Maximum Electric Field Research Articles

Correlative behavior between defect generation and ferroelectricity development in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2

Abstract Using electrical measurements and analysis, we investigated the relationship between the generation of defects in pristine Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) capacitor and their ferroelectricity. Applying a voltage to the HZO MFM capacitor for the first time, its current characteristics showed anomalous features, which differed from the typical ferroelectric characteristics observed in the second voltage application. In our previous research, we proposed the origin of this phenomenon as the generation of electric-field-induced defects in the HZO film, which mediated the current flowing through the MFM capacitor. In the present research, as a result of precise measurements of current–voltage characteristics, it was found that the defect density generated depended on the maximum electric field strength applied to the MFM. Similarly, with increasing defects, the ferroelectricity of the HZO was emphasized. Based on this relationship, we proposed a model in which electric field-induced defect generation initiated ferroelectric transformation in the HZO layer.

Small-period DUV plasmonic Al nanohole arrays fabricated by wet colloidal template/substrate and the interface and hole size-dependent E-field enhancement effect

The fabrication of a uniform small-period Al nanohole array with pronounced deep-ultraviolet (DUV) plasmon is highly valuable in enhancing the intrinsic fluorescence of biochemical molecules for label-free detection. Since metal nanohole arrays have distinct optical transmission properties, it is often questioned whether the maximum electric field (E-field) enhancement effect coincides with the transmission peaks or transmission troughs. We efficiently fabricated uniform DUV plasmonic Al nanohole arrays with small periods by using a wet colloidal template/substrate in a facile and low-cost way. Further, theoretical simulation demonstrates that such an Al nanohole array exhibits interface and hole size-dependent multi-band E-field enhancement effects. We have analyzed the maximum E-field enhancement effect as well as the corresponding exciting wavelength λAl−air,Emax (or λAl−SiO2,Emax). At the metal–air interface, λAl−air,Emax is close to the transmission peak wavelength when the metal hole diameter is relatively small compared to the period, while λAl−air,Emax approaches the transmission trough wavelength when the hole diameter is relatively large. At the metal–SiO2 interface, the results are more complicated. The research will provide a reference for the simple synthesis of uniform and small-period Al nanohole arrays and promote the fundamental understanding of the E-field enhancement of the nanohole array. The multi-band E-field enhancement extended to the DUV region will be important for label-free optical detection of multiple biochemical molecules.

Unexpected large remnant polarization in Sn-doped Bi4Ti3O12 ferroelectric film by chemical solution deposition

The A-site rare earth-doped Bi4Ti3O[Formula: see text] (BTO) has been highly interested in nonvolatile ferroelectric random memory devices, piezoelectric devices, electro-optical devices, capacitors, sensors, transducers, etc., due to its low coercive field and superior fatigue resistance properties. However, single B-site doping has not received corresponding attention. In this work, BTO and Bi4Ti[Formula: see text]Sn[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] (BTS) thin films were prepared by sol–gel method, in which the doping of Sn effectively restrained the grain growth and decreased the grain size, as well as diminished the formation of oxygen vacancies and enhanced the breakdown field. This leads to a significant enhancement of the ferroelectric properties of the BTO films. The final BTS films exhibit excellent saturation P–E loops with a remnant polarization (2[Formula: see text]) of 94.4[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]C/cm2 and a coercive field (2[Formula: see text]) of 0.69[Formula: see text]MV/cm at a maximum electric field of 2.8[Formula: see text]MV/cm. The ferroelectric fatigue and dielectric properties of BTS film were also characterized. The results suggest that doping of Sn at B-site can effectively improve the breakdown strength and enhance the ferroelectric properties of the BTO film.

