoners’ prison experience. The study proceeded from the premise that inmate poetry offers authentic experience about life in prison. To achieve its aim the study utilised thematic and stylistic analysis of the poems. Among the key findings of the study is the idea that the poems were not only authentic but were reflection of the deepest feelings of the writers, thematically fresh and touching. The study concluded that most of the poems exhibit themes and stylistic approaches that reflect their prison lived experience and that not all poems use figures of speech to express their prison lived experience.

Anti-intrusion strategy MANET inspired by the bacterial foraging optimization algorithm

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are reflexivity, fast, versatile wireless networks that are particularly useful when traditional radio infrastructure is unavailable, such as during outdoor events, natural disasters, and military operations. Security may be the weakest link in a network due to its dynamic topology, which leaves it susceptible to eavesdropping, rerouting, and application modifications. More security problems with MANET exist than with its service Quality of Service (QoS). Therefore, intrusion detection, which controls the system to find further security issues, is strongly suggested. Keeping an eye out for intrusions is essential to forestall future attacks and beef up security. If a mobile node loses its power supply, it may be unable to continue forwarding packets, which depends on the structure's condition. The proposed study presents a security of trust and optimization that conserves energy methods for MANETs based on integrating the K means algorithm and Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm (KBFOA). This work proposes a method for quickly and accurately determining which nodes should serve as Cluster Heads (CHs) by K means algorithm. This approach aims to choose a node with a high Sustainable Cell (SC) rate as the Header of a Cluster (HC). Each node will calculate its SC according to its unique factors, such as energy consumption, degree, remaining energy, mobility, and distance from the HC and base stations. The security of MANETs is improved by the inclusion of an algorithm in the proposed approach that detects and eliminates rogue nodes. This suggested approach will increase network stability and performance using a high-sustainable cluster head. The proposed approach will be achieved the highest reliability of clustering rate of 97%. The intended research will be accomplished Maximum security measures rate will be accomplished by 96%, the maximum rate of data transmission will be obtained of 96%, and greater efficient detection of malicious nodes ratio will be enhanced by 95%, lower energy consumption rate will be achieved by 0.09 m joules.

Cybersecurity Analysis of Wearable Devices: Smartwatches Passive Attack.

Wearable devices are starting to gain popularity, which means that a large portion of the population is starting to acquire these products. This kind of technology comes with a lot of advantages, as it simplifies different tasks people do daily. However, as they recollect sensitive data, they are starting to be targets for cybercriminals. The number of attacks on wearable devices forces manufacturers to improve the security of these devices to protect them. Many vulnerabilities have appeared in communication protocols, specifically Bluetooth. We focus on understanding the Bluetooth protocol and what countermeasures have been applied during their updated versions to solve the most common security problems. We have performed a passive attack on six different smartwatches to discover their vulnerabilities during the pairing process. Furthermore, we have developed a proposal of requirements needed for maximum security of wearable devices, as well as the minimum requirements needed to have a secure pairing process between two devices via Bluetooth.

Mnemonic interventions: Memory and transitional justice at a Uruguayan prison-mall

In 1986, Uruguay’s maximum security Punta Carretas Prison closed following a riot in the context of Uruguay’s transition from authoritarian civic-military dictatorship (1973-1985) to constitutional democracy. In 1994, the building reopened as Punta Carretas Shopping, one of Uruguay’s most luxurious shopping malls. In this article, I show how two site-specific installations at the prison-mall—the temporary photography exhibition, Brava: Memoria fotográfica de Punta de las Carretas (2019) and the permanent memorial installation, Memorial Ex Penal de Punta Carretas (2020)—put forth distinct versions of the past to shape the memory of Punta Carretas. I call these mnemonic interventions because they interrupt the shopping trip and divert attention away from leisure and consumption toward remembrance, provoking the shopper to engage with the space of the former prison and its history. I demonstrate how different stakeholders struggle over memory in Uruguay in a context in which impunity undermines efforts toward truth and justice. Mnemonic interventions at Punta Carretas Shopping reveal the ongoing struggle over how the past should be remembered in Uruguay decades after the transition to democracy, showing the impact of recent transitional justice policies to demarcate sites of memory and resistance.

Radicalization of Airspace Security: Prospects and Botheration of Drone Defense System Technology

The development of a comprehensive and decisive drone defense integrated control system that can provide maximum security is crucial for maintaining territorial integrity and accelerating smart aerial mobility to sustain the emerging drone transportation system (DTS) for priority-based logistics and mobile communication. This study explores recent developments in the design of robust drone defense control systems that can observe and respond not only to drone attacks inside and outside a facility but also to equipment data such as CCTV security control on the ground and security sensors in the facility at a glance. Also, it considered DDS strategies, schema, and innovative security setups in different regions. Finally, open research issues in DDs designs are discussed, and useful recommendations are provided. Effective means for drone source authentication, delivery package verification, operator authorization, and dynamic scenario-specific engagement are solicited for comprehensive DDS design for maximum security Received: 2023-03-07 Revised: 2023-04-27

Information behaviour of prison inmates in Ghana

Information provision and services in prisons have been demonstrated to be a critical component of successful rehabilitation and reintegration. The study therefore examined the information behaviour of inmates in Ghana prisons with the aim of understanding their information needs, sources and challenges towards improving the information provision and services available in Ghana prisons. In all, qualitative data were collected from 27 participants comprising 19 inmates and eight Correctional Officers from four prisons in Ghana: Ankaful Maximum Security, Nsawam Medium Security, Kumasi Central and Nsawam Female prisons. The study found that inmates had information needs related to welfare, legal, support among others and it was evident that a number of their information needs were not met. The study further revealed poor library systems in Ghana prisons and inmates’ inability to access modern ICT tools as some of the challenges in accessing information in Ghana prisons. The study recommends the need for stakeholders and policy makers to invest in information provisions and services in Ghana prisons.

Implementation of ERP for Student Training and Placement

Training and Placement is the crucial part of any educational institute in which most of the work till now is being done manually of papered work. The aim of this project is Automation of Training and Placement unit of College or academic institutes. The project will include minimum manual work and maximum optimization, abstraction and security. This is a web application which will help students as well as the administration authority to carry out each and every activity in this department. It also provides a requested list of candidates to recruit the students based on given query. Administrator logging in may also search any information put up by the students. This project will aid colleges to practice full IT deployment. This will also help in fast access procedures in placement related activities.