Stable acceleration of a LHe-Free Nb3Sn demo SRF e-linac

Abstract The design, construction, and commissioning of a novel liquid helium-free (LHe-free) Nb3Sn superconducting radio frequency (SRF) electron accelerator at the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMP, CAS) will be presented. A 650 MHz 5-cell elliptical cavity was coated using the tin vapor diffusion method for electron beam acceleration. The cavity was slowly cooled down across 18 K with the high-precision collaborative control of ten individual GM cryocoolers. This process was accompanied by the characteristic magnetic flux expulsion of Nb3Sn films. Horizontal tests of the LHe-free cryomodule show stable operation in both continuous wave (CW) and pulse modes, with maximum peak electric fields (E pk) of 6.02 and 14.90 MV m−1, respectively. The Nb3Sn SRF electron accelerator achieved stable beam acceleration, reaching a maximum energy of 4.6 MeV with an average macropulse beam current exceeding 100 mA. Additionally, stable electron beam acceleration was achieved for the first time at a cavity temperature of 10 K. This pioneering achievement demonstrates a principal validation for the feasibility of applying Nb3Sn thin film SRF cavities in both large-scale scientific facilities and compact industrial accelerators. It also opens up possibilities for further upgrades in operating temperature, cooling methods, and refrigeration equipment for SRF accelerators.

Design and analysis of a far-infrared metamaterial perfect absorber with sensing applications

In this paper, we present an analysis and design of a metamaterial as the perfect absorber and refractive index sensor in the far-infrared (IR) region, utilizing the finite element method (FEM). The structure consists of a metal resonator on a silicon dielectric with a bottom copper layer beneath the dielectric. Our results demonstrate that the designed structure achieves nearly perfect absorption of transverse electric (TE) polarization at a resonance wavelength of λ r =9.40µm. This occurs because of the perfect impedance matching condition, which achieves a 99.47% absorption efficiency. This condition is also sensitive to the angle of incidence and causes minimal reflection at the resonating wavelength of λ r . This characteristic makes the designed metamaterial structure suitable for use as a sensor. The structure enables maximum electric field confinement in the gap region (g) of the split ring resonator (SRR) at the metal-dielectric interface. The resonance wavelength can be effectively tuned and optimized by varying the gap size (g), dielectric material, dielectric thickness (t d ), copper layer thickness (t c ), and incident angle of the metamaterial absorber (MA). The absorption peak shows a highly sensitive response to changes in the refractive index of the surrounding medium, with a sensitivity of 1600 nm/RIU. This absorber, with its excellent absorption in the far-IR spectrum, holds promising potential for applications in energy harvesting and IR sensing.

Structural Optimization Design of Vacuum Interrupter Based on Transient Electric Field Distribution

AbstractAs the core device of vacuum circuit breaker, the insulation performance of the interrupter is closely related to the internal structure. In this paper, the electric field distribution of arc interrupter under simulated lightning impulse overvoltage is studied. It is found that the instantaneous electric field intensity is at a high level and the electric field uniformity is poor under lightning impulse. In order to further improve the electric field distribution of the interrupter, this paper proposes a method based on the combination of neural network and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to optimize the important structural parameters of the interrupter. A neural network model was established with suspension shield length (L1), suspension shield radius (R1), end shield radius (R2), contact plate thickness (H1) and end shield length (H2) as inputs, and the maximum electric field strength and the uniformity of electric field on both sides of the static and dynamic contacts as outputs, respectively. The structure of the vacuum interrupter was optimized by PSO algorithm. The optimization results show that: When the structural parameters of the vacuum interrupter H1 are 4.6 mm, H2 is 20 mm, R1 is 3.6 mm, R2 is 3.4 mm and L1 is 110 mm, the electric field distribution of the interrupter is obviously improved, and the electric field distribution of the optimized structure can also be well improved under the power frequency operating voltage. Its electric field intensity between the electrode is significantly low. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Gap plasmonic properties of NPOM structures composed of gold nanoparticles and thin films

Metal nanoparticles have attracted great interest because of their unique near-field enhancement properties, and have important applications in many fields, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), fluorescence enhancement, solar cell efficiency enhancement and so on. In this paper, we use the finite element method to study the local field enhancement characteristics of the coupling system in which the gold ellipsoidal nanoparticles (GENP) on a mirror. In the coupling system, a hot spot will be formed at the gap between the GENP and the mirror under the appropriate incident light excitation. Based on the structural characteristics of GENP, we systematically study the local electric field produced by placing ellipsoids vertically and horizontally on the mirror. Under the excitation of the same polarized incident light, the maximum local electric field of the vertical GENP is 2200 (V/m), while that of the horizontal GENP is more than 9400 (V/m). Our proposed gap coupling system based on metal nanoparticles and thin films may open a new field of interest in the fields of plasmon, sensing, optical limitation and enhancement.

ЕЛЕКТРИЧНЕ ПОЛЕ У ЗШИТО-ПОЛІЕТИЛЕНОВІЙ КАБЕЛЬНІЙ ІЗОЛЯЦІЇ З ЕКСЦЕНТРИЧНІСТЮ ТА ДЕФЕКТОМ НАПІВПРОВІДНОГО ЕКРАНА

The study of two-dimensional electric field in cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation with eccentricity and a protrusion of the insulation into the internal semiconducting screen of high-voltage cable is carried out by computer modeling. The non-uniformity of the distribution and the regularities of the change in the level of the electric field depending on the considered defects are analyzed. The dependence of the maximum electric field strength on insulation concentricity (within the range of 0–0.5) is presented. The need to prevent the eccentricity of the XLPE insulation system and its defects in the production process of power cables is grounded to ensure their high quality and further reliable operation. Ref. 15, fig. 6.

Subthreshold slope optimization for pentacene based organic tunnel field effect transistor

Conventional Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs) face significant challenges. Short-channel effects prevent current saturation when scaled to the nanoscale, while the thermionic transport mechanism limits the subthreshold swing to values above 60 mV/dec. To overcome these limitations, a Doped Lateral Organic Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (DL O-TuFET) is proposed. This work examines the influence of source and drain doping on device performance. The higher source doping enhances tunneling probability, while moderate drain doping reduces OFF-current and improves subthreshold swing. Furthermore, the impact of trap density in the active material on device characteristics is investigated. Key performance metrics, including threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, ON/OFF ratio, and RF parameters, are quantitatively analyzed. Simulations using Silvaco TCAD reveal that an optimized source and drain doping of 1 x 1021 cm−3 and 1 x 1019 cm−3, respectively, yields promising results. The device exhibits a threshold voltage of −0.963 V, a subthreshold swing of 12.5 mV/decade, an ON/OFF ratio in the range of 1017, a maximum electric field of 5.41 × 107 V/cm, and a maximum band-to-band tunneling rate of 7.94 x 1032/cm3s. These values contribute to a maximum ON-current of 83.6 μA, making the DL O-TuFET a viable alternative to conventional OTFTs. Moreover, a maximum cut-off frequency of 0.66 GHz demonstrates its suitability for higher-speed applications.

Design of a Contact-Type Electrostatic Spray Boom System Based on Rod-Plate Electrode Structure and Field Experiments on Droplet Deposition Distribution

Spraying is currently one of the main methods of pesticide application worldwide. It converts the pesticide solution into fine droplets through a sprayer, which then deposit onto target plants. Therefore, in the process of pesticide application, improving the effectiveness of spraying while minimizing or preventing crop damage has become a key issue. Combining the advantages of electrostatic spraying technology with the characteristics of ground boom sprayers, a contact-type electrostatic boom spraying system based on a rod–plate electrode structure was designed and tested on a self-propelled boom sprayer. The charging chamber was designed based on the characteristics of the rod–plate electrode and theoretical analysis. The reliability of the device was verified through COMSOL numerical simulations, charge-to-mass ratio, droplet size, and droplet size spectrum measurements, and a droplet size prediction model was established. The deposition characteristics in soybean fields were analyzed using the Box–Behnken experimental design method. The results showed that the rod–plate electrode structure demonstrated its superiority with a maximum spatial electric field of 2.31 × 106 V/m. When the spray pressure was 0.3 MPa and the charging voltage was 8 kV, the droplet size decreased by 26.6%, and the charge-to-mass ratio reached 2.88 mC/kg. Field experiments showed that when the charging voltage was 8 kV, the spray pressure was 0.3 MPa, the traveling speed was 7 km/h, and the number of deposited droplets was 8517. This study provides some basis for the application of electrostatic spraying technology in large-scale field operations.

Electric Field Intensity Assessment on Curved Wires for Domestic Installations

The increasing complexity of domestic electrical installations necessitates a thorough understanding of electric field intensity, particularly when dealing with curved wires. This paper presents the results on the assessment of the electric field intensity in curved wire configurations, which are commonly encountered in residential settings due to architectural constraints. This study employs both theoretical and simulation approaches with the help of the Finite Element Based Software (COMSOL Multiphysics). The theoretical and simulations were used for a case of straight wire to allow validation of the model through comparing simulation results with the theoretically computed electric field intensity using mathematical formula. Later on, the COMSOL Multiphysics were used to compute electric field intensity under various curvature radii. The results of maximum electric field intensity against curvature radii were then plotted as scatter in excel and then fitted by the equation from the trendline option. The results show that the curvature of wires significantly influences electric field distribution. The electric field intensity was observed to be much higher for a case of small curvature radius as compared to larger curvature radius. For example, for the type of the geometry presented in this paper to represent the PVC wire used in domestic buildings’ electrical installations, the maximum electric field intensity for curvature radius of 0.025 mm was observed to be about 7 times for a case when the curvature radius was 10 mm. In additional, the power equation was found to model well the relationship between the maximum electric field intensity and curvature radius of the geometry presented in this paper

Cable dimension determination using Finite Element Method Magnetic (FEMM) for three-core belted and gas insulated cables

A numerical approach utilizing the Finite Element Method (FEM) based freeware Finite Element Method Magnetic (FEMM) is employed to optimize the insulation thickness to diameter ratio (‘T/d’) for a three-core belted cable, enclosed by a grounded sheath, as well as for a gas-insulated cable (GIC) with a common enclosure. The method analyzes the maximum electric field (E-field) within the cable. The minimum E-field magnitude across three critical regions where the E-field at its peak is calculated for different ‘T/d’ ratios, and the optimal ‘T/d’ is identified by selecting the maximum of these minimum values. Analogs to single-core coaxial cable, for a three-core belted cable with a radius of 1 per unit (p.u.), the best ‘T/d’ ratio is 0.80 when subjected to a 1 p.u. Peak potential. Additionally, the optimal conductor radius and conductor-to-cable center dimension for common-enclosure gas-insulated cables are verified to be 0.18 and 0.5, respectively. This study provides a first-time investigation of the best ‘T/d’ ratio for three-core belted cables and verifies CGIC cable parameters using FEMM, where no analytical solutions are available. The results are validated by comparing FEMM with analytical and Charge Simulation Method (CSM) outcomes. Hence, the FEMM provides low computational cost and reliable results compared to commercial software. Through these simulation efforts, the study re-examines the stress within the belted and gas-insulated cables and the parameters that influence it. The FEMM method allows for precise control of both conductor and sheath potentials, ensuring no potential discrepancies between the applied and calculated values across the entire range of T/d ratios.

Fast On-Site Speciation and High Spatial Resolution Imaging of Labile Arsenic in Freshwater and Sediment Using the DGT-SERS Sensor.

Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique is renowned for in situ passive sampling but not for rapid on-site analysis, whereas surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) excels in ultrasensitive on-site detection but is limited by substrate contamination from complex matrices. Here, a hierarchical nanostructure of silver (Ag) mirror-supported large Ag nanoparticles (∼120 nm) was grown in situ in polyacrylamide hydrogel with a restricted pore size (PAM/Ag mirror/AgNPs) to serve as both the DGT binding phase and the SERS substrate. The substrate exhibited a maximum electric field enhancement factor of 9.9 × 108 and a signal relative standard error of 4.8%. Using the DGT-SERS sensor, As(III) and As(V) in freshwater were simultaneously detected at limits of 0.9 and 0.8 μg L-1, respectively, applicable across a wide range of environmental conditions. The DGT-SERS effectively mitigated the interfacial reduction of As(V) caused by humic acid by excluding it from plasmonic hotspots through size exclusion of the diffusive layer. The Raman analysis of a DGT sample in the field requires only 2 s using a portable spectrometer without DGT device disassembly. More importantly, the DGT-SERS captured the first two-dimensional image of As(III) and As(V) in one DGT at the micron scale resolution, revealing their spatially supplementary distribution patterns at the sediment-water interface. This study paves the way for next-generation speciation imaging DGT and the application of SERS in complex environments.

Classification of RTV-coated porcelain insulator condition under different profiles and levels of pollution

Due to the limited hydrophobic properties of porcelain insulators, applying anti-pollution flashover coatings is crucial to enhance their functionality. This research outlines a classification system for assessing contamination levels on 22 kV porcelain insulators, both with and without coatings. It synthesizes six classification criteria derived through both numerical simulations and experimental studies to effectively gauge contamination severity. The study examined insulators treated with Room Temperature Vulcanizing (RTV) silicone under three different conditions: uncoated, partially coated, and fully coated. Additionally, the research assessed the effects of humidity on these polluted insulators to understand environmental impacts on their performance. The criteria, which are the flashover voltage (x1), fifth to third harmonics of leakage current (x2), maximum electric field (x3), total harmonic index (x4), insulation resistance (x5) and dielectric loss (x6), were proposed for evaluating the insulator’s string condition. The finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate an electric field. Then, based on the proposed criteria, the performances of the Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) have been trained and compared to classify polluted insulator conditions with and without coating. The established criteria facilitate precise monitoring of the condition of high-voltage insulators, ensuring quick and effective responses that support the stability of the electrical power system.

S-band high-gradient low β single-periodic magnetically coupled standing-wave accelerating structure for a proton therapy linac

S-band high-gradient accelerating structures were proposed to accelerate protons from 30 to 230 MeV for a compact proton therapy linac in Institute of Modern Physics. A backward traveling wave structure and a single-periodic magnetically coupled standing wave structure were designed, and differences between these two structures were analyzed to select a more suitable one for the proton therapy linac. In this paper, a novel single-periodic magnetically coupled standing-wave accelerating structure was studied, with an optimized nose cone that related to a smaller peak surface electric field and higher shunt impedance, with the reduced number of coupling holes and mechanical von Mises stress thus making it possible for higher duty factor and longer rf pulse operation, also with larger coupling holes and improved cell-to-cell coupling thus making this structure suitable for operating in π mode. An 11-cell high-power prototype for β=0.26 particles was developed with an active length of 143 mm. This prototype cavity is supposed to operate at an accelerating gradient of 30 MV/m with 0.1% duty factor, corresponding to a maximum surface electric field of 105 MV/m and a peak rf power of 3.43 MW. Cavity design, optimization, manufacture, rf measurement, and high-power test will be discussed in this paper. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Insights on the pulsed-DC powder-pack boriding process: Kinetic, statistic, and electric field dynamics in low and medium temperatures

This study presents novel insights into the Pulsed-DC Powder-pack Boriding (PDCPB) process applied to AISI 1018 steel at low (700 °C) and medium (750–850 °C) temperatures for 1, 2, and 3 h of exposure. The electric field, induced with periodic polarity inversion half-cycles of 10 s under 5–10 A, promoted a constant B+ flux, ensuring a uniform boride layer thickness. The growth of the boride layers was estimated using Dybkov's Chemical Interaction Model (DCIM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). DCIM established the B activation energies in FeB and Fe2B phases, while ANOVA determined the influence of treatment parameters on the total layer thickness.The results demonstrated a reduction of B activation energies in FeB and Fe2B by up to ∼ 23 % and ∼ 15 %, respectively, compared to conventional powder-pack boriding. These reductions were attributed to electromigration and Joule heating phenomena. ANOVA results indicated that temperature was the most significant parameter (77 %) for total (FeB + Fe2B) layer thickness. At the lowest treatment temperature (700 °C), the highest average boriding media resistance (∼ 3.06 Ω) was measured, and the maximal electric field magnitude (3098 V m−1) was determined through computational analysis.

Generation of conventional and reflective photonic nanojets and improving intensity enhancement with their superposition

Herein, we report the theoretical investigation on photonic nanojets (PNJs) of substrate-supported single-spherical dielectric microparticles. Conventional and reflective PNJs (CPNJs and RPNJs) are observed in the case of metal and dielectric substrates. The dependence of the maximum electric field intensity enhancement (ηmax) of the CPNJs and RPNJs on the nanogap between the metal substrate and dielectric microsphere, the metal substrate's refractive indices, and the incident light's wavelength is studied. More importantly, the spatial separation between the CPNJs and RPNJs is found to be strongly dependent upon the angle of incidence (θ). A significant improvement in the EFIE is observed for the grazing incidence upon the superposition of CPNJ and RPNJ. The theoretical investigation is also performed by replacing the metal substrate with a dielectric substrate, and the results obtained are reported here for comparison. Finally, this investigation is extended for the dielectric microsphere placed on a thin metal film deposited on a dielectric substrate and studied the role of θ on the characteristic parameters of the CPNJs and RPNJs.

Promising ferroelectric and piezoelectric response of Cr-doped ZnO nanofiller-incorporated PVDF flexible and laminated nanocomposite system.

Cr3+-doped ZnO (CZ) nanoparticles are prepared using hydrothermal and co-precipitation techniques. The desired crystallographic phase of the nanoparticles is confirmed using X-ray diffraction study. Rod-shaped and spherical morphologies of CZ nanoparticles prepared using hydrothermal and co-precipitation techniques were confirmed through FESEM observation. Each type of nanoparticle was taken separately in PVDF to understand the characteristic properties, such as dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties of the resultant CZ-PVDF nanocomposite films. All the nanocomposite films comprising rod-shaped or spherical CZ nanoparticles show butterfly loops with a low leakage current density of 10-5 A m-2 at a maximum electric field of 100 kV m-2 under J-E measurement. These findings suggest that the polarization property of CZ-PVDF nanocomposite films can be obtained at a high external electric field without causing electric breakdown in the samples. Dielectric permittivity as a function of temperature increases with an increase in the loading percentage of both rod-shaped or spherical CZ nanofillers in PVDF. Polarization response also improves with an increase in the loading percentage of CZ nanofillers in PVDF. In particular, the rod-shaped CZ nanofillers in PVDF with a higher loading percentage (CZHP2) result in a maximum polarization of (10 ± 0.29) × 10-4 μC cm-2, remanent polarization of (2 ± 0.04) × 10-4 μC cm-2, and coercive field of (10 ± 0.1) kV cm-1 at a maximum electric field of 50 kV cm-1. The CZHP2 nanocomposite film has a piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of (25 ± 0.24) pC N-1 and a power density of 1278.90 W m-3. These results indicate that the nanocomposite films have potential application in piezoelectric energy harvesters, offering a possible solution to the energy issue faced by modern society.

PM1.0 removal enhancement in cooperated electric-ionic field by negative air ions carbon fiber electrode

The study focuses on improving the removal efficiency of submicron particles using negative air ions (NAIs), which are challenging to remove. To enhance this efficiency, cascaded carbon fiber tubular (CFT) chargers were designed to boost particle charging. Through experiments and numerical simulations, the chargers’ enhancement mechanisms, cooperation effects, and overall performance were evaluated. The optimal configuration for the CFT charger was identified as a gap distance (d = 2.0 r0) and grounded electrode length (L0 = 4πr03) that ensures high collection efficiency (96.7 % for 0.5 μm particles at 4 m/s) and ultra-low ozone generation (7.25 ppb). The study found that while the average electric field strength (E¯) and ion density significantly influence charging, an unusual improvement in collection efficiency was observed the charger with d = 2.0 r0 at u = 3 m/s, likely due to the potential predominance of the maximum electric field strength (Emax) at relative higher velocity. Besides, the CFT charger demonstrated balanced performance compared to other reported works, although higher relative humidity (80 ± 5 % RH) inhibits removal efficiency, which can be mitigated by reducing gas velocity.

Detection of pathogens in water using long range surface plasmon resonance biosensor: Numerical investigation

This work presents a numerical demonstration for improving the imaging sensitivity of long-range surface plasmon (LRSPR) biosensors using the prism 2S2G/cytop/Cu/Gr (Graphene)/sensing medium (SM) configuration. In the suggested LRSPR biosensor, the imaging sensitivity is compared to that of the traditional surface plasmon sensor (tSPR) through numerical analysis. The proposed LRSPR sensor reaches 4655.7/RIU as its maximum imaging sensitivity for detecting E. coli bacteria. The maximum electric field intensity is found at the interface between the Cu/SM in the tSPR sensor and the Gr/SM in the proposed sensor. For pathogens detection such as pure-water (P.W.), Vibrio-Cholera (V.C.), Escherichia-Coli (E.coli), Bacillus-Anthracis (B.A.), and Enterococcus -aecalis (B.F), the penetration depth (PD) for the LRSPR sensor are 304.46 nm, 955.45 nm, 961.45 nm, 957.44 nm and 1050.7 nm. The LRSPR sensor's effectiveness in biosensing applications is further demonstrated by its figure of merit (FoM) for the detection of pathogens bacteria, which is 291.8/RIU (V.C), 781.5/RIU (E.coli), 59.28/RIU(B.A.) and 738.5/RIU (E.F.), respectively.